• KIEE International Transactions on Power Engineering
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• v.5A no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2005

This paper illustrates a tie line constrained equivalent assisting generator (TEAG) model considering forced outage rates of transmission systems for reliability evaluation of interconnected power systems. Interconnections between power systems can provide improved levels of reliability. It is expected that the TEAG model developed in this paper will prove useful in the solution to problems related to the effect of transmission system uncertainties in the reliability evaluation of interconnected power systems. It is important that interconnection between power systems can provide the improved levels of reliability. Therefore, It is expected that the TEAG model developed in this study will provide some solution among many problems for interconnected power systems as an optimal tie line capacity and a connected point between assisting systems and assisted system. The characteristics and validity of this developed TEAG considering transmission systems are introduced by case study of three IEEE MRTS interconnected.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.9
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• pp.3324-3335
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• 2022

Several countries show interest in the Generation-IV power reactor innovative small module (PRISM), including: Canada, Japan, Korea, Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. Generation IV International Forum (GIF) has recommended the utilizing of probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) in evaluating the safety of Generation-IV reactors. This paper reviews the PSA performed for PRISM using SAPHIRE 7.27 code. This work shows that the core damage frequency (CDF) of PRISM for a single module is estimated by 8.5E-8/year which is lower than the Generation-IV target that is 1E-6 core damage per year. The social risk of PRISM (likelihood of latent cancer fatality) with evacuation is estimated by 9.0E-12/year which is much lower than the basic safety objective (BSO) that is 1E-7/year. The social risk without evacuation is estimated by 1.2E- 11/year which is also much lower than the BSO. For the individual risk (likelihood of prompt fatality), it is concluded that it can be considered negligible with evacuation (1.0E-13/year). Assuming no evacuation, the individual risk is 2.7E-10/year which is again much lower than the BSO. In comparison with other PSAs performed for similar sodium fast reactors (SFRs), it shows that PRISM concept has the lowest CDF.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

Ginseng is being distributed in 35 countries around the world and there are differences by each country in the distribution volume and amount. However, since there is no accurate statistics on production and distribution amount by each country, it is very difficult to predict the world ginseng market. Ginseng trading companies and governments are in desperate need of comprehensive data that shows the world ginseng market status for sales and marketing. For that reason, this study will look into the approximate size of the world ginseng market based on recent ginseng distribution amount by each country and production by major ginseng producing nations. In addition, the review sets an opportunity to check the status of ginseng (Korea) in the world and presents future direction by examining recent history of ginseng development in Korea, which is one of the world's largest ginseng distributers. Since ginseng is cultivated in limited areas due to its growth characteristics, ginseng distributing countries can be divided based on whether they grow it domestically or not. In general, four countries including South Korea, China, Canada, and the US are the biggest producers and their total production of fresh ginseng is approximately 79,769 tons which is more than 99% of 80,080 tons, the total ginseng production around the world. Ginseng is distributed to different countries in various forms such as fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, boiled and dried ginseng (Taekuksam), red ginseng and the related products, etc. and is consumed as food, dietary supplements, functional food, medical supplies, etc. Also, the world ginseng market including ginseng root and the processed products, is estimated to be worth $2,084 million. In particular, the size of the Korean market is $1,140 million which makes Korea the largest distributer in the world. Since the interests in alternative medicine and healthy food is increasing globally, the consumer market of ginseng with many features and the processed products are expected to expand continuously.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.578-585
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• 2003

The chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) is an anadromous fish distributed all around the North Pacific. Artificial production and release of the juveniles are being made by Korea, Japan, Russia, Canada and the United States. It is important to set up some criteria identifying each stock in order to clarify each nation's right of harvest for the chum salmon resource. As an attempt to build such criteria, we analyzed sequences of a microsatellite DNA Ogo5 and the COIII-ND3-ND4L region of the mitochondrial DNA from chum salmons of Korea, Japan, and the United States. Ogo5 has 4 different alleles: allele A, B-1, B-2, and B-3. Allele B-3 is found only in 3 individuals out of 12 Korea salmons. The Japan salmons have the other 3 alleles and the America salmons have only 2 allots, A and B-1. Heterozygosity index (Ho/He) distinguishes the Korea (1.61) and Japan salmons (1.63) from the America ones (1.09). Seventeen different haplotypes are found in the COIII-ND3-ND4L region from 60 individuals,20 from each stock. The gene genealogy of the haplotypes revealed by TCS program shows that the Korea and Japan salmons are genetically closely linked, but that they are clearly distinguished from the America ones. Ten and eleven individuals of the Korea and Japan salmons have an identical haplotype. Nine individuals of the Korea salmons $(45\%),$ however, are separable from the Japan salmons by their own specific nucleotides. This result presents usefulness of the COIII-ND3-ND4L region as a genetic marker for identification of the chum salmon stocks.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.309-318
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• 2000

