• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.162-168
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• 2012

Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for metabolic syndromes. We examined whether vitamin D deficiency altered the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in older Koreans. Cross-sectional analysis of data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV 2008-2009 was used to examine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and the prevalence of CVD in a representative population-based sample of 5,559 men and women aged ${\geq}50$ years. CVD was defined as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, or stroke. The prevalence of CVD (7.0%) in the older Korean population was lower than that in the older US population, although average serum 25(OH)D levels were much lower in the Korean population. Additionally, serum 25(OH)D levels did not differ significantly between the CVD and non-CVD groups. However, subjects in the lowest category (< 25 nmol/l) of serum 25(OH)D level had the greatest prevalence of CVD, about two-fold higher than subjects in the highest category (> 75 nmol/l), after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, education level, residence location, and region. The prevalence of other risk factors for CVD, including higher waist circumference, fasting glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, was also higher among subjects in the lowest category than among those in the highest category. In conclusion, low serum 25(OH)D may be an independent risk factor for CVD in older Koreans.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.722-733
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore dietary patterns and compare dietary patterns using cluster and factor analysis in Korean adults. This study analyzed data of 4,182 adult populations who aged 30 and more and had all of socio-demographic, anthropometric, and dietary data from 2005 Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Socio-demographic data was assessed by questionnaire and dietary data from 24-hour recall method was used. For cluster analysis, the percent of energy intake from each food group was used and 4 patterns were identified: "traditional", "bread, fruit & vegetable, milk", "noodle & egg", and "meat, fish, alcohol". The "traditional" pattern group was more likely to be old, less educated, living in a rural area and had higher percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates than other pattern groups. "Meat, fish, alcohol" group was more likely to be male and higher percentage of energy intake from fat. For factor analysis, mean amount of each food group was used and also 4 patterns were identified; "traditional", "modified", "bread, fruit, milk", and "noodle, egg, mushroom". People who showed higher factor score of "traditional" pattern were more likely to be elderly, less educated, and living in a rural area and higher proportion of energy intake from carbohydrates. In conclusion, three dietary patterns defined by cluster and factor analysis separately were similar and all dietary patterns were affected by socio-demographic factors and nutrient profile.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.415-422
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• 1996

This study was conducted to evaluate the necessity of clinical nutrition education in the medical school curriculum. One hundred and eighty five medical school students, residents, nurses, and forty undergraduate students majoring in food science and nutrition were involved in this study. The survey included questions about nutritional knowledge, necessity of nutrition counseling, necessity of clinical nutrition and nutritional attitudes. The nutritional knowledge scores of the subjects in medical school and residents were significantly lower than those of the students majoring in food science and nutrition. Subjects of 91.3% strongly agreed to the necessity of nutrition counseling for patients ; 78.9% agreed that the present nutrition education in medical schools was inadequate. Most subjects (94.1%) agreed that clinical nutrition was an important field in the treatment of diseases. The medical profession is facing the challenges of the 1990s with the shift to outpatient care and preventative services. Clinical nutrition is an essential element in the process of curriculum change. The nutrition educator will be expected to take a leading role in integrating clinical nutrition into medical school curriculum.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.105-116
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• 2001

