• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 1998

Fly ash application with a rate of 0, 50, 100, $150Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in clay loam paddy, which had properties of pH 5.3 and low contents of silicate and boron, gave a strongly positive effects on the growth and yields of malting barley showing better responses in bituminous coal fly ash(BCFA) than anthracite fly ash(AFA). Especially, soil chemical characteristics improved greatly by fly ash were pH, available phosphate, exchangeable calcium, available silicate, and boron. Shoot length and the number of tiller till defrosting season appeared the most positive responses by application of BCFA $50Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and AFA $100Mg\;ha^{-1}$. However, the number of spikelet per panicle at heading stage was proportionally increased to the rates of each fly ash. As a result, the grain yields of malting barley were increased to $13.8(4.221Mg\;ha^{-1}){\sim}37.7%(5.106Mg\;ha^{-1})$ by application of BCFA and to $1.1(3.75Mg\;ha^{-1})-20.6%(4.473Mg\;ha^{-1})$ by application of AFA. Protein contents in the grain was the highest in $150Mg\;ha^{-1}$ plot, showing 10.5 and 10.8% by BCFA and AFA application, which were suitable for malting. At harvesting, plants showed 49 and 58% of lodging indices by application of BCFA 100 and $150Mg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, which were equivalent to two fold values of those by AFA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.723-730
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• 2016

In this study, we developed traditional liquor, Omegisul, with seaweeds to support the regional culture of Jeju Island in manufacturing traditional liquors. Seaweed extracts from Sargassum fulvellum and Hizikia fusiformis were added for manufacturing Omegisul at a final concentration of either 5 or 10% and fermented for 10 days. During fermentation, samples were collected to measure changes in quality of Omegisul including pH, acidity, alcohol content, chromaticity, total microbes, organic acid content, and antioxidant activity. Both pH and acidity of Omegisul were significantly altered in the early stages of fermentation. Alcohol contents increased over the fermentation period up to 9%. Regarding chromaticity of the product, L, a, and b values were highest in Omegisul with 10% Hizikia fusiformis. Both total plate count and lactic acid bacterial count tended to increase in the early stage of fermentation and decrease later, reaching their highest points in Omegisul with 10% Hizikia fusiformis at 10 days: $1.45{\times}10^8CFU/mL$ and $2.21{\times}10^8CFU/mL$, respectively (P<0.05). Among organic acids, lactic acid contents were significantly higher during fermentation with the highest concentration of 7.474 mg/mL in Omegisul containing 10% Sargassum fulvellum. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays showed that antioxidant activity of Omegisul was increased during fermentation period. Among the samples, Omegisul with 10% Sargassum fulvellum showed the highest antioxidant activities of 69.81% and 81.61% in DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. Taken together, Omegisul with 10% Sargassum fulvellum showed better characteristics in terms of quality than the other groups and has potential as functional Omegisul.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.179-190
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• 2010

