• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2002

An International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG) program based at the University of Illinois at Chicago initiated its activities in 1998, with the following specific objectives: (a) inventory and conservation of of plants of Cuc Phuong National Park in Vietnam and of medicinal plants of Laos; (b) drug discovery (and development) based on plants of Vietnam and Laos; and (c) economic development of communities participating in the ICBG project both in Vietnam and Laos. Member-institutions and an industrial partner of this ICBG are bound by a Memorandum of Agreement that recognizes property and intellectual property rights, prior informed consent for access to genetic resources and to indigenous knowledge, the sharing of benefits that may arise from the drug discovery effort, and the provision of short-term and long-term benefits to host country institutions and communities. The drug discovery effort is targeted to the search for agents for therapies against malaria (antimalarial assay of plant extracts, using Plasmodium falciparum clones), AIDS (anti-HIV-l activity using HOG.R5 reporter cell line (through transactivation of the green fluorescent protein/GFP gene), cancer (screening of plant extracts in 6 human tumor cell lines - KB, Col-2, LU-l, LNCaP, HUVEC, hTert-RPEl), tuberculosis (screening of extracts in the microplate Alamar Blue assay against Mycobacterium tuberculosis $H_{37}Ra\;and\;H_{37}Rv),$ all performed at UIC, and CNS-related diseases (with special focus on Alzheimer's disease, pain and rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma), peformed at Glaxo Smith Kline (UK). Source plants were selected based on two approaches: biodiversity-based (plants of Cuc Phuong National Park) and ethnobotany-based (medicinal plants of Cuc Phuong National Park in Vietnam and medicinal plants of Laos). At mc, as of July, 2001, active leads had been identified in the anti-HIV, anticancer, antimalarial, and anti- TB assay, after the screening of more than 800 extracts. At least 25 biologically active compounds have been isolated, 13 of which are new with anti-HIV activity, and 3 also new with antimalarial activity. At GSK of 21 plant samples with a history of use to treat CNS-related diseases tested to date, a number showed activity against one or more of the CNS assay targets used, but no new compounds have been isolated. The results of the drug discovery effort to date indicate that tropical plant diversity of Vietnam and Laos unquestionably harbors biologically active chemical entities, which, through further research, may eventually yield candidates for drug development. Although the substantial monetary benefit of the drug discovery process (royalties) is a long way off, the UIC ICBG program provides direct and real-term benefits to host country institutions and communities.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.109-138
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• 2010

This study examined how practical reasoning process is reflected in the 2007 revised home economics textbook of the 7th grade that is being used in schools since 2010. For a textbook analysis of the components of practical reasoning process, 12 published textbooks were all analyzed, and analysis areas were decided by reconstructing the textbook system into introduction, body contents, learning activities, evaluation. Analysis criteria were extracted from the previous literatures. Practical reasoning process was classified into Valued Ends, Context and Background, Alternatives and Means, on sequence, and Action and Reflection. As a result of analyzing categories and problems that practical reasoning process is reflected in the textbook, firstly, here was a category, which Valued Ends was absent in the practical reasoning process. In the relevant category, general problem solving progress and practical reasoning process could not be differentiated, and activity was developed with 'strategies for solution' as objective. Second, there was a category that the practical reasoning process was reflected in body contents. In this category, knowledge, concept, principle, and theory were insufficiently dealt with. Third, there was a category that reflected components of practical reasoning process but was covered with general problem solving process. Fourth, there was a category that described theme of sub-unit and body contents from the different curriculum perspectives. A curriculum perspective works as the foundation of preparing class contents or consistency of methods when developing lessons. Therefore, confusion might occur when a teacher plans a class with this kind of textbook. Fifth, a category that suggested partial components of practical reasoning process was shown the most and this category is difficult to maximize effects of practical reasoning process.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.192-217
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• 2008

This paper investigated the perceived criticalities and patterns of Korean Professional Engineer's competency regarding the working activities of automative product development, manufacturing, etc by using questionnaires responded to the survey which were applied to the automotive professors, experts and professional engineers (vocational parties) by e/mail, etc. This research investigated the following questions: First, what are the characteristic patterns, relevancy and perceived criticalities of Korean Professional Engineer's competencies? Second, What are the ranked priority of the Korean Professional Engineers' competencies? Are there any differency for each item, sub group of job, intelectual criterior of the competencies between relevancy and perceived criticalities according to the types of vocational parties, etc.? Accoring to the results; first, Professor group showed highest points among 3 groups per each item of the competencies by vocational parties Second, Chassis design group ranked top position among the 8 sub groups by vocational parties and, third, Problem Solving Knowledge ranked highest points than any others. Korean Professional Engineers are found to be positioned as key members, leaders and managers on surveying market, product planning, designing product & components, developing component parts, establishing shop with production equipment, managing quality control & material handling, organizing relevant meetings, developing human resources by training and learning, to back up finance with law matters, cooperating with concerned parties to achieve organizational goals, and to coordinate projects. etc, identifying ethical issues and business skills in order to survive and win to be competitive in various kinds of the automotive industry battle fields.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.197-209
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• 2018

