• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2004

Cortex of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica N. and Hemipteleae davidii P. have been used without classification according to countries as oriental medicine for treatment of various disorders. This study was conducted to elucidate the difference in antioxidant activity and total phenol content of these medicinal materials. Root cortex and trunk cortex of two medicinal plants were extracted with 80% ethanol $(at\;85^{\circ}C)$ and water (at room temperature), respectively. All of the extracts at $200{\sim}5\;{\mu}g/ml$, showed more effective scavenging activity on superoxide radical than ascorbic acid, and 80% ethanol and water extracts of Ulmus root cortex (URC) was more effective. Scavenging activities on DPPH radical of 80% ethanol extracts from URC and Ulmus trunk cortex (UTC) at 10 ${\mu}g/ml$, (41.4, 35.6%) were higher than those of the other six extracts and ${\alpha}-tocopherol\;(2.3{\sim}24.0%)$. Inhibitory activities on human low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation of 80% ethanol extracts from UTC and URC (84.3, 81.7%) at $10\;{\mu}g/ml\;(31.3{\sim}78.2%)$ were higher than those of the other six extracts and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$. However, antioxidant activities on linoleic acid peroxidation of all of the extracts were relatively lower than that ${\alpha}-tocopherol$. Total phenol content of 80% ethanol extract from URC was the highest value as 50.8% and that of water extract from HRC was the lowest as 5.6% among the extracts. From these results, it is suggested that Ulmus root cortex was the most effective in antioxidant activity.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

To examine the structural properties of the proteoglycan (GMPG, Ganoderma lucidum mycelial proteoglycan) obtained from mycelia in Ganoderma lucidum IY009, we obtained the low and high molecular proteoglycan by ultrafiltration and sepharose CL-4B column chromatography. The physicochemical properties of these fractions were as follows. When the proteoglycan separated by ultrafiltration and sepharose CL-4B column chromatography, its was not fractionated completely. The molecular weight of high molecular proteoglycan by the gel column chromatography (CH) was 250 kD and 2,000 kD, and low molecular proteoglycan was 12kD. The total carbohydrate was consisted of 75.7% (UH) and 96.7% (CH), and the low fraction was 72.7% (UL) and 87.1% (CL), respectively. The sugar of high and low molecular proteoglycan composed of glucose, mannose, fructose, galactose, xylose, ribose and arabinose. Glucose contents of all fraction were ranged from $46.9%{\sim}82.4%$ of the total sugar and the ratio of ${\alpha}$\;and\;{\beta}-glucose$ was $0.84{\sim}1.14$, and its indicated the proteoglycan to be ${\beta}-glucan$. Amino acids pattern showed that the fractions contained a large amount of aspartie acid, glutamic acid, alanine and leucine. These fractions showed the characteristics of IR absorption for ${\beta}-glucan$ at $890\;cm^{-1}\;and\;^{13}C-NMR$ spectroscopy showed the presence of the ${\beta}-1,3-glucan$ and a ${\beta}-1,6-glucan$.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.79-116
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• 2000