The experiment was conducted to observe the effects of dried whole crop barley treated with cellulolytic microorganisms (Aspergillus niger KCCM 60357 and Bacillus licheniformis KCCM 40934) on the chemical composition, in vitro colonic fermentation and whole tract digestibility in swine. Whole crop barley were fermented with no microorganism addition (control), A. niger, B. licheniformis and co-culture of A. niger and B. licheniformis (Mixture) for 3 days at $30^{\circ}C$. In the feed chemical composition, CP contents of whole crop barley treated with A. niger (7.52%) and B. licheniformis (7.77%) were significantly higher than control (6.81%) (p<0.05). The in vitro colonic fermentation of dried whole crop barley fermented with control showed significantly higher $CH_4$ contents than A. niger, B. licheniformis and Mixture at 18h incubation (p<0.05). Dry matter (DM) digestibilities of A. niger (55%) and Mixture (57.42%) treatments were significantly higher than control (43.74%) (p<0.05). Ammonia-N was significantly increased in A. niger, B. licheniformis and Mixture relative to control at 24 hour incubation (p<0.05). Xylanase activities in A. niger, B. licheniformis and Mixture treatments were significantly higher than control at 24 hour incubation (p<0.05). Concentrations of total VFA were significantly increased in B. licheniformis (12.61 mM) at 24hour incubation (p<0.05). In vitro whole tract digestibility was significantly increased in B. licheniformis (49.61%) compared with the control (45.65%) (p<0.05). In conclusion, whole crop barley treated with cellulolytic microorganisms improved whole tract digestibility and colonic fermentation for swine.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to study on the evaluation of fermentation ability of microbes for whole crop rice silage Inoculant at National Institute of Animal Science, RDA from 2004 to 2005. We collected 28 strains of microbes from whole crop rice silage. According to acidity and growth ability, 5 strains of microbes was isolated (R4-1, R7-1, R7-2, R10-1, R12-1). The cultures of 4 strains were identified to be Lactobacillus plantarum (R4-1, R7-1, R7-2 and R10-1) and one was identified to be Lactobacillus pentosus (R12-1). Whole crop rice was harvested at the yellow ripen stage. It was ensiled in experimental silos (20ℓ capacity) with or without microbial additives (R4-1, R7-1, R7-2, R10-1, R12-1 and three commercial inoculant) and stored at room temperature for 60d. The pH value and acetic acid content of additivetreated silages were lower and lactic acid content was higher than those of the control (p<0.05). There was a trend for acetic acid content to be lowest and lactic acid to be highest in R7-1 treated silage. Crude protein (CP) contents of R7-2 treated silage was higher and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of R7-1 treated silage was lower (p<0.05). Although some strains of inoculant could improve silage quality, L. plantarum R7-1 was more effective as an inoculant for whole crop rice silage. This microbe was named NLRI 401 and registered in the Korea Agricultural Culture Collection.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.151-162
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to uncover the standard and procedure of the review for the online game to export to China and try to find a plan how to solve a problem such as regulation for the online game imported into China depending on a protective policy for homemade game. The literatures related to the policy of China online game industry and the present condition of the wholistic restriction are reviewed and the standard and procedure of the review of China online game which is veiled was able to find definitely by using the case study on Korean company which was a great success as localization in China. As a result of this study, we found that the key factor on the review standard of China online game is the anti-social personality, such as 'the overthrow of Chinese socialist system', 'the territorial issue as the eviction of Hong Kong or the acknowledgment of Taiwan government', 'independence problem of the minorities', and 'damage to property as national treasure', et cetera. While the review of the homemade game in China takes about a month through just two steps in review process on online game, that of foreign game is required over at least three months through four steps in it. Moreover, it is difficult for foreign games to obtain the license due to total amount regulation for online game by 'General Administration of Press and Publication of the People's the Republic of China'. In the case of the joint-venture company, it is most important to the smooth communication between Korean company and Chinese company in order to overcome these strong regulation for online game review in China. Furthermore, as Chinese company in outward appearance it is need to be positioned absolutely in Chinese marketplace. The definite positioning strategy enables foreign companies to avoid the strong regulation about the foreign game in China. To understand, finally, deeply politics, society, and culture presented in Chinese ethics textbook permits the foreign companies to predict the exact standard of the review for online game. Therefore, this study is concluded with key implications to sustain guidelines on the deliberation for foreign companies which want to export online game to China to improve the predictability and accountableness about the review of the online game in China.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.303-310
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• 2007