Recently, many start-up failures occur as the number of attempts to start a business increases in a social atmosphere that encourages start-up. In particular, young entrepreneurs have a lower survival rate than general entrepreneurs because young entrepreneurs are challenging just with a simple idea to overcome the difficulties of employment while lacking prior knowledge and experience of business. Therefore, the reason for the failure of start-up is lack of preparation for start-up and lack of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this study is to develop a measurement tool to build a basic framework for entrepreneurship development and start - up preparation activities for young people. To develop an entrepreneurship measurement tool, researchers developed a preliminary question through qualitative research methods such as literature research, focus group interview, and expert verification. After that, researchers surveyed 102 entrepreneurs using quantitative research method and to verify the construct validity of the measurement tool, the final entrepreneurship measurement tool was completed through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The entrepreneurship measurement tool developed through this research process consists of 7 components and 15 measurement items. First, in the step of 'confirming entrepreneurial intention', two items of 'self-analytic competence', three items of 'ability of establishing start-up philosophy'are contained. Second, in the step of 'drawing up a start-up model', two items are contained in each category such as, 'ability of eliciting entrepreneurial idea,' 'ability of analyzing idea validity,' 'competence of planning a venture start-up model'. Third, in the step of 'planning the venture start-up,' two items are contained in each category such as, 'business-plan presentation competency,' 'ability of implementing organizational system.'. The measurement tool of entrepreneurship is meaningful as it could help young entrepreneur find out their lacking competence in preparing their start-ups and strengthen necessary competences by measuring their own entrepreneurship. Rather in the entrepreneurship education, basic data that can diagnose the entrepreneurship of young entrepreneurs is provided.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.101-115
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• 2000

This study aims to make a research on the secondary school education of geography and the system of teacher training in Belgium, focused on the case of Francophone Community. What has been made clear by this research can be summed up as follows. The first two years of the secondary school offer two hours of 'environment education', per week, which can be categorized into the learning of living geography, in that at this stage students learn how to observe the geographic phenomena in their daily life and pigeonhole them. The two years of the second stage of the secondary school offer one hour of 'world geography' which actually is focused on the district of Europe and Russia. The two years of the third stage of the secondary school offer an advanced course of geography which aims to teach systematically the physical geography and the human geography. A remarkable change in geographic education in Belgium is that in the wake of the Revision Act of the secondary school education, textbooks were replaced by other teaching manuals adapted to the regional condition by the teachers. This may result in a wide gap of achievements in geography according to the conditions of educational establishments. Another notable change is that the stress of geographic education tends to be placed on the ability of acquiring practical geographic knowledge rather than the geographic information itself. And it is also another marked tendency that most learning activities in geography class are conducted on the basis of student-centered and the method of investigation. Teachers of the lower secondary schools in Belgium are trained in the School of Education as multi-major teachers, such as a teacher for biology-chemistry-geography or a teacher for history-sociology-geography. Teachers of the higher secondary school education are trained in the Department of Teacher Education in universities as solo-major teachers in that they are required to know more deeply to teach an advanced course of geography in the higher secondary schools. To improve the teacher education many folds of policies are adopted. One is that many in-service teachers are officially put into services of guiding and teaching teacher training. Another is that faculty members in charge of teacher training course are trying to level up the qualifications of teachers by rigorous disciplining.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.343-351
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• 2014

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) plays a central role in cell signaling and leads to cell proliferation, survival, motility, exocytosis, and cytoskeletal rearrangements, as well as specialized cell responses, superoxide production, and cardiac myocyte growth. PI3K is divided into three classes; type I PI3K is preferentially expressed in leukocytes and activated by ${\beta}{\gamma}$ subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins. In this study, the cDNAs encoding the $PI3K{\gamma}$ gene were isolated from a brain cDNA library constructed using the flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The sequence of the isolated $PI3K{\gamma}$ was 1341 bp, encoding 447 amino acids. The nucleotide sequence of the $PI3K{\gamma}$ gene was analyzed with that of other species, including Oreochromis niloticus and Danio rerio, and it turned out to be well conserved during evolution. The $PI3K{\gamma}$ gene was subcloned into the expression vector pET-44a(+), and expressed in the E. coli BL21 (DE3) codon plus cell. The resulting protein was expressed as a fusion protein of approximately 49 kDa containing a C-terminal six-histidine extension that was derived from the expression vector. The expressed protein was purified to homogeneity by His-tag affinity chromatography and showed enzymatic activity corresponding to $PI3K{\gamma}$. The binding of wortmannin to $PI3K{\gamma}$, as detected by anti-wortmannin antisera, closely followed the inhibition of the kinase activities. The results obtained from this study will provide a wider base of knowledge on the primary structure and characterization of the $PI3K{\gamma}$ at the molecular level.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.515-521
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• 1997

