• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3437-3445
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• 2016

Background: There is an increasing concern in the role of microRNA (miRNA) in the pathogenesis of bone metastasis (BM) secondary to prostate cancer (CaP). In this exploratory study, we hypothesized that the expression of vinculin (VCL) and chemokine X3C ligand 1 (CX3CL1) might be down-regulated in clinical samples, most likely due to the post-transcriptional modification by microRNAs. Targeted genes would be up-regulated upon transfection of the bone metastatic prostate cancer cell line, PC3, with specific microRNA inhibitors. Materials and Methods: MicroRNA software predicted that miR-21 targets VCL while miR-29a targets CX3CL1. Twenty benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 16 high grade CaP formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) specimens were analysed. From the bone scan results, high grade CaP samples were further classified into CaP with no BM and CaP with BM. Transient transfection with respective microRNA inhibitors was done in both RWPE-1 (normal) and PC3 cell lines. QPCR was performed in all FFPE samples and transfected cell lines to measure VCL and CX3CL1 levels. Results: QPCR confirmed that VCL messenger RNA (mRNA) was significantly down-regulated while CX3CL1 was up-regulated in all FFPE specimens. Transient transfection with microRNA inhibitors in PC3 cells followed by qPCR of the targeted genes showed that VCL mRNA was significantly upregulated while CX3CL1 mRNA was significantly down-regulated compared to the RWPE-1 case. Conclusions: The down-regulation of VCL in FFPE specimens is most likely regulated by miR-21 based on the in vitro evidence but the exact mechanism of how miR-21 can regulate VCL is unclear. Up-regulated in CaP, CX3CL1 was found not regulated by miR-29a. More microRNA screening is required to understand the regulation of this chemokine in CaP with bone metastasis. Understanding miRNA-mRNA interactions may provide additional knowledge for individualized study of cancers.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.191-201
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• 2005

Traditional music not only reveals Korean culture to foreigners but also it enhances the pride of national identity for Koreans themselves. Objectives of this study are how can we encourage and appreciate traditional music to ordinary visitors (non-musicians). Music festivals could be a means to educate and captivate them towards the appreciation of Korean traditional music. For this purpose, this study checked the satisfaction level between local residents and domestic visitors(including foreigners) concerning music festival programs, and also proposed a practical implications to traditional music organizers. According to the result, local visitors' satisfaction level were higher than other domestic visitors. Visitors showed higher interest in the music instruments like a 'Gayageum' they are able to relate to, rather than with other traditional unfamiliar musical instruments. It is thus crucial to encourage students and ordinary citizens to interact with traditional music instruments so as to enhance the satisfaction levels of domestic visitors. Some practical implications for traditional music organizers are that it is recommendable to have more guides who have thorough knowledge of traditional Korean music and who is able to interpret festival programs in foreign languages for foreign visitors.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.963-976
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• 1999

This study was undertaken to investigate the general characteristics of students, which include the degree of satisfaction, motives of admission, the recognition of advantages and disadvantages, opinion of students on self-directed learning, and planning and anticipatory effects after graduation. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey over a period of four months, from May 1997 to August 1997. The subjects used for this study consisted of 322 RN students sampled from six RN-to-BSN programs in Korea using the census sampling method. Statistical methods employed for this study included discriptive statistics, M ANOVA, and F-test. The results of the study are as follows 1. The RN students' motives of admission to RN-to-BSN programs were ‘for personal advancement’, ‘to earn a BSN degree’, and ‘for professional development’ in this order. 2. The RN students' responses to the advantages of RN-to-BSN programs were ‘acquisition of new knowledge and a BSN degree’ and ‘to gain professional thinking and a broader view’, while as the disadvantages of RN-to-BSN programs were ‘geographical isolation of institutions’, ‘limitation of information’, and ‘underdeveloped school environments’ in this order. 3. The survey based on opinions toward self-directed learning showed that there was a need of detailed guidelines for self-directed learning. Most agreed that it was a very effective learning method for a RN student, and the self-directed learning method Increases motives for learning. 4. The students' anticipatory effect after graduation were ‘self-achievement’, ‘development of professional skills’, and ‘admission to post-graduate school or programs to study abroad’. 5. The students were very satisfied with the quality of faculty members, and satisfied with the quality of lectures and teaching. However, students were unsatisfied with rented lecture rooms, and very unsatisfied with self-directed learning methods. 6. School nurses showed higher statistical significances in the need for teaching material and anticipatory effect after graduation than other RN students working in hospitals and public health agencies. Also, school nurses, public health nurses, and industry nurses showed higher statistical significances in motives of admission than RN students working in hospitals. Further more, staff nurses, school nurses, and industry nurses showed higher levels of satisfaction toward a RN-to-BSN programs than nurses in higher positions, such as administrators or directors of nursing. 7 City residents were more satisfied with RN-to-BSN programs than rural residents. Otherwise, the rural residents had higher motives for admission, a bigger need for teaching materials, and recognition of the disadvantages of RN-to-BSN programs than city residents. Finally, RN students who earned below a monthly income of ￦1,000,000 showed higher motivation for admission than those who earned more than ￦1,000,000.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 2005