The KGBT has been used to weak children with anorexia, fatigue, and growth retardation. This study was carried out to prove the effects of the hematopoiesis and the immune proliferation by KGBT. Previously, C57BL/6 mice was treated with cyclophosphamide(100mg/kg) for leukopenia, and then administered KGBT (concentration is 1.37 g/kg, 504 mg/kg, and 137 mg/kg) to the treated mice. The mice was analyzed expression of thrombopoietin(TPO), stem cell factor(SCF) and interleukin-3 from bone marrow cell, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interferon-$ {\gamma}$(INF-${\gamma}$) from splenic cell, and NOSⅡ gene from macrophage using by RT-PCR. Also proliferation of immune cell was analyzed using 3H-thymidine uptake and flow cytometery in splenic cells. The results were obtained as follows ; 1. The total number of WBC, RBC and PLT was increased in the KGBT treated group than in the control group. 2. In vitro, the proliferation of splenic cells was increased in normal, control, and KGBT treated group. And Administration of KGBT was reduced the cytotoxicity by CTX. 3. In bone marrow cell, the gene expression of immune regulatory factor that associated with hematopoiesis, such as TPO, SCF, and IL-13 was increased in the KGBT treated group than control. 4 The titer of hemagglutinin and hemolysin was increased in the KGBT treated group than control. 5. In analysis of positive leucocytes from splenic cell of BALB/c mice, the subpopulation percent of CD4+, CD8+,and CD19+ was increased in the KGBT treated group than control. The KGBT has been used to weak children with anorexia, fatigue, and growth retardation. This study was carried out to prove the effects of the hematopoiesis and the immune proliferation by KGBT. Previously, C57BL/6 mice was treated with cyclophosphamide(100mg/kg) for leukopenia, and then administered KGBT (concentration is 1.37 g/kg, 504 mg/kg, and 137 mg/kg) to the treated mice. The mice was analyzed expression of thrombopoietin(TPO), stem cell factor(SCF) and interleukin-3 from bone marrow cell, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interferon-$ {\gamma}$(INF-${\gamma}$) from splenic cell, and NOSⅡ gene from macrophage using by RT-PCR. Also proliferation of immune cell was analyzed using 3H-thymidine uptake and flow cytometery in splenic cells. The results were obtained as follows ; 1. The total number of WBC, RBC and PLT was increased in the KGBT treated group than in the control group. 2. In vitro, the proliferation of splenic cells was increased in normal, control, and KGBT treated group. And Administration of KGBT was reduced the cytotoxicity by CTX. 3. In bone marrow cell, the gene expression of immune regulatory factor that associated with hematopoiesis, such as TPO, SCF, and IL-13 was increased in the KGBT treated group than control. 4 The titer of hemagglutinin and hemolysin was increased in the KGBT treated group than control. 5. In analysis of positive leucocytes from splenic cell of BALB/c mice, the subpopulation percent of CD4+, CD8+,and CD19+ was increased in the KGBT treated group than control. 6. The expression of IL-10 gene was reduced in the KGBT treated group than control, whereas the expression of INF-${\gamma}$ was increased in the KGBT treated group. 7. In macrophage, the production of NO and gene expression of NOSH was increased in the KGBT treated group than control. 8. After infection of EMC virus, the survival time of infected mice was longer in the KGBT treated group than control.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 2015

Purpose: The effects of water extract and distillate from the mixture of black goat meat and medicinal herb on MG-63 osteoblast proliferation and mouse bone marrow derived osteoclast formation were investigated. Methods: Proximate composition, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), mineral content, free amino acid composition and free fatty acid composition in black goat meat were determined. Water extract and distillate were prepared with three groups; goat meat only (BG-E, BG-D), six herbs added group (BG-E6, BG-D6), and eight herbs added group (BG-E8, BG-D8). Osteoblast proliferation, mineralization and calcium uptake activity of MG-63 cells were measured and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity of osteoclasts was analyzed. Results: Black goat meat had remarkably low fat and high level of calcium. Glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid. Herbs added extract groups (BG-E6 and BG-E8) showed increased MG-63 cell proliferation in a concentration dependent manner, while all the distillates did not show the effect. All extracts and distillates showed significantly increased osteoblast mineralization depending on the concentration. In particular, herb added extract, BG-E6, increased 170.3% of control and the distillate of BG-D and BG-D6 increased up to 168.5% and 159.8%, respectively. Calcium uptake activities of all water extracts showed remarkable increase of BG-E6 and BG-E8 up to 615.5% and 628.1% of control, respectively. Ditillates had no effect except BG-D6. All water extracts significantly reduced the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in osteoclasts derived from mouse bone marrow. Conclusion: Combination of black goat meat and medicinal herb increased the MG-63 cell proliferation and effectively inhibited osteoclast differentiation in both water extracts and distillate of them, which implies that they could be used as potent functional food materials for bone health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.1205-1210
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• 2012

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ligustrum ovalifolium H. (LOH) leaf extracts on RAW264.7 macrophages. Cell toxicity was determined by MTT assay. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of LOH extracts by measuring nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducible NOS (iNOS) production, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by Western blotting. LOH ethanolic extracts (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/mL) significantly suppressed LPS-stimulated production of NO. The intracellular ROS level also significantly decreased. LOH ethanolic extracts reduced the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. The present results show that LOH ethanol extract has potent anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages. These results also suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of LOH extracts may be related to the inhibition of LPS-stimulated ROS and NO production. Therefore, ethanolic extracts of LOH leaves may be utilized as a good source of functional foods for protection against inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.182-187
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• 2013

