• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.459-468
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• 2001

The Average Coordinate Referenee System (ACRS) method is developed to reduce experimental errors in human locomotion analysis. Experimentally measured kinematic data is used to conduct analysis in human modeling, and the model accuracy is directly related to the accuracy of the data. However. the accuracy is questionable due to skin movement. deformation of skeletal structure while in motion and limitations of commercial motion analysis system . In this study. the ACRS method is applied to an optically-tracked segment marker system. although it can be applied to many of the others as well. In the ACRS method, each marker can be treated independently. as the origin of a local coordinate system for its body segment. Errors, inherent in the experimental process. result in different values for the recovered Euler angles at each origin. By employing knowledge of an initial, calibrated segment reference frame, the Euler angles at each marker location can be averaged. minimizing the effect of the skin extension and rotation. Using the developed ACRS methodology the error is reduced when compared to the general Euler angle method commonly applied in motion analysis. If there is no error exist in the experimental gait data. the separation and Penetration distance of the femoraltibial joint using absolute coordinate system is supposed to be zero during one gait cycle. The separation and Penetration distance was ranged up to 18 mm using general Euler angle method and 12 mm using the developed ACRS.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.113-126
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• 2015

This study intends to investigate the features and the difference between traditional instruction and flipped learning through a comparative analysis of verbal interaction on those learning method. The videos of traditional instruction and flipped learning of 5th graders social class were recorded and transcribed, which were analyzed in Flanders verbal interaction model. The results were as follows: First, the flipped learning is composed of students' learning activity and a teacher's statement properly, while the traditional instruction consists of a teacher's statement mostly. Second, the traditional instruction tends to be directive classes that full of dominant, despotic, restrictive communication of teacher oriented. In contrast, the flipped learning is inclined to be nondirective with integrated, democratic, comprehensive, permissive communication of students oriented. Third, the flipped learning emphasizes students' activities and statement and reduces delivery of knowledge, meanwhile, the traditional instruction stresses delivery of content that the teacher centrally located. Lastly, the type of verbal interaction in traditional instruction is a one-way communication, students responding simply in teacher's lectures and questions. On the other hand, in flipped learning lessons, more interactive communication occurs, teachers complimenting students and accepting their comments.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.161-182
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• 2019

Quantifying the amount of carbon pools in forest ecosystems enables to understand about various carbon pools in the forest ecosystem. Therefore, this study was conducted in the Chilimo dry afromontane forest to estimate the amount of carbon stored. The natural forest was stratified into three forest patches based on species composition, diversity, and structure. A total of 50 permanent sample plots of 20 m × 20 m (400 ㎡ ) each were established, laid out on transects of altitudinal gradients with a distance of 100 m between plots. The plots were measured twice in 2012 and 2017. Tree, deadwood, mineral soil, forest floor, and stump data were collected in the main plots, while shrubs, saplings, herbaceous plants, and seedling data were sampled inside subplots. Soil organic carbon (SOC %) was analyzed following Walkely, while Black's procedure and bulk density were estimated following the procedure of Blake (Methods of soil analysis, 1965). Aboveground biomass was calculated using the equation of Chave et al. (Glob Chang Biol_20:3177-3190, 2014). Data analysis was made using RStudio software. To analyze equality of means, we used ANOVA for multiple comparisons among elevation classes at α = 0.05. The aboveground carbon of the natural forest ranged from 148.30 ± 115.02 for high altitude to 100.14 ± 39.93 for middle altitude, was highest at 151.35 ± 108.98 t C ha^-1 for gentle slope, and was lowest at 88.01 ± 49.72 t C ha^-1 for middle slope. The mean stump carbon density 2.33 ± 1.64 t C ha^-1 was the highest for the middle slope, and 1.68 ± 1.21 t C ha^-1 was the lowest for the steep slope range. The highest 1.44 ± 2.21 t C ha^-1 deadwood carbon density was found under the middle slope range, and the lowest 0.21 ± 0.20 t C ha^-1 was found under the lowest slope range. The SOCD up to 1 m depth was highest at 295.96 ± 80.45 t C ha^-1 under the middle altitudinal gradient; however, it was lowest at 206.40 ± 65.59 t C ha^-1 under the lower altitudinal gradient. The mean ecosystem carbon stock density of the sampled plots in natural forests ranged from 221.89 to 819.44 t C ha^-1. There was a temporal variation in carbon pools along environmental and social factors. The highest carbon pool was contributed by SOC. We recommend forest carbon-related awareness creation for local people, and promotion of the local knowledge can be regarded as a possible option for sustainable forest management.

