• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.74-77
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• 2003

A new health paradigm may be evolving that would place emphasis on the positive aspects of diet, identifying components that are physiologically active and that contribute to the prevention of disease onset. It has been increasingly difficult to evaluate the impact of new bioactive materials and food products on the well being of society. Thus, testing systems for both health function and toxicity have become very elaborate, complex, and interrelated, making their interpretation difficult and open to controversy. To select the proper starting materials, to screen the appropriate health functionality and to determine the efficacy of product, a reliable, reproducible, sensitive and predictive assay is required. Particularly, in uitro assay is the first stage in preclinical test on physiologically active materials and have many advantages in terms of time, cost and convenience. However, several factors as well as some limitations should be considered in this assay system. This presentation, therefore, will address the use of in uitro assays for evaluating physiological functionality of foods coupled with general consideration.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.591-618
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• 2006

An integrated R&D program is being conducted to study, qualify, and in some cases, develop materials with required properties for the reactor systems being developed as part the U.S. Department of Energy's Generation IV Reactor Program. The goal of the program is to ensure that the materials research and development (R&D) needed to support Gen IV applications will comprise a comprehensive and integrated effort to identify and provide the materials data and its interpretation needed for the design and construction of the selected advanced reactor concepts. The major materials issues for the five primary systems that have been considered within the U.S. Gen IV Reactor Program-very high temperature gas-cooled, supercritical water-cooled, gas-cooled fast spectrum, lead-cooled fast spectrum, and sodium-cooled fast spectrum reactors-are described along with the R&D that has been identified to address them.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.303-311
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• 2023

Traditional mediation analysis, which relies on linear regression models, has faced criticism due to its limited suitability for cases involving different types of variables and complex covariates, such as interactions. This can result in unclear definitions of direct and indirect effects. As an alternative, causal mediation analysis using the counterfactual framework has been introduced to provide clearer definitions of direct and indirect effects while allowing for more flexible modeling methods. However, the conceptual understanding of this approach based on the counterfactual framework remains challenging for applied researchers. To address this issue, the present article was written to highlight and illustrate the definitions of causal estimands, including controlled direct effect, natural direct effect, and natural indirect effect, based on the key concept of nested counterfactuals. Furthermore, we recommend using 2 R packages, 'medflex' and 'mediation', to perform causal mediation analysis and provide public health examples. The article also offers caveats and guidelines for accurate interpretation of the results.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1126-1134
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• 2003

The signals obtained from the $5^{th}$-order (two-dimensional) Raman spectrum of a liquid can depend dramatically on the polarizations of the various light beams, but to date there has been no evidence presented that different polarization conditions probe any fundamentally different aspects of liquid dynamics. In order to explore the molecular significance of polarization we have carried out a molecular dynamics simulation of the $5^{th}$-order spectrum of a dilute solution of CS₂ in liquid Xe, perhaps the simplest system capable of displaying a full range of polarization dependencies. By focusing on the 5 distinct rotational invariants revealed by the different polarizations and by comparing our results with those from liquid Xe, a liquid whose spectrum has no significant polarization dependence, we discovered that the polarization experiments do, in fact, yield valuable microscopic information. With different linear combinations of the experimental response functions one can separate the part of the signal derived from the purely interaction-induced part of the many-body polarizability from the portion with the largest contributions from single-molecule polarizabilities. This division does not directly address the underlying liquid dynamics, but it significantly simplifies the interpretation of the theoretical calculations which do address this issue. We find that the different linear combinations differ as well in whether they exhibit nodal lines. Despite the absence of nodes with the atomic liquid Xe, observing the resilience of our solution's nodes when we artificially remove the anisotropy of our solute leads us to conclude that there is no direct connection between nodes and specifically molecular degrees of freedom.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.65
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• pp.51-70
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• 2015

The Rotterdam Rules are not phrased in favour of FOB seller's legal status. Whether it will be wise under the Rotterdam Rules to trade on the basis of cash against M/R largely depends on the interpretation of various provisions of the Rotterdam Rules. To protect his interests the M/R holder and his assigns must have a right of delivery of the cargo at the port of destination. The M/R holder and his assigns must be entitled to the bill of lading or at least be able to prevent the carrier from issuing the bill of lading to the shipper. Besides, any additional right of instruction on the part of the shipper must be blocked. Article 35 of the Rules entitles only the shipper to the bill of lading while 47 entitles only the holder of the bill of lading to delivery. When no bill of lading has been issued Article 45 grants to the shipper a right of instruction whereby the shipper is allowed to advise the carrier as to the name and the address of the consignee. I have suggested that by lack of a specific provision to the contrary the Rotterdam Rules have to be considered to be embedded in the system of law as a whole. From the Common Law it follows that a M/R holder, as owner of the cargo, can ask for delivery of the cargo. As owner of the cargo a M/R holder can also claim the bill of lading, if he does so in time, because it must be implied in the contract of carriage that the carrier must deliver the bill of lading to the owner of the goods. It is for the same reason that a M/R holder can prevent the carrier from issuing the bill of lading to any third party but the M/R holder and from taking instructions from the shipper as to name and address of a consignee other than the M/R holder.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.91-101
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• 2013

