• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2010

The study was conducted to compare the postharvest physiology and storability of fresh cut paprika fruits classified by normal, blossom end rot(BER), and misshapen (or knots) fruit. Some disordered paprika fruits that were produced frequently during high temperature season in highland, were sorted out to non-marketable products. These fruits are mostly wasted, but some of them may be used for fresh cut. The respiration rate of fresh cut paprika fruits was lower and ethylene production rate was higher in normal fruits than in disordered fruits, but there was no significant difference. The fresh-cut paprika fruits were stored in MAP conditions at $4^{\circ}C$, $9^{\circ}C$ and room temperature in 25 ${\mu}m$ and 50 ${\mu}m$ thickness ceramic film packaging. The fresh weight of fresh cut paprika fruits decreased below to 1.1% regardless of fruit types, but the fresh weight loss increased in thinner packaging materials and lower storage temperatures. There were not significant different carbon dioxide and oxygen contents in MAP of all fruit types, while $4^{\circ}C$ storage temperature treatment and 25 ${\mu}m$ thickness ceramic film treatment had lower carbon dioxide and higher oxygen contents. Moreover, the carbon dioxide and oxygen contents were changed rapidly at 9 days in $4^{\circ}C$ storage and at 6 days in $9^{\circ}C$ storage when the visual quality of fresh cut decreased dramatically. The ethylene concentration of packages was below 7 ${\mu}l{\cdot}l^{-1}$ in all treatments during storage, while the treatments of thinner packaging material and lower storage temperature showed lower ethylene concentration. The fresh cut of disordered fruits showed less visual quality than normal fruit treatment in both $4^{\circ}C$ and $9^{\circ}C$ storage temperatures, but there was no significant difference. The value of $4^{\circ}C$ treatment that measured 12 days in storage was higher than $9^{\circ}C$ treatment that measured 9 days in storage. The results suggest that the disordered fruits may be used to fresh cut product without any concerns that they will decreased the value of commodities more quickly than the fresh cut made of marketable paprika fruits. As the fresh cut paprika fruits stored in MAP condition, the more effective storage temperature is $4^{\circ}C$ that may have induced chilling injury a whole fruit of the paprika.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.251-257
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• 2006

Purpose : In this study, we created a questionnaire and collected answers concerning actual conditions of vaccination and parents' knowledge of vaccination issues, in order to find false knowledge of patients. We tried to give correct information and suggested the role of the pediatrician. Methods : We made questionnaires and collected answers from 466 parents from March 2004 to June 2004. Results : Places of vaccination were pediatric clinics(49.4 percent), health centers(27.7 percent), general/university hospitals(15.0 percent) and other clinics(4.9 percent). We found 38.8 percent of parents thought that the reason for vaccination at pediatric clinics was a belief of speciality, even though there is no difference in the vaccination itself. We also found 15.0 percent of parents thought that there were no differences between pediatricians and other physicians, but 52.0 percent of parents wanted to receive vaccination at pediatric clinics in the future. Our study also found that 62.4 percent of parents wanted to make out a preliminary questionnaire for vaccination. Many parents got vaccination information from vaccination record books(57.9 percent), and 52.6 percent of parents incorrectly believed that Hib vaccination could prevent all kinds of meningitis. Conclusion : Our study suggests that pediatricians need to make efforts to give out correct information. It is necessary to use preliminary questionnaires for vaccination and correct vaccination information should be written on the vaccination record book. Also, there needs to be counselling with parents about weaning, growth and development at the time of vaccination, and to point out the differences between pediatricians and other physicians.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.9
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• pp.998-1006
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• 2008

Purpose : Hypertension is defined as average systolic blood pressure and/or diastolic blood pressure that is ${\geq}95^{th}$ percentile for gender, age, and height on ${\geq}three$ occasions. Knowing that blood pressure values increase in children as they grow older, the purposes of this study were to measure blood pressure by an oscillometric device and to determine normal values and percentile curves for children. Methods : Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured twice with an oscillometric device in 3,545 boys and 3,145 girls under six years of age, in Seoul. Using this data, we determined average blood pressure values and percentile curves based on gender and age; we subdivided these values into blood pressures of $50^{th}$, $90^{th}$, $95^{th}$, and $99^{th}$ percentiles, by percentile of height. The regression coefficients and standard deviations of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were obtained from linear regression models. Results : Older boys and girls had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. Older boys and girls in the same percentile of height for age had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. Taller boys and girls within the same age group had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. Conclusion : Blood pressure standards based on gender, age, and height were obtained via an oscillometric method. Llimitation of this study is that the study population was not from the whole country, but exclusively from Seoul. Nonetheless, the data from this study will be helpful in diagnosing and managing hypertension in Korean children.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.360-365
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• 2010