Sweetpotato shoot tops (leaves, tips and petioles) are known to be very useful parts as vegetables because of their high nutritive values and great biomass yield. In this study, the phenolic compound contents, antibacterial activity, mutagenic activity, and antimutagenic activity were investigated in sweetpotato tips that were 10-15cm of shoot top including stems, petioles and tender leaves after sprout of storage roots. The study was done by extracting sweetpotato tips with 80% ethanol and the ethanol fraction was re-extracted with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. In ethyl acetate and butanol fractions, total phenolic compounds contained 95. 6mg/g extract and 69.3 mg/g extract, respectively, The antibacterial activity was measured using the paper disk method with concentrations of 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg/disk of butanol and ethyl acetate fractions against L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium strains. Higher doses of solvent extracts showed the higher antibacterial activities. In addition, 5, 10 and 20 mg/mL of the extracts were tested to determine the antibacterial activity in liquid culture. The sweetpotato leaf extract by ethyl acetate showed 1 log reduction compared to control after 24 hrs on Listeria monocytogenes, but 20 mg/ml of butanol extract completely inhibited the growth of the pathogen after 12 hrs. The extracts from ethyl acetate or butanol on Salmonella Typhimurium did less than 1 log reduction during cultivation compared to control. The numbers of S. Typhimirium TA98 and TA100 revertant colonies were 29-33 and 159-188 CFU/plate, respectively, indicating that solvent extracts were no mutagenic activity. The antimutagenic test was performed by adding direct mutagen 2-NF and MMS, and butanol and ethyl acetate showed antimutagenic effect. Thus, this study showed that sweetpotato tips had high phenolic contents and both antimicrobiol and antimutagenic properties. Sweetpotato tips would be good nutritive source because of their high nutrient content without any toxicity in consuming.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.137-148
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• 2018

Li Yu's Xian Qing Ou Ji was written during the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty when material culture flourished due to the development of the commercial economy. Xian Qing Ou Ji is considered a retrospective work that reflects the rich material society at that time. This study focuses on his gardening theories through the interpretation and analysis of these two texts of 'Jushibu(居室部)' and 'Zhongzhibu(種植部)' in Xian Qing Ou Ji. The results are summarized as follows. First, he explained the method of garden configuration and orientation according to the topography utilizing the theory of 'suiting one's measures to local conditions(因地制宜)'. He emphasized the detailed understanding of topography as the starting point for all the gardening theories. It stated that he tried to adjust the height of the terrain artificially to create an ideal form of 'anterior high and posterior low(前低後高)'. The successful arrangement of houses, pavilions, rockery and waterways et al. was able to be achieved because of his accurate understanding of topography. Second, 'borrowing scenery(取景在借)' means 'borrowing the outside scenery to the inside'. He applied this theory by 'viewing in motion(動觀)' and 'viewing in repose(靜觀)'. 'Viewing in motion' is seen as a positive methodology for landscape enjoyment. For example, the view through a window changes with movements of the boat, and it can portray thousands of landscape paintings which can be seen through the windows. In the case of 'viewing in repose', the window is regarded as a means of attracting outside garden views to the inside. Third, he emphasized 'the firmness of objects(制體宜堅)', where the design of windows and railings must be considered ahead of others. Fourth, he interpreted the contents of 'the pursuit of novelty(創異標新)'. This generalizes the characteristics of his gardening theory. The contents included 'hall wall(廳壁)', 'variable sun visor(活?)', 'hanging boards and couplets(聯?)' and 'method of supporting vines with bamboo screen(竹屛扶植法)'.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.235-261
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• 2018

