• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1985

In order to investigate an effect of non-protein nitrogen on the biological utilization of protein, hatched single comb White Leghorn male chicks were fed for the first 8 days with a commercial chicks mash, next 6 days with protein-free diet and subsequent 6 days with protein-free diets and protein diets containing 10.59% of crude protein supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, respectively. During experimental feeding period, chicks fed protein-free diets had intaked gradually lower feed and had shown a similar body weight loss though urea contents were increased. When birds fed protein diets, body weight gain and feed intake were not different among birds fed the graded levels of urea although feed conversions were shown a highering tendency along with increasing urea contents. According as supplemented urea were increased, protein efficiency ratio f (PER) and net protein ratio (NPR) were increased in chicks fed protein-free diets, which were shown a lowering trend in chicks fed protein diets. Effect of supplemented urea on the urinary excretion of uric acid were not found in birds fed protein-free diets, while which were increased in birds fed protein diets with the increase of urea contents. Urea addition did not affect the excretion of total creatine in birds fed protein-free or protein diets. Excretion of ammonia was jogjered in order to increasing level of urea in birds fed protein-free diets, but which were not found any particular effect in birds fed protein diets. Also urea excretion were gradually increased with the increasing contents of urea in protein-free and protein diets. Nitrogen balance of birds fed protein-free diets were minus values, which were increased with increasing urea contents in diets. When birds fed protein diets, nitrogen balance and urinary nitrogen excretion was highered and fecal nitrogen excretion were not altered as urea levels of diets increased. Digestibility of urea nitrogen supplemented in protein-free diets were lowered along with increasing contents of urea, but biological value(BV) and net protein utilization(NPU) was found a highering tendency in birds fed protein-free diet containing 1.5% of urea. When birds fed with protein diets, digestibility, BV and NPU of protein were found a highering trend in birds fed protein diets added with 0.5% of urea.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.676-689
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• 2013

This study is to understand the current situation of Wonju Stream, which flows through Wonju, Kangwon-do, and Seom River, the national river located outside of Wonju, by investigating all river areas using biotope type. Also, this research looked into the relationship between biotope and appearance of wild birds by investigating the location of their appearance. Biotope groups are 'scale', 'shape', and 'landscape'. And, biotope types are 'moisture', 'physical environment', and 'existence of vegetation'. Biotope subtypes are 'river area', 'physical environment', 'vegetation type', and 'usage of land'. Seom River is classified as 21 different sections, and Wonju Stream is classified as 19 different sections. Wild birds are investigated on breeding season, which was January and May of 2008. By marking each bird's location of appearance, it figured out properties of biotope according to the location of bird's appearance. 31 species, 795 birds in spring were founded, and 49 species, 4,348 birds are founded in winter at Seom River area. Also, 34 species, 427 birds in spring, and 33 species, 3,442 birds are founded in winter at Wonju Stream area. In winter, 26 species, 547 birds, and in spring, 12 species, 72 birds at natural river with estuaries in confluence of Seom River area are founded. Also, 34 species, 1412 birds in winter, and 24 species, 341 birds in spring are founded at natural river with estuaries and wetland plants. This means that because agricultural rivers have wide river width, slow flow speed, and many different types of biotope, these rivers can be good habitats for wild birds. The precise investigations and classifications of biotope, which especially are hard for linear rivers, were done to understand the whole and current situation of rivers. Furthermore, the data that shows the locations of wild birds can basically be used for a recovery of biological habitats, a constructing of ecological streams, a river-maintenance, and an enhancement of biodiversity of Wonju. Also, because the types of biotope are altered by rain, a continuous monitoring for maintaining ecosystem of rivers are highly needed.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.219-228
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• 2016

A total of 720 slow-growing Korean meat-type (Hanhyop 3) chicken were used to evaluate the effect of stocking densities and dietary protein levels on growth performance, meat quality, bone mineral composition, and serum corticosterone. Three (6.3, 9.5, and $12.6birds/m^2$) stocking densities and two dietary protein levels (19% and 18%) were factorially ($3{\times}2$) arranged for six treatments. Overall body weight gain (BWG) was highest (p<0.001) at the lowest stocking density ($6.3birds/m^2$). The feed intake (FI) of birds at the highest density ($12.6birds/m^2$) was lower than that of birds at the other densities, but resulted in better feed/gain (F/G). Among 18% protein groups, the overall FI of birds at $9.5birds/m^2$ was higher than that at the lowest density; therefore, birds at $9.5birds/m^2$ had poorer F/G than birds at the lowest density during days 61~75. Difference in F/G among densities was only significant (p<0.05) during days 61~75 but not significant (p>0.05) during days 41~60. Although there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in BWG and F/G between 19% and 18% dietary protein levels, FI of the 18% protein diet was less (p<0.05) than that of the 19% diet. Although there was no difference (p>0.05) in meat TBARS values, meat color differed (p<0.05) with stocking density and dietary protein levels. There was no effect (p>0.05) of stocking density and dietary protein levels on bone mineral composition. Serum corticosterone concentration increased (p<0.05) with increasing stock density but was not affected (p>0.05) by dietary protein levels. This study indicated that a density of $12.6birds/m^2$ is not recommended for slow-growing chickens. Between 19% and 18% dietary protein levels, 18% would be recommended for the Korean Hanhyop 3 chicken in the finishing stage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.23-43
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• 2020