Tobacco plant was grown for 40 days hydroponically in nutrient solutions composed of different forms of nitrogen, like NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N, NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N, and a mixed formulation of NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N and NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N. Uptake response, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase activity at growth stage were investigated to understand the basic knowledge of nitrogen metabolism. The better growth of shoot and root was observed in the mixed nutrient solution than NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N or NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N, alone. The plant growth in NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N nutrient solution was poor due to ammonium toxicity. The pH of nutrient solution containing NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N increased up to 40 days after transplanting. But the pH of solution containing NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N decreased drastically to 3.42 at 20 days after transplant. The pH in the mixed formulation dropped to pH 3.64 at 30 days after transplant and showed re-increase. It is assumed that nitrogen of NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N form was taken up preferentially at early stage and NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N form was taken up preferentially at middle stage in the treatment with the mixed solution. The result indicates that the relative proportion of nitrogen forms affected the uptake patterns at each growth stages. The contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein were high with the mixed solution. Total nitrogen content was the highest in NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N solution and the content also increased by the application of the mixed type of nitrogen. The amount of nitrate in leaves was high in NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N treatment and the amount of ammonium was high in NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N treatment. The activity of nitrate reductase or glutamine synthetase was highest in the leaves grown in mixed nutrient solution than in those with any other single of nitrogen form.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.16 no.4 s.34
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• pp.9-26
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• 2004

The purposes of this study are to develop and apply the student activity centered career exploring program and to verify effectiveness on the students' career maturity level. The subjects of this study were 137 students. 4 classes of a middle school in Jinju. They were divided into two groups, the experimental group and the control group. For experiment, the career exploring program was input to the experimental group for 14 class hours. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The student activity centered career exploring program applied to the unit $\ulcorner$The Choice of Career and Job Morals$\lrcorner$ was effective in raising the attitude of the career maturity level. As the result of verifying the differences. there was a statistically significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the planning quality and the attitude of works. 2. The student activity centered career exploring program applied to the unit $\ulcorner$The Choice of Career and Job Morals$\lrcorner$ was effective in raising the ability field of the career maturity level. The experimental group showed more statistically meaningful differences in the knowledge of jobs, the information exploring, and the self-understanding than the control group. Consequently. the effects of the student activity centered career exploring program on the career maturity level in the unit $\ulcorner$The Choice of Career and Job Morals$\lrcorner$. all the fields of the career maturity level showed the statistically meaningful differences except the independence quality of the attitude field and the decision making of the ability field. So it is concluded that the experiment program elevated the students' career maturity level. However. as the result of analysing independent sample t-test of the pre-test and the post-test. the program was ineffective in the independence quality and the decision making. When this career exploring program is applied to the unit $\ulcorner$The Choice of Career and Job Morals$\lrcorner$. it is recommended to strengthen the activities to cultivate the independence quality and the decision making power.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.67-79
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• 1992

This study was conducted to analyze the dental care utilization pattern of the city residents. An interview and questionnaire survey was carried for 1008 people who lived in Kimchun-city, Kyungsangpook-do, from february 1 to March 30, 1992. The summarized results are as follows : The rate of persons who experienced the oral disease was 32.7 per 100 persons during 1 year and it was highest in the age group of 20$\sim$29. During 1 year period, 90.3% of the cases had treated the perceived oral disease, 9.7% had done no action. 65.8% had treated experienced oral disease at dental clinics. The rate of person who dad experienced dental prosthesis during ten-year period was 37.5% among 18year and older, and it was higher in male as compared to female and it was highest in age group of 40$\sim$64 year old. The rate of person who had treated dental prosthetics by the unauthorized illegally was 27.0%, and the reason for it was cheap-price free(44.2%). Of the person who dad treated dental prosthetics by the unauthorized illegally, 64.3% had satisfied and 4.3% had done out of use, while each was 80.1%, 2.7% at dental clinics. The rate of persons with missing teeth was 18.0%. Of the persons with missing teeth, 57.6% did not treat the missing teeth due to economic reason and 89.6% hopped treating the dental prosthetics at dental clinics. In consideration of above finding, we may conclude that oral health community program to prevent oral diseases should be intensified, oral health education to raise oral health knowledge should be performed periodically and the control of unlicensed activities should be enforce at community health center and allows benefits for prosthetics.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in health belief related to vaccination among dental hygiene students, identify the factors affecting hepatitis B vaccination, and provide basic data for health education concerning hepatitis B prevention. Hepatitis B vaccination was positively correlated (r=0.179, p=0.003) with seriousness of believing that hepatitis B would affect psychological, physical, and social activities and negative correlation (r=-0.183, p=0.002) was also found between perceived barriers related to hepatitis B. As for the factors affecting hepatitis B vaccination, juniors were 0.39 times (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.21, 0.71) more likely to have it affected than seniors and those who were more serious, and who had greater barriers were more likely to have it affected-1.80 times (95% CI=1.29, 2.52), 0.61 times (95% CI=0.41, 0.90) respectively (p<0.05). It is therefore urgent to develop a program within a curriculum that can begin with freshmen along with specific education with the objective of obliging dental hygiene students to receive hepatitis B vaccination. It is also necessary to provide consecutive sessions of education rather than one-time education and to develop a specific plan for obligatory hepatitis B vaccination through correct and thorough education.