The two major isoflavones in soy, genistein and daidzein, are well known to prevent hormone-dependent cancers by their anti estrogenic activity. The exact molecular mechanisms for the protective action are, however, not provided yet. It has been reported that genistein and daidzein have a potential anticancer activity through their antiproliferative effect in many hormone-dependent cancer cell lines. Transforming growth $factor-\beta1(TGF-\beta1)$ has also been found to have cell growth inhibitory effect, especially in mammary epithelial cells. This knowledge led to a hypothetical mechanism that the soy isoflavones-induced growth inhibitory effect can be derived from the regulation of $TGF-\beta1$ and $TGF-\beta$ receptors. In order to test this hypothesis, the effects of the soy isoflavones at various concentrations and periods on the expression of $TGF-\beta1$and $TGF-\beta$ receptors were investigated by using Northern blot analysis in human breast carcinoma epithelial cell lines, an estrogen receptor positive cell line (MCF-7) and an estrogen receptor negative cell line (MDA-MB-231). As a result, only genistein has shown a profound dose-dependent effect on $TGF-\beta1$ expression in the $ER^+$ cell line within the range of doses tested, and the expression levels are correspondent to their inhibitory activities of cell growth. Moreover, daidzein showed down-regulated $TGF-\beta1$ expression at a low dose, the cell growth proliferation was promoted at the same condition. Therefore, antiproliferative activity of the soy isoflavones can be mediated by $TGF-\beta1$ expression, and the effects are mainly, if not all, occurred by ER dependent pathway. The expression of $TGF-\beta$ receptors was induced at a lower dose than the one for $TGF-{\beta}1$ induction regardless of the presence of ER, and the expression patterns are similar to those of the cell growth inhibition. These results indicated that the regulation of $TGF-\beta$ receptor expression as well, prior to $TGF-\beta1$ expression, may be involved in the antiproliferative activity of soy isoflavones. Little or no expression of $TGF-\beta$ receptors was found in the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting refractory properties of the cells to growth inhibitory effect of the $TGF-\beta$. The soy isoflavones can seemingly restore the sensitivity of growth inhibitory responses to $TGF-\beta1$ by re-inducing $TGF-\beta$ receptors expression. In conclusions, our findings presented in this study show that the antitumorigenic activity of the soy isoflavones could be mediated by not only $TGF-\beta1$induction but $TGF-\beta$ receptor restoration. Thus, soy isoflavones could be good model molecules to develop new nonsteroidal antiestrogenic chemopreventive agents, associated with, regulation of $TGF-\beta$ and its receptors.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2020

With the advent of the knowledge-based era of the fourth industrial revolution, a paradigm shifts in university education. As a complete overhaul of university educational methods is required, strengthening competence through personalized is emerging as one of the solutions to the problem. To provide appropriate education accordingly focusing on individual learners, more studies at various levels are needed about understanding the characteristics of learners and ways to support them at universities. This study aims to conduct an exploratory research for adapting personalized learning at K University and explore effective ways to support. First, through literature review, the theoretical basis of personalized learning considering the diverse characteristics of learners and domestic and overseas cases of are examined. Secondly, a pilot study is conducted with K University students as subjects. FGI, study style diagnosis, one-on-one follow-up interviews are conducted and competency-based learning performance analysis and study style diagnosis result paper are provided to selected participants. Finally, major issues and implications are suggested to support the effective personalized learning of K university students.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.258-263
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• 2013