This study was conducted to examine the effect of calcium extracted from salted anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) on the calcium metabolism of rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed low-calcium diets (0.15%) for 2 weeks after the adjustment period. Rats were divided into five groups and were fed experimental diet for four weeks. Experimental diets were low calcium (LC, 0.15% $CaCO_3$), 0.5% $CaCO_3$ (CC), seaweed calcium (SC), calcium lactate (LC), anchovy calcium (AC). The low-calcium diet group (LC) showed the lowest weight gain and had no differences among the groups with adequate calcium intake. Calcium retention was lowest in the LC group and higher in the CL, SC, AC groups than in SC groups. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level was highest in LC group, and significantly low in the CC and AC groups (p<0.05). Parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin levels showed no differences among experimental groups. The urine deoxypyridinoline (DPD) level was lower in AC and CC groups compared to the LC group (p<0.05). The dry weight of the femur showed no significant differences among normal calcium groups. The bone mineral density of the femur in AC and CC group were significantly higher than the LC group (p<0.05). From these results, calcium extracted from salted anchovy can be useful as a calcium supplement comparable with calcium carbonate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2017

Myelophycus simplex Papenfuss, a type of brown algae, is known to be majorly distributed in along the southern coast of Korea and Japan. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of M. simplex Papenfuss methanol extract (MSPME) on melanogenesis in ${\alpha}$-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells. Melanin contents of B16F10 melanoma cells were decreased by 27, 41, and 59% in a dose-dependent manner, upon MSPME treatment at 100, 300, and $500{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Tyrosinase activities in B16F10 melanoma cells were decreased by 18, 49, and 61% in a dose-dependent manner, upon MSPME treatment at 100, 300, and $500{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. MSPME suppressed expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, tyrosinase-related protein-2, and melanocyte-inducing transcription factor in B16F10 melanoma cells. Concentration of $50{\mu}g/mL$ of MSPME especially induced greater decreases in tyrosinase activity, melanin contents, and melanogenic enzyme protein expressions. This results indicate that MSPME inhibits melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity, and M. simplex Papenfuss extract may be an ideal candidate as a skin whitening agent.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.175-192
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the care needs of family-caregivers to the patients with stroke. Subjects were 115 family-caregivers caring for the patients while they were in-patients or out-patients with stroke in two general hospitals and one oriental medicine hospital located in Seoul and Kwang-Ju. The instrument used for this study was made by the researcher on the basis of results of literature review and interviews with family-caregivers, composed of 35 items. Internal validity by calculation of cronbach's alpha with data of respondents was 0.91, which was regarded as high. The Data were analyzed by SAS program, with percentage, mean, t-test, and ANOVA. Factor structures of care needs of family-caregivers were elicited by factor analysis(PCA, Varimax rotation). Datum collection had been from July 1 to August 14, 1997. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The mean score of the sum of the care needs of family-caregivers was 3.96 and the highest-mean item was 'need for immediate care(M=4.77)', and the lowest-mean item was 'need for chaplian's visit (M=2.82)'. 2. Care needs of the family-caregivers were : Need to be informed of the disease, treatment and care ; need of education and assistance related to physical functional level ; need of social support and consultation ; need of management of nursing problem related to immobility ; need of appreciation ; need of the way to communicate with patients ; need of immediate care and help. The highest mean factor was the 'need for immediate care and help(M=4.74)', and the lowest mean factor was the 'need of appreciation(M=3.58)'. 3. The variables influencing the degree of care needs perceived by family-caregivers to the patients with stroke were as follows : There were significant differences between need to be informed of the disease, treatment and care and general characteristic factors, which were family caregiver's sex (p=.0178), caring period(p=.0223) and patient's suffering period(p=.0244). There were significant differences between need of education and assistance related to physical functional level and general characteristic factors, which were patient's paralysis(p=.0177), patient's ADL dependency(p=.0032). There were significant differences between need of social support and consultation and general characteristic factors, which were family caregiver's sex(p=.0055), occupation(p=.0159), religion(p=.0093) and patient's sex(p=.0134). There was significant difference in the degree of need of management of nursing problem related to immobility, according to the patient's ADL dependency(p=.0493). There were significant differences between need of appreciation and general characteristic factors, which were family caregiver's age(p=.0107), sex(p=.0133), and patient's age(p=.0338). There were significant differences between need of the way to communicate with patient and general characteristic factors, which were patient's paralysis(p=.0002) and aphasia(p=.0001). There were significant differences between need of immediate care and help and general characteristic factors, which were family caregiver's caring period(p=.0162) and patient's suffering period(p=.0116). 4. The mean score of patient's ADL dependency was 3. 38 and the highest-mean item was 'ascending and descending stairs(M=4.12)', and the lowest-mean item was 'drinking(M=2.60)'. There was no significant difference in the degrees of care needs related to the patient's ADL dependency. 5. The highest information source of family-caregivers was from the doctors about the disease, treatment and care(26.1%). The second highest one was from mass media(20.8%), and the third one was from the nurses. The above findings may be used as the basic data to seek more efficient way of elevating nursing practice and quality for family-caregivers to the patients with stroke.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.196-204
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the in vivo and in vitro inhibitory effect of a traditional herbal complex (HC) extract prepared from a mixture of four oriental herbs (Dioscorea Rhizoma, Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc, Bombycis corpus, Fermented Glycine soja) that have been widely used for the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus on hyperglycemia. The water extract of HC showed potent inhibitory effect on $\alpha$-glucosidase with $IC_{50}$ value of 1.24 mg/mL. Additionally, the ethanol extract of HC was also found to exhibit significant inhibitory effect against protein tyrosine phosphatase $1{\beta}$ ($PTP1{\beta}$), which is known as a major regulator of both insulin and leptin signaling. In the $PTP1{\beta}$ inhibitory assay, the most active n-hexane fraction obtained from the ethanol extract of HC, was identified as a mixture of fatty acid derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In high-fat diet-low dose streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat, the water extract of HC improved the oral glucose intolerance as compared with rosiglitazone. HC also caused a marked decrease of body weight and fasting blood glucose and a significant improvement on glucose tolerance in metabolic syndrome mice model. These findings support that this traditional HC may be useful in the control of blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.271-278
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• 1995