• CELLMED
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.5.1-5.8
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• 2014

Healthcare-associated infection represents a frequent cause of mortality that increases hospital costs. Due to increasing microbial resistance to antibiotics, it is necessary to search for alternative therapies. Consequently, novel alternatives for the control of resistant microorganisms have been studied. Among them, plant antimicrobial protein presents enormous potential, with flowers being a new source of antimicrobial molecules. In this work, the antimicrobial activity of protein-rich fractions from flower tissues from 18 different species was evaluated against several human pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that protein-rich fractions of 12 species were able to control bacterial development. Due its broad inhibition spectrum and high antibacterial activity, the protein-rich fraction of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis was subjected to DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, yielding a retained fraction and a non-retained fraction. The retained fraction inhibits 29.5% of Klebsiella pneumoniae growth, and the non-retained fraction showed 31.5% of growth inhibition against the same bacteria. The protein profile of the chromatography fractions was analyzed by using SDS-PAGE, revealing the presence of two major protein bands in the retained fraction, of 20 and 15 kDa. The results indicate that medicinal plants have the biotechnological potential to increase knowledge about antimicrobial protein structure and action mechanisms, assisting in the rational design of antimicrobial compounds for the development of new antibiotic drugs.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.5-48
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• 2014

Introduction : One of the important domains in OT is performance skills which include sensory perceptual skills, motor and praxis skills, emotional regulation skills, cognitive skills, and communication/social skills. All of these skills are support ed by integrated neurological processes. Body : Stereology robust tool when employed to investigate morphological changes in neurons, cortex area, and specific parts of brain involved in special brain function. Stereology is an interdisciplinary field focused or analyzing biological tissue with the three-dimensional interpretation of planer sections by using estimating method and mathematically unbiased sampling. With the unbiased stereological method based on probability theory, researchers can estimate morphological and anatomical changes in biological reference areas accurately and efficiently. Changes in anatomical and cytoarchitectural parameters, such as volume, number, and length, affect specific brain function related to the brain area. Occupational therapists provide treatment to improve functions for participation of occupation in neurological disorder. The functional improvements in neurological disorder reflect neurobiological changes because functional difficulties, such as motor cognitive disorder, are due to neurological disturbances. Thus, combination of two kinds of evidence, neurological changes and functional improvement, provide fundamental evidence for OT intervention in neurological disorder. Even though most of stereological studies are in animal model and in postmortem human because of practical and ethical issues, stereology provides fundamental knowledge to support OT theory and practice. Conclusion : Therefore, stereology informs translation from neuroscience to OT based on structure-function relationship in performance skills and experience-dependent neural plasticity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.509-519
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• 2013

Through the study on judgment of Body form and settle Energy flow(立形定氣) before diagnose the patients, the results are as follows. The observation of the body form is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ. It is necessary to distinguish Body form loss(形脫) and Body form fullness(形充). Fat man(肥人), Thin man(瘦人), Creamy man(膏人), Muscular man(肉人), Small Fat man(脂人) are discriminated by fat distribution, fat content, and muscle mass. The observation of the body form means the observation of structure disorder, color change, develop part at body, head and face. The observation of the body form that is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ is from the limited knowledge of the anatomy. The observation of face color is considered by blood perfusion, blood oxygenation and accumulation of carotinoid, bilirubin and change of melanin in the facial skin. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow is considered by symptom combined with growth (<40 years) and aging (>40 years). The prosperity of energy flow includes the anger, anxious emotion and the deficiency of energy flow includes the fear, depressive emotion. The breathing type is expiratory exhalation like asthma patients in the prosperity of energy flow. The deficiency of energy flow is weakness to overcome the disease. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow are considered by body metabolic ratios (Basal metabolic Rate: BMR, Resting metabolic rate: RMR, Physical activity ratios: PASs). Development of subcutaneous fat is good in the person of prosperous energy flow. The person of prosperous energy flow is hard to overcome to heat weather than cold weather. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of low blood pressure, insufficiency of blood flow in the peripheral and being shocked. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of chronic fatigue syndrome or automatic nerve disorder. If the patient who has deficiency of energy flow has severe weight loss should be checked for the presence of disease. The observation of small and large of bone is to check the development and disorder of bone growth and aging. The observation of thickness and weakness of muscle is to check the development of muscle, particularly biceps, gastrocnemius, and rectus abdominal muscle. The observation of thickness and weakness of skin is to check the ability of regulating body temperature by sweating.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.452-471
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• 2010

As the Korean College scholastic Ability Test (CSAT) has been implemented for 17 years since 1994, it is becoming more and more difficult to make new items that haven't been previously used to measure students' thinking ability. Therefore, it is necessary to keep conducting research on making new test items that can measure students' scholastic ability reliably. For this reason, multiple choice items on the Japanese university entrance exam, which is a Japanese National Center Test for University Admissions (NCTUA) equivalent of CSAT, were analyzed in order to draw implications for CSAT item development. In this study, we analyzed the Japanese NCTUA administered in January 2009 to investigate the structure of its science test. We also analyzed the NCTUA items by the domains of contents and behaviors, and tried to predict item difficulty from the perspective of Korean applicants. Major findings are as follows: Most NCTUA items measure understanding knowledge or low level thinking ability. Also the alloted time for each item is longer than CSAT. The number of test items, and the number of choice and alloted points for each item are diverse, unlike CSAT. The number of items using real-life materials are much more, but the items are not rigorous in sentence expression compared to CSAT. And the difference of difficulty level among science tests were larger with reference to CSAT. Also science score is required for most applicants regardless whether they are taking liberal arts or going onto the science track.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.441-456
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• 2010

