• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.59-62
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• 2011

To develop a new cultivar of King oyster mushroom(Pleurotus eryngii), G09-21 as parental strain was selected by the method of Di-mon crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from ASI 2824(Keunneutari No.2) and dikaryotic strain ASI 2887(Aeryni 3). The Pe21-51($G09-21-10{\times}2844-11$) was shown the best cultural characteristics, selected to be a new cultivar and named as 'Song-A'. The 'Song-A' was formed incompatibility line distinctly in the confrontation growth of parental strains Keunneutari No.2, Aeryni 3 and ASI 2844. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth, fruiting body development and pH arrange were $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, $14{\sim}16^{\circ}C$ and pH5~8, respectively. Fruiting body production per bottle was about $94.7{\pm}29.5$ g which is almost 106% quantity compared to that of other cultuvar Keunneutari No.2. And also the stip is thick and long but the number of available stipe is few. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new cultivar 'Song-A' showed a different DNA profile as that of the control strains, Keunneutari No.2, Aeryni 3 and ASI 2844, when RAPD(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers URP4 and 7 were used. This new cultivar 'Song-A' of Pleurotus eryngii is characterized by a small number of primordia formation and the stip is thick and long. Therefore, we expect that this new strain will save of labor and cost by without culling work.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2014

This study was carried out to provide standardization for mushroom production of high quality at farmhouse. The standardization does much to improve merchantable quality, distribution efficiency and fair dealings by shipping of the standard agricultural products. Therefore, modification of these standards is required to fit farmhouse situations. The standardization for production of Pleurotus eryngii of high quality follows like this. A grades were above 90 g at average weight, more 50 mm at stipe thick, 1.6~1.7 at stipe length/stipe thick rate and 1.1~1.2 at pileus diameter/stipe thick ratio. B grades were more 45 g at average weight, above 40 mm at stipe thick, 1.8~1.9 at stipe length/stipe thick ratio and 1.2~1.4 at pileus diameter/stipe thick ratio.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigated optimum mixing ratio of Korean natural Juglans mandshurica using as functional plants. Total nitrogen and carbon source of J. mandshurica was 0.21% and 46.0%, respectively and C/N ratio was 219. Total nitrogen source and pH of substrate mixed with J. mandshurica was 2.3~2.9 and 5.0, respectively. The contents of CaO, MgO and $Na_2O$ at J. mandshurica media were higher at harvest media than inoculation media. Mycelial growth was the fastest at J. mandshurica 20%, and slower by increase of J. mandshurica substrate. Yields of fruiting body show the highest to 163 g/850 mL of medium which are addition 10% of J. mandshurica sawdust, and diameter and thick of pileus were the highest, too. The L value of pileus and stipes were increased by increase of J. mandshurica substrate, but there was no significant difference in the a-value and the b-value. The contents of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ of fruiting body were increased at J. mandshurica substrate, but there was no significant difference in contents of CaO, MgO and $Na_2O$. The contents of Cu of fruiting body was decreased by increase of J. mandshurica substrate, but Fe, Mn and Zn were increased.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.224-229
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• 2019

The two most common mushroom species grown in Korea are pearl oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and king oyster mushroom (P. eryngii). In recent years, the production of king oyster mushroom greatly increased due to the automation of the cultivation facilities, and it became a major export mushroom owing to its excellent shelf life. However, the increase in the production of king oyster mushroom led to a decline in its market price; thus, necessitating the development of new mushroom species that could replace king oyster mushroom, to diversify the mushroom market for the benefit of both, the producers and the consumers. The Mushroom division at the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science (NIHHS) reported the development of a new interspecific hybrid between P. ferulae and P. tuoliensis, referred to as 'Creamy.' Two parental strains KMCC00430 (Bisan2ho, P. ferulae) and KMCC00461 (P. tuoliensis) were selected based on the results of genetic resource analysis, and their monokaryons were collected. About 1,000 Mon-Mon crosses were performed and 73 of them were selected. Following repeated cultivation tests and strain analyses, we selected strain 7773, which had a bright creamy pileus and a thick straight stipe, and named it 'Creamy.' Optimum temperature for mycelial growth of Creamy was 25-30℃, and that for fruiting body growth was 16℃. The pileus, which had a brighter creamy color, was small in size with a diameter of 61.2 mm. Although it was cultivated in suboptimal conditions, such as low temperature and high CO₂ concentration, Creamy was characterized by its straight and smooth stipe. Field production tests and further analyses indicated that the yield of Creamy was 5% higher than that of Baekhwang. It is expected that Creamy, the new interspecific hybrid with a bright creamy pileus and a pleasant flavor, will help create new opportunities for mushroom farmers and diversify the mushroom market.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.205-210
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• 2019