This study was conducted a part of the project developing the standards of national board test for the dietitian's licence. The purpose of this study was to verify the dietitian's job description. To do this the survey was carried out for the frequency, criticality and difficulty of each job description with 4 point scales. The subjects was 521 dietitians, who have been working over 3 years at their position. The results are following ; 1. The each duty, task and task elements are verified with survey results. 2. Duties with high frequency and criticality were menu management, purchasing, storage and stock management, operational management for cooking, system management for distribution and sanitation management. 3. Duties with middle frequency and high criticality were managing equipment and facility, food service management, human resources management and self-development. 4. Duties with low frequency and high criticality were nutritional assessment for life cycles, nutrition therapy, nutrition education and disease management. 5. For difficulty, food service area show lower than of nutrition service area.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.608-614
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative importance among various biological and environmental factors on refractive errors. Various factors such as diseases, health related behavior such as drinking, smoking and exercise, as well as dietary factors were considered as a possible determinant. Surveys of 492 residents over 20 years of age in Kuri city were conducted during 1998. The survey included a refractive error test adopting a autokerato-refractometer, dietary survey using a 24 hour recall method, disease survey including blood and other diagnosis tests, and a health behavior survey using questionnaires with variables of smoking, drinking, and exercise. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was adopted to analyse the relative importance among independent variables of health behaviors, disease, and dietary factors on ametropias. As a result, in the case of myopia, liver dysfunction appeared to be the most important factors followed by the health related behavior of smoking and exercise as the second most important factors. Nutrient factors such as carotene and protein appeared to be the third most important factors. Similar results had been shown in the case of the hyperopia. In summary, liver dysfunction and the health related behaviors of drinking and smoking appeared to be more influential factors on abnormal eye sight of myopia and hyperopia than dietary factors.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was performed to identify the socioeconomic factors, health behavior factors and dietary patterns that have an influence on the fasting blood glucose in adults. Methods: This study used data collected from the 2007, 2008, 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The final sample included 4163 subjects who were 30-59 years old and who had completed the necessary health examinations, the health behaviors survey and nutrition survey. Results: Eleven dietary patterns emerged from the factor analysis with different factor loading. After controlling for potential confounders, multiple regression analysis of the dietary patterns showed that 'fruits', 'alcohols', and 'starchy foods' affected the fasting blood. Lower consumption of 'fruits' and higher consumption of 'alcohols' and 'starch foods' were significantly associated only with an increased risk of high blood glucose. Conclusions: In the light of the results of this study, it appears pretty likely that the risk of developing high blood glucose can be reduced by changing a person's dietary patterns.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2013

High intakes of sodium may increase the risk of hypertension or cardiovascular diseases. According to the 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey, the average intake of sodium was 4,878 mg/day with salt, kimchi, soy sauce, fermented soybean paste and Ramyeon being the five main sources of sodium. In order to identify solutions to reduce the intake of sodium, we investigated the intake patterns and eating behaviors of Ramyeon among 347 college students (male 146, female 201) using survey questionnaires. The average age of study subjects was 23.7 years for males and 20.5 years for females. The average Body Mass Index ($kg/m^2$) was 21.9 for males and 20.1 for females. The average frequency of Ramyeon intake was 2.0 times/week. The main reason for eating Ramyeon was convenience (56%), followed by good taste (27%), low price (11%) and other reasons (9%). The criteria for choosing Ramyeon were taste (72%), convenience (14%), price (7%), nutrition (1%), and the other factors (2%). Males' average intake of Ramyeon soup (61%) was higher than that of the females (36%). The estimated intake of Ramyeon soup by survey showed a positive correlation with the measured intake of Ramyeon soup. Sodium contents of Ramyeon were measured separately for the noodles and the soup, which were 1,185 mg/serving and 1,148 mg/serving each. Therefore, the amount of sodium intake can be reduced if students eat less Ramyeon soup. Also, we observed that dietary behaviors and soup intakes of Ramyeon between the sexes were different. Appropriate nutritional education for proper eating habits may help decrease the intake of sodium.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 1980