우리나라에서는 1989년 1월 1일 이후 허가된 신약과 동일한 의약품을 제조하거나, 제제개선을 통하여 흡수율을 향상시키는 경우 등에 있어서 생물학적 동등성 시험을 실시하여 두 제제간의 생체이용률을 비교하도록 규정되어 있다. 다른 나라에서도 신약과 동일한 의약품을 허가 받고자 할 경우나 대체조제를 위한 복제의약품의 생산 시 생물학적 동등성 시험자료를 제출하도록 하고 있으며, 이에 따른 생물학적 동등성 시험 기준을 운영하고 있다. 최근 각국에서는 국제적 조화를 이룬 기준을 마련하고자 하는 추세이다. 현재 우리나라에서는 의약분업 실시에 따라 생물학적 동등성 시험의 중요성이 부각되고 있으며 국제적인 수준에 맞추어 관련 기준을 개정해야할 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 캐나다에서는 1992년에 처음 생물학적 동등성 시험 기준을 공표하여 평가하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 캐나다의 생물학적 동등성 시험 기준을 소개하여 현행 규정과 비교 검토함으로써 생물학적 동등성 시험 기준을 보다 과학적이고 윤리적이며 합리적인 규정으로 개정하기 위한 자료로 활용하고자 한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1826-1831
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• 2006

A novel hyperthermophilic, anaerobic, heterotrophic archaeon, designated strain $NA1^T$, was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent area (depth, 1,650 m) within the Papua New Guinea-Australia-Canada-Manus (PACMANUS) field. Cells of this strain were motile by means of polar flagella, coccoid-shaped with a diameter of approximately $0.5-1.0{\mu}m$, and occurred as single cells. Optimal temperature, pH, and NaCl concentration for growth were $80^{\circ}C$, 8.5, and 3.5%, respectively. The new isolate was an obligate heterotroph that utilized yeast extract, beef extract, tryptone, peptone, casein, and starch as carbon and energy sources. Elemental sulfur was required for growth and was reduced to hydrogen sulfide. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 52.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that strain $NA1^T$ belongs to the genus Thermococcus, and the organism is most closely related to T. gorgonarius, T. peptonophilus, and T. celer; however, no significant homology was observed among species by DNA-DNA hybridization. Strain $NA1^T$ therefore represents a novel species for which the name Thermococcus onnurineus sp. novo is proposed. The type strain is $NA1^T$ (=KCTC 10859, =JCM 13517).

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.18 no.spc
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• pp.75-87
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• 2020

The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has developed geological repository systems for the disposal of high-level wastes and spent nuclear fuels (SNFs) in South Korea. The purpose of the most recently developed system, the improved KAERI Reference Disposal System Plus (KRS⁺), is to dispose of all SNFs in Korea with improved disposal area efficiency. In this paper, a system-level safety assessment model for the KRS⁺ is presented with long-term assessment results. A system-level model is used to evaluate the overall performance of the disposal system rather than simulating a single component. Because a repository site in Korea has yet to be selected, a conceptual model is used to describe the proposed disposal system. Some uncertain parameters are incorporated into the model for the future site selection process. These parameters include options for a fractured pathway in a geosphere, parameters for radionuclide migration, and repository design dimensions. Two types of SNF, PULS7 from a pressurized water reactor and Canada Deuterium Uranium from a heavy water reactor, were selected as a reference inventory considering the future cumulative stock of SNFs in Korea. The highest peak radiological dose to a representative public was estimated to be 8.19×10^-4 mSv·yr^-1, primarily from ¹²⁹I. The proposed KRS⁺ design is expected to have a high safety margin that is on the order of two times lower than the dose limit criterion of 0.1 mSv·yr^-1.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.147-176
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• 2003