The effects of precooling treatments on the storability of chicon were investigated during modified atmosphere (MA) storage. The forced air cooling showed faster precooling rate that reduced the internal temperature of chicon to $2{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, and the precooling time of forced air cooling was 1/6 of room cooling. The half cooling time was 3 hr 21 min in room cooling and 1 hr 17 min in forced air cooling. Weight loss was less than 0.5% in all treatments both $5^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ MA storage and maintained higher in forced air cooling treatment. The concentration of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ethylene of $50{\mu}m$ ceramic film packages were observed higher at $10^{\circ}C$ than $5^{\circ}C$. The precooling effect on respiration reduction was not shown at $5^{\circ}C$, but appeared that the gas concentration of precooling treatments showed less carbon dioxide and higher oxygen than non precooling treatment by 9 days after $10^{\circ}C$ storage. Ethylene concentration of precooling treatments showed lower than non precooling treatment until 3 days both $5^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ MA storage. Precooling showed the effect on maintaining visual quality of chicon both $5^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ MA storage. However, the forced air cooling that showed faster precooling rate did not appeared more precooling effect on the visual quality than room cooling because the fast air flow (6.0 m/sec) of forced air cooling hit directly on chicon outer leaves and might cause physical damage to chicon. Although the forced air cooling showed the effect on maintaining quality of chicon, but additional studies should be needed that investigated proper air flow rate and cooling box structure can prevent physical damage by air flow.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.72-78
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• 2009

Purpose: Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements need to be precise enough to be capable of detecting small changes in bone mass of rats. Using a regular dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), we measured many BMD of various skeletal sites in rats to examine precision of DXA in relation to the repositioning on the bones of rats. Materials and Methods: Using DXA and small animal software, scans were performed 4 times in all 12 male rats without repositioning (Group 1a). Another four scans for 6 of 12 rats were done with repositioning between scans (Group 2). Customized regions of interest (ROIs), encapsulate the right hind limb, L1-4, skull and pelvic bones were drawn at each measurement. The precision of the measurements was evaluated by measuring the coefficient of variation (CV) of four measurements of BMD at each skeletal site of all rats with or without repositioning. Significance of differences between group 1b (six rats out of group 1a, which were come under group 2) and group2 were evaluated with Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum Test. Results: CVs obtained at different skeletal sites of all measurements in Group 1b and 2. It was $3.51{\pm}1.20$, $ 2.62{\pm}1.20$ for the hindlimb (p=0.173), $3.83{\pm}2.02$, $4.59{\pm}2.02$ for L1-4 (p=0.600), $3.73{\pm}1.87$, $1.53{\pm}0.89$ for skull (p=0.046), and $2.92{\pm}0.60$, $1.45{\pm}0.60$ for pelvic bones (p=0.075). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that the DXA technique has the precision necessary when used to assess BMD for various skeletal sites in rats regardless of repositioning.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.343-351
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• 2012

This study proposes a modified equation to calculate the factor of safety for an infinite slope considering the saturation depth ratio as a new variable calculated from rainfall infiltration into unsaturated soil. For the proposed equation, this study introduces the concepts of the saturation depth ratio and subsurface flow depth. Analysis of the factor of safety for an infinite slope is conducted by the sequential calculation of the effective upslope contributing area, subsurface flow depth, and the saturation depth ratio based on quasi-dynamic wetness index theory. The calculation process makes it possible to understand changes in the factor of safety and the infiltration behavior of individual rainfall events. This study analyzes stability changes in an infinite slope, considering the saturation depth ratio of soil, based on the proposed equation and the results of soil column tests performed by Park et al. (2011 a). The analysis results show that changes in the factor of safety are dependent on the saturation depth ratio, which reflects the rainfall infiltration into unsaturated weathered gneiss soil. Under continuous rainfall with intensities of 20 and 50 mm/h, the time taken for the factor of safety to decrease to less than 1.3 was 2.86-5.38 hours and 1.34-2.92 hours, respectively; in the case of repeated rainfall events, the time taken was between 3.27 and 5.61 hours. The results demonstrate that it is possible to understand changes in the factor of safety for an infinite slope dependent on the saturation depth ratio.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.137-146
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• 2002