The purpose of this paper is to create ecological values for urban rivers. For this, the paper looks into river bed structures and how nearby lands are used. This study was performed to set the specific sections for analysis through a field investigation of the infrastructure conditions, surrounding land use, and the inter habitat structure of Seongnaecheon(Stream). A total of 780 individuals from 31 species of wild birds appeared in Seongnaecheon(Stream). According to foraging guild's habitat, there were 9 species of water, 8 types of water edges, 5 types of crowns, 5 types of shrubs, 2 types of tree trunks, 2 types of birds of raptors, and 355 individuals of water, 243 shrubs, 90 crowns, 84 water edges and 5 raptors. Many water birds were observed at the site where the Seongnaecheon(Stream) sandy plains and wetland herbaceous area were developed and the open water was secured. Most of the forest birds appeared on levee slope connected with forest around and riverside with fewer facilities for use. The species diversity index of Shannon, the entire section of Seongnaecheon(Stream), was 2.2697 and the downstream ecological landscape conservation area of Seongnaecheon(Stream) was found to be useful as a habitat for wild birds in the city compared to other sections. Some sections of Seongnaecheon (Stream) had low species diversity index due to lack of green space and surrounding urbanization areas. In choosing target species, I researched the special features of the habitats and the habitation structure of wild birds in each zone. Regarding detailed plans, by classifying the breeding place & roosting site and the roosting site & shelter that took account of the inhabitation characteristics of the target species in different sections, this paper suggested the major plant species and multilayer planting structures. Moreover, this study proposed the development of habitats for water birds and forest birds along with the connection of the green network for improving the Eco-corridor linkage and inhabitation features in Seongnaecheon(Stream).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.145-155
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• 2024

This study was conducted to determine the effects of amino acid (AA) supplementation in low-protein (LP) diets on growth performance and nitrogen (N) excretion. A total of 175 7-day-old Ross 308 male broilers, with a mean body weight (BW) of 165 g (standard deviation = 11.2 g), were grouped into five blocks by BW and allocated to seven treatments according to a randomized complete block design with five replicate cages at five birds per cage. Dietary treatments comprised a control diet containing 20.0% crude protein (CP) and six LP diets containing either 18.5% or 17.0% CP. These LP diets were supplemented with either no AA supplementation, indispensable AA, or both indispensable and dispensable AA (glutamic acid and glycine). Birds were fed experimental grower diets from day 7 to 21 and then commercial finisher diets until day 28. During the grower period (day 7 to 21), birds fed LP diets supplemented with indispensable AA exhibited greater (p < 0.05) BW, body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) than birds fed LP diets without crystalline AA and were comparable to birds fed the control diet. During the finisher period (day 21 to 28), birds fed LP diets supplemented with indispensable AA showed greater (p < 0.05) BW than birds fed LP diets without crystalline AA, and their growth performance was comparable to birds fed the control diet. Throughout the overall period, supplementing indispensable AA in LP diets resulted in elevated (p < 0.05) BWG, FI, and G:F more than those of LP diets without crystalline AA and were comparable to those of the control diet. Supplementing indispensable AA in LP diets decreased amount and coefficient of N excretion as much as the control diet. Dispensable AA supplementation in LP diets did not influence growth performance and N excretion. In conclusion, supplementing indispensable AA in LP diets maintains growth performance and N excretion until the dietary CP lowers from 20.0% to 17.0% during the grower period. As long as dietary CP is above 17.0%, dispensable AA may not be deficient in LP diets during the grower period.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Rice fields are one of the most important habitats for various bird species. The list of bird species occurred in rice fields in Korean peninsula have been documented. However, information of listed bird species is included not only rice fields but also other wetland habitats such as lakes, tidal flats and rivers. Therefore, the study was conducted to clarify the status of bird observed in rice fields of Korea.METHODS AND RESULTS: Birds using rice fields defined as birds which forage or rest on rice paddies, levees, ditches and farming roads. Birds using rice fields recorded as total 124 species belonging to 40 families. Anatidae and Scolopacidae were the best represented family, followed by Ardeidae, Accipitridae, Motacillidae and Emberizidae; 50% of species belonged to these six families. 18 of 124 endangered wild species, which designated threatened at the national scale, found in this study regions.CONCLUSION: Despite interest in birds using rice fields of Korean peninsula, knowledge of birds and rice fields there is extremely limited. We need more studies to understand and conserve for birds in rice fields of Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1969