This Paper Presents a new measurement technique to derive the level of BSRC (Basic Science and Research Capacity) index by use of the factor analysis which is extended with the assumption of the standard normal probability distribution of the selected explanatory variables. The new measurement method is used to forecast the gap of Korea's BSRC level compared with those of major OECD countries in terms of time lag and to make their international comparison during the time period of 1981∼1999, based on the assumption that the BSRC progress function of each country takes the form of the logistic curve. The US BSRC index is estimated to be 0.9878 in 1981, 0.9996 in 1990 and 0.99991 in 1999, taking the 1st place. The US BSRC level has been consistently the top among the 16 selected variables, followed by Japan, Germany, France and the United Kingdom, in order. Korea's BSRC is estimated to be 0.2293 in 1981, taking the lowest place among the 16 OECD countries. However, Korea's BSRC indices are estimated to have been increased to 0.3216 (in 1990) and 0.44652 (in 1999) respectively, taking 10th place. Meanwhile, Korea's BSRC level in 1999 (0.44652) is estimated to reach those of the US and Japan in 2233 and 2101, respectively. This means that Korea falls 234 years behind USA and 102 years behind Japan, respectively. Korea is also estimated to lag 34 years behind Germany, 16 years behind France and the UK, 15 years behind Sweden, 11 years behind Canada, 7 years behind Finland, and 5 years behind the Netherlands. For the period of 1981∼1999, the BSRC development speed of the US is estimated to be 0.29700. Its rank is the top among the selected OECD countries, followed by Japan (0.12800), Korea (0.04443), and Germany (0.04029). the US BSRC development speed (0.2970) is estimated to be 2.3 times higher than that of Japan (0.1280), and 6.7 times higher than that of Korea. German BSRC development speed (0.04029) is estimated to be fastest in Europe, but it is 7.4 times slower than that of the US. The estimated BSRC development speeds of Belgium, Finland, Italy, Denmark and the UK stand between 0.01 and 0.02, which are very slow. Particularly, the BSRC development speed of Spain is estimated to be minus 0.0065, staying at the almost same level of BSRC over time (1981 ∼ 1999). Since Korea shows BSRC development speed much slower than those of the US and Japan but relative]y faster than those of other countries, the gaps in BSRC level between Korea and the other countries may get considerably narrower or even Korea will surpass possibly several countries in BSRC level, as time goes by. Korea's BSRC level had taken 10th place till 1993. However, it is estimated to be 6th place in 2010 by catching up the UK, Sweden, Finland and Holland, and 4th place in 2020 by catching up France and Canada. The empirical results are consistent with OECD (2001a)'s computation that Korea had the highest R&D expenditures growth during 1991∼1999 among all OECD countries ; and the value-added of ICT industries in total business sectors value added is 12% in Korea, but only 8% in Japan. And OECD (2001b) observed that Korea, together with the US, Sweden, and Finland, are already the four most knowledge-based countries. Hence, the rank of the knowledge-based country was measured by investment in knowledge which is defined as public and private spending on higher education, expenditures on R&D and investment in software.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.135-139
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• 2013

Objective : This study was conducted to examine the relationship between the annual changes of suicide methods and suicide rates in South Korea. We compared the suicide methods in South Korea with those in six other OECD countries, Japan, Finland, France, United States, Canada and Australia. Methods : Data of suicide rates and methods since the year 2000 were obtained from the official electronic mortality data published by the seven countries and from the World Health Organization [WHO] mortality database. We compared the correlation between suicide methods and suicidal rates in South Korea using Spearman's correlation test. Results : The proportion of hanging steadily increased, whereas self-poisoning steadily decreased from 2000 to 2011. The increased use of hanging was associated with the increase of suicide rates in South Korea. The preference for jumping as a suicide method in South Korea can be notably compared to that of other countries. Conclusion : Preference use of lethal methods, such as hanging, may play a great role in the increase of suicide rates in South Korea. The limitation of physical and cognitive access to lethal methods can be an effective suicide prevention strategy.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.152-158
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• 2005

For several thousand years, Korea ginseng has been used as medicinal herb in the oriental countries. Korea is the ginseng suzerain and, for that reason, tile ginseng as a special crop In Korea has been exported to the World market since the era of the three Kingdoms. However, recently, the intermational market share of Korea ginseng products has been significantly reduced due to the mass production of ginseng from China and Canada. Besides, America with aggressive marketing strategy take the leadership in the international ginseng market. Therefore, it is necessary for Korea to know and understand world ginseng market mood and situation. The object of this study is to identify the actual consumption conditions and consumer perception of ginseng at the major consumptive countries in tile world. The findings of this study mean that the consumer behavior and perception of ginseng is difficult depending on country. At the result, it is expected that this study will be used to apply ginseng in various fields.