While the Dong Hae was originally named for the point of the compass, it became a proper noun containing knowledge on the long history. The Dong Hae has played host to a number of historic events and cultural meanings and is a geographical space in the nature. This study examined the geographical cognition of ancestors about the Dong Hae among the historic and cultural meanings of Dong Hae and a variety of figurations described in literature. Intellectuals of the Joseon period identified the global geography on a higher level an recognized the geography and topography of the land in the structure that they identified. In this aspect, Mt. Baekdu, one of two mountains which dominated the world, ruled the geography of Liaodong field, the Korean peninsula and Japnn. Historical geographers mentioned the Dong Hac whenever discussing Mt. Baekdu and Baekdudaegan (Great Range) from long ago. Baekdudaegan and the Dong Hae are the complete symbol of national territory with great size, depth, height, width, dignity and magnanimity. The cultural figurations of the Dong Hae were classified into four categories. In Korean literature, the Dong Hae strengthened the spirits of those who lived in the Korean peninsula. Second, the Dong Hae was the basis to see through and deliberate the reasons of life and the world. Third, the view of the Dong Hae from Baekdudaegan changed the cognition about the land. Finally, the Dong Hae was where the hard life of people in the fishing villages occurred and a variety of customs and trades were dynamically deployed.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2007

Inference engine that performs the brain of software agent in next generation's web with various standards based on standard language of the web, XML has to understand SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) that is a language to express the rule in the Semantic Web. In this research, we want to develop a forward inference engine, SMART-F (SeMantic web Agent Reasoning Tools-Forward chaining inference engine) that uses SWRL as a rule express method, and OWL as a fact express method. In the traditional inference field, the Rete algorithm that improves effectiveness of forward rule inference by converting if-then rules to network structure is often used for forward inference. To apply this to the Semantic Web, we analyze the required functions for the SWRL-based forward inference, and design the forward inference algorithm that reflects required functions of next generation's Semantic Web deducted by Rete algorithm. And then, to secure each platform's independence and portability in the ubiquitous environment and overcome the gap of performance, we developed management tool of fact and rule base and forward inference engine. This is compatible with fact and rule base of SMART-B that was developed. So, this maximizes a practical use of knowledge in the next generation's Web environment.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.103-115
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• 1998

As the studies that smoking can be a major cause to various diseases have been made, many following researches on the outcome of stop-smoking education were in progress. Even though researches based on the knowledge about smoking and status about the teenagers were prevalent, the research based on the outcomes in long time basis were not in progress. Therefore, I tracked the people who went through 5-Day Stop-Smoking School that has taught through complexed structure of behavioral, intellectual, and psychological education. I made researches on the average of success and the hardest point during their efforts to stop just to show the necessity of going through re-education. The objectives of this study were the ones who have completed the education on the years 1990, 1991. 47 were selected from 364 people that completed the training, and who were able to be contacted on the phone line. This study was conducted from 27 Oct. to 7 Nov. 1997 through verbal interviews based on the questionnaire. The questionnaire used here was made by myself, assisted by my professor. Analysis was made through unstructured open questions. The data was analyzed using SPSS program. The major results were as follows ; 1) General characteristics of the objectives are $97.0\%$ were male, $17\%$ ages below 40s, $34\%$ in the age group of 40s, and $48.9\%$ over 50s. Religiously christian 340/0, buddhist $19.1\%$, no religion or any other reason $46.8\%$. Status married $93.6\%$, unmarried $6.4\%$. There is someone smoking in the family $36.2\%$, no one smokes $63.8\%$. Reputation salary men $55.3\%$, personal business $27.7\%$. 2) The average of success is $42.6\%(20/47)$, the failure is $57.4\%$. 3) The results from the study 'When was the hardest point in the process of stop smoking' : For the successors the first week $33.3\%$, after the first week $66.7\%$. For the failures the first week $55\%$, after first week $45\%$(Statistics not precisely done), the most effective element that helped through the hardest point was the family $40\%$, personal determination $30\%$. 4) The necessity of re-education : Successors needed $55\%$, not needed $45\%$. Failures needed $48.1\%$, not needed $51.9\%$(Statistics not precisely done). The perfect time for reeducation : Successors in 6 months $50\%$, irregular time basis $50\%$. Failures in six months $36.4\%$, after six months $27.3\%$, irregular time basis $36.4\%$(Statistics not precisely done). Synthesizing the result of the study can't generalize the long-term effect of the stop-smoking due to the number of the objectives,. but recognize the fact that 47.6 have experienced success, and also the self-determination and the support from the family are desirable. Seeing the fact that both are great motivation to stop smoking. Since the first week is necessary. The necessity of re-education is rather high, so this education should be planned to be done repeatedly in a long term along with close observation, instead of short education.