• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2016

Purpose: Our previous study demonstrated the hypoglycemic effects of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf and the underlying mechanisms. Here we explored the potency of mulberry twigs (TW) and root barks (RB) in postprandial hypoglycemic effects in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The major components of TW and RB were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Alpha-glucosidase inhibition and glucose/fructose uptake inhibition in Caco-2 cells were determined for TW, RB, and their major components, followed by an oral sugar tolerance test (OSTT) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet for 2 weeks and then a single dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg B.W) was administered by intraperitoneal injection. Rats with fasting blood glucose levels above 126 mg/dL were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8/group) for the following treatments by gavage for 4 weeks: vehicle (normal control and diabetic control), 200 mg/kg B.W of TW or RB or 100 mg/kg B.W of oxyresveratrol (OXY). Results: OXY and mulberroside A were identified as the major components of TW and OXY, mongolicin, and kuwanon H for RB. A significant inhibitory activity on ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ was found for TW, RB, and OXY (p = 0.0099). There was a dose-dependent inhibition of TW and RB on the intestinal sugar uptakes in Caco-2 cells, showing a greater impact on fructose compared to glucose. The OSTT showed that TW and RB significantly delayed time to maximal concentration (p = 0.0088) and decreased maximal concentration (p = 0.0043) compared to the control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that TW and RB may have a postprandial hypoglycemic effect, particularly in the case of high fructose or sucrose intake. OXY was suggested as a contributor to the hypoglycemic effect of TW and RB. Further studies are needed for the systemic effect of TW and RB in circulation.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.52-62
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• 2009

This research was carried out to formulate environmentally friendly wood preservatives with okara and to investigate the effects of the acid concentration used for the hydrolysis of okara and salt type on the decay resistance of the preservatives. Okara-based preservatives were formulated with okara hydrolyzates, which were prepared with 0, 1%, and 2% sulfuric acid at $25^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr, and salts such as copper chloride and/or sodium borate. The preservatives were treated into wood blocks by vacuum-pressure method, and then the treated wood blocks were leached in $70^{\circ}C$ hot water for 72 hrs. The fungal treatments of the leached wood blocks were conducted by brown-rot fungus, Tyromyces palustris, and white-rot fungus, Trametes versicolor, to examine the decay resistance of the preservatives. As the acid concentration used for hydrolysis of okara increased, the treat-ability and decay resistance of the preservatives were improved, which the leachability was decreased. Wood blocks treated with the okara/copper or okara/copper/borax, showed very good decay resistance against T. palustris and T. versicolor. However, wood blocks treated with the okara/borax and okara-free preservative solutions, were observed the fungal decay by T. palustris. The optimal conditions for the preparation of okara-based wood preservatives were formulated with okara hydrolyzed with 1% sulfuric acid, copper chloride and borax.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2016

The quality assurance (QA) is very important for diagnostic field and radiation therapy field to evaluate the characteristic of devices. The purpose of this study was to compare different NPS methodologies results which are measuring NPS with regard to horizontal and vertical directions by using megavoltage X-ray energies. The NPS evaluation methods were applied to the International Electro-technical Commission standard (IEC 62220-1). The electronic portal imaging devices (EPID) devices such as Siemens BEAMVIEW$^{PLUS}$, Elekta iViewGT and Varian Clinac$^R$ iX aS1000 were used. NPS data were expressed by corresponding each frequency about average of noise value corresponding the each frequency, and NPS were evaluated quantitatively by totaling up the noise values of average frequency which are on horizontal and vertical directions. In NPS results for Elekta iViewGT, NPS of horizontal and vertical by using 4 methods were indicated the difference of 3~5% between horizontal and vertical direction. In the results of Siemens BEAMVIEW$^{PLUS}$ and Varian Clinac$^R$ iX aS1000, the NPS of horizontal and vertical direction were indicated the difference of 15% when averaging the whole values. This study were evaluated the NPS of each devices by totaling up the noise values of average frequency which are on horizontal and vertical directions suggesting the quantitative evaluation method using the data.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.402-412
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• 2016