The immunohistochemical localization of the nerve growth factor (NGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNIF) in the developing Mongolian gerbil forebrain was investigated by the immunohistochemical and electron microscopy methods. Generally, the NGF specifically recognizes the neurons, the GFAP does the glia, and the CNIF does the motor neurons. This study demonstrates the location of the NGF, GFAP and CNTF in the developing Mongolian gerbil from the embryonic days 17 (E17) to the postnatal weeks 3 (PNW 3). The NGF was localized at E19 in the olfactocy bulb and the cerebral cortex, expanded to the hippocampus, and the diagonal bond from the late prenatal period to PNW 3. GFAP was observed in the lateral ventricle and the third ventricle at E17, projected into the cerebral cortex at E19. The GFAP was observed to have the largest numbers in several parts of the forebrain at the postnatal days 2 (PND2), while the most numerous CNTF was observed at PNW 2. The CNTF-IR cells were observed only in the postnatal days and were found in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex both neuron and neuroglia at PND3. Electron microscopy showed that the NGF, GFAP and CNTF were not related to any connections with any particular subcellular structure. These results suggest that NGF, GFAP and CNTF be related to the neuron and neuroglia at the prenatal and postnatal stages in the developing Mongolian gerbil.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 1998

The influence of temperature on the rate of egg production and embryonic development of Microcotyle sebastis was investigated to determine the precise time of a second treatment. The survival time of the adults of M. sebastis was inversely proportional to temperature. The number of laid eggs per each replicate during the first 24 h was $39.3{\pm}4.0$ at $10^{\circ}C$, $62.7{\pm}14.2$ at $15^{\circ}C$, $101.0{\pm}5.6$ at $20^{\circ}C$ and $89.0{\pm}11.0$ at $25^{\circ}C$. The time required for egg hatching of M. sebastis was $31.30{\pm}4.88$, $17.52{\pm}3.24$, $11.59{\pm}3.02$ and $10.76{\pm}3.10$ days at 10, 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. The regression models of the time required for the beginning and 50% point of hatching according to the different temperatures were as follows; Beginning of hatch: D=58.2000-$4.2067{\times}Temp+0.0867{\times}(Temp)^2$ ($P\leq0.01$), 50% of hatch: D=91.3833-$7.5767{\times}Temp+0.1767{\times}(Temp)^2$ ($P\leq0.01$).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.442-448
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• 2005

This study was carried out to evaluate the quality characteristics of the vacuum packed pre-aged venison with seasoning during chilled storage. The ham of deer were cut to cube and two seasonings such as red pepper sauce (T1) or soy sauce (T2) were seasoned by the proportions or meat to seasonings (1:1), respectively. The seasoned venison was aging by fill into plastic box at $0\pm1^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. And then, the aged meat from each pack was vacuum-packaged and stored at $0\pm1^{\circ}C$ for up to 28 days. pH were significantly decreased with storage periods in all treatments (p<0.05). Salinity $(\%)$ were no significant differences in T1 during the whole storage, but T2 had significantly high content $(1.33\%)$ at the storage days of 28 (p<0.05). Saccarinity $(\%)$ of T1 were significantly higher than that of T2 during the whole storage periods (p<0.05). As storage time extended the value of $L^*$ and $b^*$ in T1 were increased and those values decreased in T2. $a^*$ and shear force $(g/cm^2)$ or T1 and T2 were increased as the storage period passed In the result of sensory evaluation. all treatment had relatively high score $(T1\;6.75\~T2\;7.00)$ in overall acceptability during the storage period of 28 days. In conclusion, this study suggest that vacuum packed pre-aged venison with seasoning may be useful for new deer meat menu.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.525-531
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• 2006

Effects of Chlorella powder on the growth of lactic acid bacteria, ripening velocity and organoleptic properties in Appenzeller cheese were investigated. Added levels of Chlorella powder were 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%. The lactic acid bacteria count was higher in cheese added with Chlorella than those in the control cheese. The pH of cheese increased gradually after 3 weeks, reaching pH $5.4{\sim}6.2$ at 15 weeks of maturation, and the pH was slightly lower in Chlorella added cheese than in control cheese. The soluble nitrogen compounds, non casein nitrogen (NCN) and non protein nitrogen (NPN), in Appenzeller cheese increased during 15 weeks of ripening, and they were higher in Chlorella added cheese than in control cheese. Electrophoresis of cheese proteins revealed that caseins were degraded more rapidly in Chlorella cheese as the level of Chlorella increased so that the cheese with 2% Chlorella could have developed a bitter taste and a stench by an excessive degradation of proteins. Sensory scores of the cheese ripened for 15 weeks were diminished as the level of Chlorella increased especially the cheese added with 2% Chlorella obtained significantly lower values of sensory scores than control cheese. Among the Chlorella cheeses, 0.5% Chlorella added cheese showed the highest score in overall sensory preference. From the results, the adequate level of Chlorella powder being added to produce an Appenzeller cheese product with acceptable quality was suggested to be 0.5%.