This study was conducted to elucidate the optimal nitrogen content for each variety of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) by investigating the change in the characteristics of fruiting body according to the nitrogen content of the sawdust media, and to use the results as the basic data for cultivation of high quality oyster mushroom. The nitrogen content was adjusted to 1.3%, 1.6%, 1.8% and 2.3%, and at each condition, mycelial growth was observed, which showed that the nitrogen content did not affect the rate of mycelial growth and density substantially. In the investigation of the characteristics of fruiting body, at the 1.8% nitrogen content, Chunchu No.2 showed the pileus diameter of 27 mm, and the stipe diameter and length of 11 mm and 61 mm, respectively, and the measurement of its color values revealed that the brightness of the pileus and the stipe was 31 and 80, respectively, offering the best commercial value, and yielding 25 valid stipes, which was the largest number. Likewise, at the 1.8% nitrogen content, Heuktari also showed the excellent growth characteristics including the pileus diameter of 29 mm and the stipe diameter and length of 10 mm and 68 mm, respectively, and the superb color values of the brightness of 37 at the pileus and 78 at the stipe. Moreover, the number of valid stipes was also found to be the highest with 19. In terms of morphological characteristics such as the pileus diameter and color, Soltari also produced the best mushrooms at the 1.8% nitrogen content and the number of valid stipes was high with 22. In summary, irrespective of varieties of oyster mushroom, high quality products could be cultivated at the nitrogen content of 1.8%.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.249-259
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• 2009

The objective of this research was to find out the physical properties, such as dispersion and coagulation, of soil minerals depending on the types and concentrations of the cations in aqueous solution. Hwangto samples were obtained from 90 to 130 cm from surface at Jangdong-ri, Donggang-Myon, Naju, Chonnam Province. The clay fraction (< $2\;{\mu}m$) was separated by sedimentation method from the bulk soils. Both Hwangto and clay fractions, and the same samples after removal of amorphous and crystalline iron oxides were used in this experiment. The effect of 4 cations ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$) and their concentrations on settling speed and basal spacing of the minerals were observed to examine the physical properties of the soil and clay minerals. Hwangto mainly consisted of quartz, and the clay fractions consisted of kaolinite, illite, and vermiculite. The bulk soils contained 16.3 mg/kg of amorphous iron oxides and 436 mg/kg of crystalline iron oxides. Clay fractions were dispersed better than bulk soils due to their smaller particle size than that of the bulk samples in the aqueous solution. The bulk and clay samples were dispersed better when iron oxides were removed because of coating of minerals by the iron oxides. Clay minerals were settled faster as the charge and the concentration of cations added increased. The d-spacing of kaolinite and illite did not change when 4 types of cations were added. The d-spacing of vermiculite showed $14.04\;{\AA}$ when divalent cations were added while that of vermiculite showed $13.9\;{\AA}$ when monovalent cations were added. It may be attributed to the hydration radii of cations. This study indicated that both coating of iron oxides on minerals and types and concentrations of cations affect dispersion of minerals in solution and d-spacing of expanding clay minerals such as vermiculite.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2005