The primary goal of this study was to compute sample sizes required to achieve the each aim of a variety of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) surveillance programs, using a statistically valid technique that takes the following factors into account: sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of diagnostic test system, desired minimum detectable prevalence, precision, population size, and desired power of the survey. In addition, sample sizes to detect FMD if the disease is present and also as proof of freedom were computed. The current FMD active surveillance programs consist of clinical, virological, and serological surveillance. For the 2012 serological surveillance, annual sample sizes (n = 265,065) are planned at four separate levels: statistical (n = 60,884) and targeted (n = 115,232) at breeding pig farms and slaughter house, in together with the detection of structural proteins (SP) antibodies against FMD (n = 88,949). Overall, the sample size was not designed taking the specific aims of each surveillance stream into account. The sample sizes for statistical surveillance, assuming stratified two-stage sampling technique, was based to detect at least one FMD-infected case in the general population. The resulting sample size can be used to obtain evidence of freedom from FMD infection, not for detecting animals that have antibodies against FMD virus non-structural proteins (NSP). Additionally, sample sizes for targeted surveillance were not aimed for the population at risk, and also without consideration of statistical point of view. To at least the author's knowledge, sampling plan for targeted, breeding pig farms and slaughter house is not necessary and need to be included in the part of statistical surveillance. Assuming design prevalence of 10% in an infinite population, a total of 29 animals are required to detect at least one positive with probability of 95%, using perfect diagnostic test system (Se = Sp = 100%). A total of 57,211 animals needed to be sampled to give 95% confidence of estimating SP prevalence of 80% at the individual animal-level with a precision of ${\pm}5%$, assuming 800 herds with an average 200 heads per farm, within-farm variance of 0.2, between-farm variance of 0.05, cost ratio of 100:1 of farm against animals. Furthermore, 779,736 animals were required to demonstrate FMD freedom, and the sample size can further be reduced depending on the parameters assumed.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.99-113
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• 2004

Problems and current situation of public health globally and domestically were analyzed in this study and based on these findings, ways to improve from western medicine and Oriental medicine can be deduced as follows: 1. Current problems of public health in Korea and the world 1) Increase of diseases resulted from daily habits and infectious diseases, many are at the brink of being ill. Quality of life from extended life span and unbalanced health care must be solved. 2) Natural and societal factors including host factors, public health service, and other external and internal factors play an important role in deciding healthy and being ill. 3) Some of the limits and problems of modem medicine include insufficient academic knowledge and incomplete theory, as well as misled approach to the treatment. Human itself isn't perfect organism and other realistic problems hinder one's well-being. 4) Regardless of western medicine or Oriental medicine, patients were approached as someone with diseases and disorders, and wholistic approach was disregarded. Lack of clinical training, absence of clear educational philosophy and goal are some of the reasons why the education isn't under concrete system 2. Important factors for the medical education and proper direction for the education of Oriental medicine 1) Important factors for medical education - Education should not be limited on the human health and illness, but also cover qualities such as well-being, social welfare, service, and happiness. Every aspects of human life must be considered and attended for more productive outcome. - Basic understanding of humanity must be included in the educational curriculum - Foundation of human diseases and pain are associated with inner life and surrounding causes including family, society, nature, race, culture, religion, politics, and etc., thus the education must be approached to recognize aforementioned criteria. 2) Proper direction for the education of Oriental medicine - Values of Oriental medicine for medical principles and importance of lifehood must be educated. - Educational goal, limits, and levels must be established for the school of Oriental medicine - Respect for life must be the top priorities of educational direction which should lead to solution based education for the human health. Latest medical theory and technology should be accommodated as well as prevention, treatment, and balancing of basic courses and clinical training for optimal education.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.25
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• pp.83-150
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• 1993