One issue with keyword search in general is its ambiguity which can ultimately impact the effectiveness of the search in terms of the quality of the search results. This ambiguity is primarily due to the ambiguity of the contextual meaning of each term in the query. In addition to the query ambiguity itself, the relationships between the keywords in the search results are crucial for the proper interpretation of the search results by the user and should be clearly presented in the search results. We address the keyword search ambiguity issue by adapting some of the existing approaches for keyword mapping from the query terms to the schema terms/instances. The approaches we have adapted for term mapping capture both the syntactic similarity between the query keywords and the schema terms as well as the semantic similarity of the two and give better mappings and ultimately 50% raised accurate results. Finally, to address the last issue of lacking clear relationships among the terms appearing in the search results, our system has leveraged semantic web technologies in order to enrich the knowledgebase and to discover the relationships between the keywords.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.349-361
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• 2018

Purpose: This ethnography was performed to explore patterns and meanings of healthy life among aged women using senior centers. Methods: The informants were 21 individuals aged 65 years and older at 2 community-based senior centers. Data were collected from iterative fieldwork through in-depth interviews and participant observations and analyzed using text analysis and taxonomic methods developed by Spradley. Field notes were used with follow-up interviews and dialogue between authors to enhance interpretation. Results: Patterns of healthy life among aged women using senior centers were categorized by age groups within the context of the four cultural elements of taking care of the body, relationality, temporality, and spatiality: active and passive control, maintenance of interdependence and individuality, expansion and maintenance of the daily routine, unity of peer relations and sustenance of family relations, spending time productively and tediously, and complementary and alternative space of the family relations. Conclusion: The informants in this study demonstrated healthy life by maintaining and strengthening continuous relationships developed in the senior centers without being isolated from the family and society. Patterns of their healthy life differed across age groups within the socio-cultural context. Therefore, interventions should be tailored to address age groups and community needs.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.564-577
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to address differences between mental health according to sasang constitution and ego state among college students. Methods: Data for this cross-sectional study were collected by administration of questionnaires eliciting Woo's ego state scale, QSCC II for the sasang constitution classification, and SCL-90-R for mental health to 393 college students. Analysis was performed using IBM SPSS (version 19.0). Results: The Free Child ego and Adapted Child ego differed significantly among sasang types. The ego-gram pattern of So-eum type exhibited the N pattern (Nurturing Parent (NP)>Adapted Child (AC)>Adult (A)>Free Child (FC)>Critical Parent (CP), AC-high type), however, the ego-gram pattern of other constitution types showed the M pattern (NP>FC>A>AC>CP). No statistically significant differences in mental health were observed among sasang types, however, among ego states, AC and CP showed negative correlation with mental health status. Between So-eum type and So-yang type, AC was the factor predicting mental health. Between Tae-eum type and undefined type, AC and CP were factors predicting mental health. Conclusion: These findings suggest that sasang constitution could be an important factor in understanding the ego state and mental health status. We conclude that sasang constitution should be considered in interpretation of mental health status presentation in clients.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the essence of experiences of patients and family members during flexible visiting in an intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: This is a qualitative study using interviews with open ended questions. We used Colaizzi's method of phenomenological interpretation. Results: Flexible visiting in the ICU impacted the patients and their families in various ways. The following categories were extracted from the patients' experiences with flexible visiting: 1) the opportunity to feel the presence of the family and 2) the burden of unrestricted visiting. The following categories were extracted from the families' experiences with flexible visiting: 1) psychological comfort by convenience 2) being aware of health care professionals and critical care nursing in the intensive care unit, and 3) double trouble. Conclusions: These results showed that flexible visiting in the ICU affected the patients and their families positively and negatively. Therefore, nursing staff need to design psychological and social interventions that address the needs of patients and their families.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.3-9
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• 2021

Objectives: It is hard to accumulate research data on adolescents' suicide, because friends and family of the suicide completers might be reluctant to share the experience. To overcome the lack of information on adolescent suicide victims, the authors examined the risk and protective factors for adolescents' suicide from a character in a novel. Methods: Krystal, an adolescent female in the novel The Casual Vacancy by Joanne Rowling, failed to overcome her unfortunate circumstances and committed suicide. The authors analysed Krystal's case based on the guideline for patients with suicidal behaviours to address the complicated situation of her death. Results: Krystal grew up in a poor and dangerous environment. Despite the environmental hardships, she developed ego maturation with affectionate help from Mr Fairbrother, an assistant coach of the Girls' Rowing Team and a parish councillor. The sudden passing away of Mr Fairbrother brought on a crisis of identity for Krystal. In addition, a villainous character raped her and her brother drowned to death, which brought her great sorrow. She felt helpless and committed suicide. Conclusion: In spite of many risk factors for suicide, Krystal was able to keep her life with a few protective factors, a younger brother in the home, and a sense of responsibility for the family. After the loss of her brother, however, she collapsed in a moment. Krystal's suicide might not only be a personal choice but a breakdown of the social protection system for the youth.