This study investigated effects of acid deposition on cation contents of rinus densiflora needles. The results of the investigation were as follows: By regression the ion balance was shown to be 1.01 of slope and 0.973 of $R^2$. The volume weighted average pH measurements of wet deposition in Seoul from January to December, 2001, 2002 and 2003 were: pH 5.1, pH 5.0 and pH 4.8, respectively. The annual wet deposition ion amount was shown to gradually increase during this study period. Cation content of needles in the fall season was higher than during other seasons, but $Al^{3+}$ ion contents showed nodifferences among seasons. When ion concentrations of wet deposition were higher, cation contents of needles were generally lower.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of embryo sources such as in vivo vs. in vitro produced blastocyst, and culture systems on the membrane permeability and viability of bovine blastocyst following GMP vitrification. To produce in vivo embryos, six cows were superovulated by administration of follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) and prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$(PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$). in vitro embryos were produced by two different culture systems, oviduct co-culture (OCS) and defined culture system (HECM-6; DCS). Ovaries were picked up at a local slaughterhouse and transported to laboratory in 3$0^{\circ}C$ saline within 2 h. Ovaries were washed with same saline three times and then placed in saline on warm plate adjusted at 3$0^{\circ}C$ during aspiration. The blastocysts produced were assigned for membrane permeability and viability following GMP vitrification. The membrane permeability of blastocysts was checked in 0.5 M sucrose solution on warm plate at 35$^{\circ}C$ for 0, 2, 5 and 7 min, respectively. Then the diameters (width and length) of embryo cytoplasms were measured by a eyepiece meter, and they were converted to their volume by 4/3 $\pi$ $r^3$. The blastocysts were cryopreserved by GMP vitrification method, where they were sequentially placed into vitrification solution before being loaded into GMP vessels and immersed into L$N_2$ within 20 to 25 sec. Post-thaw blastocysts were serially washed in 0.25 and 0.15 M sucrose in HM and TCM-199 for 5 min each, and then cultured in TCM 199 supplemented with 10% FCS for 24 or 48 h. The volume change of in vivo blastocyst at 0, 2, 5 and 7 min (100, 37.1, 34.3 and 31.6%) was significantly more shrunk than those of in vitro blastocysts derived from OCS (100, 59.8, 48.9, 47.9%) and DCS (100, 57.2, 47.3 and 46.9%) (P＜0.05). The viability of post-thaw blastocyst derived from in vivo (93.6%) was also significantly different from those in OCS and DCS (81.9 and 83.6%; P＜0.05). In the present culture system, the morphology of embryos produced in vitro was similar to that of in vivo embryos, but the quality in membrane permeability and post-thaw viability showed a big difference from their sources as in vivo or in vitro derived from OCS and DCS. The results indicated that the quality of in vivo embryos in membrane permeability and post-thaw viability was better than those of in vitro embryos derived from OCS or DCS.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.367-376
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• 2009

Forty specimens of fossil ophiuroids were collected from two formations of the Cenozoic marine deposits, Duho Formation and Hagjeon Formation, Pohang Basin, Korea. A few specimens were three-dimensionally preserved: most of them were remained flattened and articulated. Although a gross morphology is well preserved in some specimens, the details such as disk shape and plates which is the most important diagnostic features were not observed. Most of the arms are disarticulated, and thus arm vertebra, arm spines and/or arm plates are separately preserved. Only an oral side is recognized in an attached specimens because crossing arms into disk are clearly visible. It is, thus almost impossible to identify Korean ophiuroid fossils as a species level or even a genus level. The fossils were classified into 3 groups by gross morphology of disk and arm, and architecture of vertebra. The most abundant fossils (32 specimens), were found only in the Hagjeon Formation. The majority of specimens are partially disarticulated, having only proximal and median portions of their arms preserved. Arm plates are disarticulated from arm vertebra: most of them show structure of arm vertebra. It has long and well-preserved arm spines, and large tentacle pore. Some specimens (4 specimens) from the Duho Formation is characterized by short and conical arm spines, and well-developed arm plates. Lateral arm plates are small in compared to dorsal and ventral arm plates. The others (4 specimens) is poor in preservation state showing circular oral disk and relatively short sinuous arms. No arm plates are either identified.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

Geochemical approaches on the two recovered piston cores were performed to understand the characteristics of organic matters and the influence of the sea level variation of the East Sea in the Hupo Basin since the Holocene. The analyzing results on organic components (TOC and TN), and isotopic compositions of organic matters showed the variation to core locations and sampling depths. In core 08HZP-01, their values were gradually changed with depth from 4 mbsf to seafloor. However, rapid variation was observed at the boundary of 4.71 mbsf (meter below seafloor) in core 08HZP-03. Based on TOC/TN, $\delta^{13}C_{org}$ and $\delta^{15}N_{org}$, the origin of organic matters in the Hupo Basin can be divided into three groups; 1) predominant marine algae, 2) $C_3$ land plant, and 3) mixture of $C_3$ land plant and marine/freshwater algae. It is likely that the vertical and spatial variations of organic and isotopic compositions reflect the shifts in sedimentary environment (including sediment transportation) by ocean currents and sea-level changes and others during the Holocene period.