The objective of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of physiologically pulsatile pattern of testosterone(T) on luteinizing hormone(LH) in wethers. To do this, 3 separate experiments were conducted. Infusion rates and patterns needed to produce normal T secretory profiles found in intact rams were established in Experiment 1, the time-course of the suppressive effect of T on circulating LH concentrations was determined in Experiment 2, and the effectiveness of a pulsatile versus a constant pattern of T to suppress LH secretion in wethers was compared in Experiment 3. In Experiment 1, three different doses(25, 50 or $100{\mu}g$) of T were injected intravenously to animals to do pharmacokinetic analysis of T. Elimination rate constant, volume of distribution, and total body clearance of T averaged $0.18min^{-1}$, 0.531/kg BW, and 0.091/min/ kg BW, respectively. In Experiment 2, three different doses(192,384, or $768{\mu}g/kg/24h$) of T were infused at 4h intervals for 3 days into animals to evaluate the time course of the inhibitory effect of T on mean LH concentration. As duration of T infusion increased, mean LH concentrations gradually reduced. Mean LH concentrations were significantly lower at day 2 or day 3 than at day 0. However, mean LH concentrations did not differ between day 0 and day 1 or between day 2 and day 3. In Experiment 3, animals were subjected to two different intravenous infusion regimens for 3 days: constant T($768{\mu}g/kg/24h$) and pulsatile(one pulse every 4h) T($768{\mu}g/kg24h$). Blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals for 4h both prior to infusion and during the last 4h of the infusion. Mean LH was more suppressed(p=0.045) by constant T than by pulsatile T. LH pulse amplitude was not affected by constant T or pulsatile T. LH interpulse interval was increased more(p=0.034) by constant T than pulsatile T.