Traditionally, the emphasis of the information services had been placed on the information provider's knowledge of information sources or information systems. However, in view of the increasing complexity of the information environment. and changes taking place in information professions the evaluation of the information services has callded for further research in interpersonal communication aspects of the librarian user interface especially that which links to user satisfaction. This experimental study was carried out for the purpose of exploring the implications of nonverbal behaviors in measuring user satisfaction in the light of the fact that the meaning of nonverbal clues includes more than verbal communication especially in dealing with variable barriers even though they operate at low levels of awareness. In this sense, among the wide range of nonverbal communication areas in particular kinesics, artifacts and the proximics were examined to suggest alternative model which can be applied effectively in our specific set of information work environment. Two major university libraries and two research libraries in Korea were chosen and visited for the anlysis and per each refernce/information interview the librarian's nonverbal behaviors were checked on the observer's checklist and the qustionnaires completed by the user at a time. On the basis of these data firstly, the relation of user satisfaction concerned with the librarian's nonverbal communication to user satisfaction with information services was analyzed and the possible communication barriers were investigated. In addition, the effect of training the information librarian with positive nonverbal communication skills on the user's satisfaction was analyzed in a SAS computer program in the area of kinesics. On the other hand, the effect of other nonverbal behaviors such as proximics and artifacts known very important clues to improving a complex human interaction was discussed along with their experimental results. In conclusion, it was found that most of users were not sensitive to the importance of nonverbal behaviors exposed by the information librarian, but it was proved that the ultimate user satisfaction and the satisfaction of the librarian's nonverbal behaviors are correlated positively, Moreover, nonverbal behaviors displayed by the trained librarian toward the user had a considerable effect on the user's evalution of information services compared with those by the untrained. These findings imply that in order to control the librarian's nonverbal behaviors and to help the user overcome his barriers the information librarian as a specialist needs to assure and modify willilingly his communication behavior. Without making effective use of such nonverbal communication, information librarian could not expect to meet the user's information needs either. However, when these positive nonverbal behaviors are applied it would be highly desirable to be aware of cultural and contextual differences. With regard to increasing information services success the applicable nonverbal communication model for library management and education can be suggested as below.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.551-557
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• 2016

National competency standards, which are the contents of the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to perform a job in industry, is organized by the country. the job performance was evaluated based on the National competency standards from the third-year grade of radiology students by using field-based training courses. according to the evaluation results, students showed over 93% satisfactory ratio of job performance in all radiography projection methods. Therefore, it can be predicted that field-based training courses for students made a positive effect on improving their job performance. Exposure methods with CR equipment were evaluated the best rating, yet it has various problems. The standard deviation between students was very high, and the CR operation skill of students was insufficient. Film methods was evaluated also showed problems, due to the exposure condition setting and developing operation. although DR method was rated good to the students, it was evaluated that the operation skill of DR and the ancillary equipment operation skill was shortage. By supplementing the evaluation factors below proficiency levels to a course management in each exposure method, it could help students course achievement. Also, it could help students to improve job performance of clinical areas after graduation.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.35-52
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• 2003

This study investigates the change of everyday's labor and leisure time in South Korea during the last two decades in which her economy has been changed from manufacturing-oriented industry to services or technology and knowledge-oriented industry. Generally speaking, the changing patterns of everyday's labor and leisure time in South Korea from 1981 to 2000 are very complex and dynamic. So it is very careful for us to simply assert the fact that everyday's labor time is decreased and everyday's leisure time is increased due to the deindustrialization of a capitalist country. Specifically, the changes of everyday's labor and leisure time in South Korea are varied in terms of socio-economic and spatial perspective. The labor time of all kinds of occupations has been increased at the weekday during the last two decades, but the leisure time of those except technical occupation has been decreased at the weekend. The socio-economy of South Korea after the 1990s became dependent on more educated workers than less ones. Also the more educated people work hard at the weekday, but they get more leisure time at the weekend. In terms of spatial perspectives, the South Korean economy has become dependent on the workers in cities, particularly large ones more than those in rural regions because of the rapidly established industrialization and urbanization after the early 1980s. The time of people's spatial movement is directly proportional to the levels of education both at the weekday and the weekend during the last two decades.