The Medical law stipulates regulations about the physician's duty to inform to contribute to patient's self-determination. This law was most recently revised on December 20, 2016, and came into effect on June 21, 2017. There has been much controversy about this, and it has been questioned whether or not it will be effective for physicians to comply with the duty to inform. Therefore, this study investigated perceptions of physicians of whether they observed the duty to inform and their legal judgment about that duty, and analyzed how the revision of the medical law may have affected the legal cognition of physician's duty to inform. This study was conducted through an online questionnaire survey involving 109 physicians over 2 weeks from March 29 to April 12, 2018, and 108 of the collected data were used for analysis. The questionnaire was developed by revising and supplementing the previous research (Lee, 2004). It consisted of 41 items, including 26 items related to the experience of and legal judgment about the duty to inform, 6 items related to awareness of revised medical law, and 9 items on general characteristics. The data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 program and descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and Binary logistic regression were performed. The results are as follows. • Out of eight situations, the median number of situations that did not fulfill the duty to inform was 5 (IQR, 4-6). In addition, 12 respondents (11%) answered that they did not fulfill the duty to inform in all eight cases, while only one (1%) responded that he/she performed explanation obligations in all cases. • The median number of the legal judgment score on the duty to inform was 8 out of 13 (IQR, 7-9), and the scores ranged from a minimum of 4 (4 respondents) to a maximum of 11 (3 respondents). • More than half of the respondents (n=26, 52%) were unaware of the revision of the medical law, 27 (25%) were aware of the fact that the medical law had been revised, 20(18%) had a rough knowledge of the contents of the law, and only 5(5%) said they knew the contents of the law in detail. The level of awareness of the revised medical law was statistically significant difference according to respondents' sex (p<.49), age (p<.0001), career (p<.0001), working type (p<.024), and department (p<.049). • There was no statistically significant relationship between the level of awareness of the revised medical law and the level of legal judgment on the duty to inform. These results suggest that efforts to improve the implementation and cognition of physician's duty to inform are needed, and it is difficult to expect a direct positive effect from the legal regulations per se. Considering the distinct characteristics of medical institutions and hierarchical organizational culture of physicians, it is necessary to develop a credible guideline on the duty to inform within the medical system, and to strengthen the education of physicians about their duty to inform and its purpose.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.82-93
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the results of satisfaction for learning eco-system on the teacher training program conducted at the IS-Geo (International School for Geoscience Resources) which is KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), and to determine the satisfaction and educational effects of the teacher training programs on elementary and secondary teachers. And then, to suggest improvement points in the future operation of the teacher training program at the IS-Geo. Therefore, we conducted questionnaire of satisfaction for learning eco-system based on the data collected by a survey of 98 elementary and secondary teachers who participated in the teacher training program at the IS-Geo, from July 2017 to August 2018. The research results are as follows. First, the results of satisfaction for learning eco-system showed high values of 4.58 or higher in both the elementary and secondary programs, and the teacher training program conducted by the IS-Geo had a positive effect on the training participants. Second, internal factors indicating learning motivation and learning development were elementary teacher training 4.70 and secondary teacher training 4.64, and it is necessary to develop training contents and programs by classifying them into majors other than the earth science department. Third, intermediate factors indicating contents of education and learning curriculum were 4.67 for an elementary teacher training program and 4.72 for secondary teacher training program. In addition, in order to operate the teacher training program according to the purpose of science and technology culture, it is necessary to develop a teaching-learning model and to improve the quality of teaching. Fourth, external factors indicating learner support and quality of instructors were 4.83 for an elementary teacher training program and 4.72 for a secondary teacher training program. In particular, it is necessary to develop teaching materials that can be used immediately in school classes and can generate interest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.300-304
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• 2018

'Bokha' is a new strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cultivar, which was released by the Highland Agriculture Research Institute in 2016. The 'Bokha' cultivar originated from a cross between 'Goha' and 'Saebong No. 3' that showed excellent ever-bearing characteristics, including continuous flowering habit and high soluble-solids contents under long-day and high temperature conditions in 2011. This cultivar was initially named 'Saebong No. 8' after examining its characteristics and productivity in summer culture from 2013 to 2015. After regional adaptability tests in 2016, 'Bokha' was selected from Saebong No. 8 as an elite cultivar. The general characteristics of 'Bokha' include semispreading type, elliptical leaves, and moderately vigorous growth. The fruits are conical in shape, and red in color. 'Bokha' plants have 32.7 leaves, 9.9 more than 'Goha' plants. The soluble-solids content of 'Bokha' was 9.2%, which was 0.2% higher than that of 'Goha'. The average fruit weight of 'Bokha' was about 9.5g and the marketable yield was $27,701kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, 72% higher than 'Goha'. 'Bokha' is suitable for tropical and subtropical zone cultivation as a high soluble solids contents cultivar, because it shows continuous flowering habit under long-day and high temperature conditions.