The main purposes of the nutrition and clinical surveys were to provide baseline information on the nutritional status of pre-school children in rural health demonstration project areas of the Korea Health Development Institute (KHDI) for nutrition guidance services for the MCH target group. The survey covered a total of 222 pre-school children and 135 mothers in Okgu Gun, Cholla Pukto Province from August 10 to August 17, 1979. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1) Family Environment Seventy percent of the households had more than three children, and the mean family sire was 6. Sixty-nine percent of the mothers and 47% of the fathers of the surveyed households were educated at or below the primary school level. The majority, 70% of the mothers, were aged between 20 years and 35 years. 2) Anthropometric Measurements and Hemoglobin Value 4.5% of the children were lower than 80% weight for age of the Korean standard, and 5.4% were lower than 85% arm circumference for age of the Jelliffe's standard resectively, and those were suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. Angular stomatitis were observed on 66.2% of the subjects. Mean hemoglobin value was 11.1g/100m1, and 44.2% of the subjects were categorized as anaemia. 3) Food and Nutrient Intake of animal foods was very low, ranging from 2.9 to 17%. Consumption of eggs was less than 2% of total food intake, and intake of legumes was also very scanty, between 0.8 to 3.7%. These data present evidence of very poor protein intake, quality as well as quantity. Energy intake of children was 60.0 to 64.4% of the recommended allowance, and mean protein intake only met 47.4% of the recommendation. Low intake of vitamins except thiamin were also found. 4) Mother's Nutrition Knowledge Eighty-five percent of the mothers were entirely ignorant regarding the 'five basic food group' which is most important fact on food and nutrition guidance. Mean knowledge score from 14 basic questions about food and nutrition was as low as 5.1. There was a significant positive correlation between mother's educational level and nutrition knowledge score. 5) Family Planning Variable There were significant correlation among maternal, family planning variables, and some of the nutritional and physical measurements. The study revealed that the mother's educational level and nutrition knowledge score are more crucial factors than the family planning variables on effecting food intakes on children. Recommendation : According to the results of the surveys, there were high incident rates of nutritional anaemia and angular stomatitis among pre-school children, and most of rural women had very limited knowledge about food and nutrition. As a main part of the health education activities, the community health workers should provide nutrition education to the village mothers to improve the nutrional status of young children in rural areas. Nutrional promotion at the primary health care level should be mainly based on appropriate nutrition education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.655-661
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• 1992

Form reports of the Korean National Nutrition Survey from 1969 to 1989, trends of nutrients intakes are reported as follows. The amount of energy intakes are decreased gradually. The proportion of energy from cereals to total energy are decreased from 85.9 percent at 1969 to 66.5 percent at 1989. There are increasing trend for the proportion of energy from animal foods to the total energy. The amount of protein intakes are increasing gradually. The ratio of animal protein to the plant protein have been increasing since the survey has been started. The amount of fat intakes are also increasing. The proportion of energy from the fat and protein to total energy had been shown increasing trends. Gradually, the calcium and iron intakes are increasing over the years. But the intakes of calcium is less than the average dietary allowance of subject examine until recently. The intakes of thiamin, showing adequate intake, are almost equal to the average dietary allowance. For the riboflavin, the amount of intakes are increasing from the mid nineteen-eighty. But the intake of riboflavin is less than the average dietary allowance. For the niacin and ascorbic acid, the amount of intakes are showing variations. But the amount of intakes are not inadequate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.316-328
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in food intake patterns by the economic status. Data from the 1998 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey were used. Using the poverty line based on the 1998 Korean minimum cost of living, the subjects (n = 10400) were classified into high class (36.1%), middle class (40.7%) and low class (23.1%). Mean intakes for other food groups except grains, potatoes and vegetables became higher as the eco-nomic levels were going up. By the family size, it was found that intakes of grains and fishes were different (p<0.05). By the economic status, intakes of fruits (p<0.05), meats (p<0.05) and fishes (p<0.01) were different. There were no significant differences in consumed types of food by the economic status. Rice was the most prevalent food in all clas-ses and its intakes increased as the economic status was going down. In the dietary patterns of main food group (GMDVF: Grain, Meats, Dairy, Vegetable and Fruit), the pattern except dairy (11011) revealed the highest proportion in high-middle class while the patterns without dairy and fruit food groups (11010) had the highest proportion in low class. The propor-tions of subjects with the low dietary diversity score (DDS) increased as economic status was going down (p<0.01). The food groups that most people do not consume were the dairy and fruit group. Proportions of people who missed one or more group increased as economic status was going down. The high dietary variety score (DVS) also was linked to a high score on the DDS and high class (p＜0.01). Thus the intakes of the dairy and fruits product should be increased in all classes. The low class especially had worse quality of food intakes pattern than that of the high or middle class. The nutrition policy and education programs need to be established according to the economic status.