As one phase of the biological control of the Pine gall-midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye, this investigation on birds as a vertebrte predator of the larvae of Pine gall-midge was carried out. Species of the birds as predator, number of the larvae as prey for individual birds and seasonal trends of the prey quantity were studied. This work was carried out during the late fall of 1967 and 1968 at Kwang Nueng Forest which is one of the heavily infested districts by the Pine gall-midge. 1. Korean Great-Tit, East China Marsh-Tit, Quelpart Coal-Tit, White-headed Long-tailed Tit, Varied Tit, Kamchatkan Rustic Bunting, Yellow-thrated Bunting, Chestnut Bunting and Korean Goldcrest were found to be the predator of the larvae of Pine gall-midge. 2. The average number of larvae as prey found from individual predator bird species were approximatly 108 for Kamchatkan Rustic Bunting, 17-64 for East China Marsh-Tit, 25-28 for Korean Great Tit and 36 for Quelpart Coal Tit. 3. The seasonal change in the number of the larvae which fell into the ground affected the seasonal trends of the prey quantity of the predator birds 4. Among the 380 birds examined, 157 birds were found to attack the larvae of Pine gall-midge.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1997

The present study was conducted to investigate the general epidemiological situations with 18-pullorum infected chickens from Kyongbuk provinces during the period from June 1995 to January 1996. On the Salmonella pullorum isolation tests by rectal swab culture method from infected chickens (386-samples), any Salmonella spp was not isolated from infected live-birds. But 2-S pullorum were isolated of 2-dead chickens(33.3% ) from 6-dead chickens which were positively reacted by serological tests. On the other hand, we could not isolated any Salmonella spp. in any parts of egg-contents ; egg-shell, egg-white and egg-yolks with 25-infected bird eggs. On the tests of antibiogram, 2-S pullorum strains were highly sensitive to GM, AM, SXT, CZ, K, FIM, ENR, C, AN, N, NN, LIN＋SP, CF, TE and PB, respectively and intermediate sensitive to the CB, CFP, CL, S, P and XNL. But 2-strains were resistant to CC, DP, E, L, OX, TLA and TyLO. In the serological tests, pullorum antibody titers of 18-infected birds was from 2.76 to 9.18 with average by the microplate test. During the 6-months, pullorum antibody average titers were not changed generally. To validate the effects of the antimicrobial agent treatments to the serological antibody titers, infected 6-chickens was medicated with 0.5%-futazolidone. The titer of premeditated birds was average 4.26 but after medication with furazolidone, the titers of treated 6-birds was average 4.08.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.343-346
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• 2009

Botulism in wild waterfowl has been reported in many areas of the world. In 18 October 2008 to 22, 101 dead wild ducks were found in Anyangcheon. 24 of dead birds were spotbill (Anas poeilorhyncha), 56 were Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), 18 were green- winged teal (Anas carolinensis) and 3 were others. Clinical sign of the sick birds were flaccid paralysis of the neck. At autopsy, most birds had no specific lesions. Stomach is empty. In the mouse bioassay, Samples of serum and intestinal contents taken from 9 dead birds killed all the injected mice, and their toxicity was neutralized by the antitoxin against C. botulinum type C toxin.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1065-1077
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to verify whether BND test was an appropriate tool for diagnosis of attachment security and to investigate difference of responsive Characteristics to the Bird's Nest Drawings according to parents attachment degree. The subjects in the study were 525 students, selected from senior high schools in D-city. The instruments used were parents attachment scale and Bird's Nest Drawings, and Discriminant analyses and crosstab analyses were used. The results were as follows. First, attachment indicators in the Bird's Nest Drawings discriminated according to group of parents attachment. Second, for male student, there was a significant difference placement nest, eggs, entire birds family, quality of line and tree picture according to attachment to father. For female student, there was a significant difference eggs, entire birds family, quality of line and tree picture according to attachment to father. For male student, there was a significant difference nest contents, placement nest, eggs, entire birds family, quality of line and tree picture according to attachment to mother. For female student, placement nest, space, nest size, eggs, entire birds family and quality of line according to attachment to mother.