Generation of biogenic amines (BAs) and physiological activities of Makgeolli, Korean rice wine, were investigated during fermentation under different temperatures (20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$) and time (3, 5, and 7 days). The pH was 3.96~4.36 during fermentation and the acidity increased proportionally with temperature and time. Alcohol and total phenolic contents peaked on day 5 at 25 by 9.0~9.8% and $3.01{\pm}0.07mg/g$, respectively. The organic acid mostly produced was lactic acid, which increased gradually with temperature and time. Formation of biogenic amines comprised of tryptamine and putrescine was observed during fermentation: 6.91, 11.70, and 15.63 mg/mL of tyramine on day 7 at 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Antioxidant activities from DPPH and FRAP assay were high in the order of $25^{\circ}C$>$20^{\circ}C$>$30^{\circ}C$ while that from ABTS assay was high regardless of temperature. Processed at 1 mg/mL and $30^{\circ}C$, the inhibitory effect on ${\alpha}$-amylase was $67.99{\pm}0.11$, $73.64{\pm}0.43$, and $75.51{\pm}0.26%$ on days 3, 5, and 7, respectively, which increased proportionally with temperature and time. Inhibitory activity on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was the highest in Makgeolli fermented on day 5 at $25^{\circ}C$. This study shows that fermentation at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days yields Makgeolli of the best quality with high bioactivities but no biogenic amines.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.333-341
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• 2009

The antioxidant properties of green tea leaves and powder extracts were determined using several tests including estimation of reducing power, DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging activity, and FRAP(Ferric reducing/antioxidant power) assay. All tests indicated that extracts of green tea powder had higher antioxidant activities than extracts of green tea leaves, and the activities were concentration-dependent. However, each test yielded somewhat different results with respect to storage conditions. The reducing power of green tea leaves was highest at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, storage at $4^{\circ}C$, and an Aw(water activity) value of 0.23. However, the reducing power of green tea powder, assayed at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, was high under all storage conditions(with variations in temperature and Aw), and was about 1.5.2-fold greater than that of green tea leaves. Radical-scavenging activity, as assessed by the DPPH assay, increased in a dose-dependent manner over the range $15{\sim}125{\mu}g/mL$. At higher concentrations, activities were $80{\sim}90%$ of maximal were attained. The FRAP activity of green tea extract also increased with rising concentration. Particularly in the case of green tea leaves, antioxidant activity was most greatest with storage at $-20^{\circ}C$ and Aw values of 0.69 and 0.23 when assayed at a concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. These results indicate that the most important factor during storage of green tea is not the Aw value but rather temperature, and that use of refrigeration($4^{\circ}C$) is preferable to increase or maintain the antioxidant activities of biological components in green tea.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.349-355
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• 2008

Anticancer and immuno-modulatory activities of methanol extracts from different parts, bark, wood and leaf, of Cornus macrophylla Wall. were investigated in this study. All extracts at a concentration of 1.0mg/ml showed relativity low cytotoxicities on human normal kidney cell (HEK293) by approximately 25%. Bark extract of C. macrophylla showed the highest anticancer activity on human lung cancer cell line (A549) and human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) by 57.4% and 58.7%, respectively, at a concentration of 1.0mg/ml. All extracts enhanced the growth of human B and T cells, showing 38.7% and 65.9% increase compared to control, respectively, by 5 days incubation with bark extract. The secretions of interleukin 6 (IL6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-$\alpha$) from human B and T cells were significantly increased by extracts, especially bark extract. B or T cell medium, which contains cytokines (IL 6 and TNF-$\alpha$) secreted by bark extract treatment for 5 days, time-dependently enhanced the growth of NK-92MI cells with the maximal effect at 5th day of incubation. These results suggest that C. macrophylla, especially bark, has the potential for anticancer and immuno-modulatory activities.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.195-203
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• 2012

Recurrent aphthous ulcer(RAU) is the most frequent form of oral ulceration with a prevalence in the general population ranging between 5% and 60%. The peak age of onset is between 10 and 19 years of age, and it can persist into adulthood and throughout the patient's lifespan, with no gender predilection. The disease is characterized clinically into three types: minor aphthous ulcer, major aphthous ulcer and herpeticform ulcers. The cause of RAU is unknown and thought to be multifactorial with many triggers or precipitating factors that include familial tendency or genetic predisposition, allergy, medications, hormones, stress or anxiety, and immunologic abnormalities. The need for consideration of psychological factors in the pathogenesis of oral disease has been increasingly acknowledged over the last decades and many studies have highlighted the psycho-social impact of oral conditions. In this study, we tried to evaluate the influence of emotional stress in RAU. There were thirty patients with a clinical diagnosis of RAU and other subjects who did not show any signs of systemic disorders include RAU. They are evaluated by using modified Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). As a result, a significantly higher level of stress was found in the RAU patients than the control group. Therefore it can be concluded that psychological stressors play an important role in the RAU.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.26 no.4 s.73
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• pp.195-201
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• 1987

Insects and nematodes associated with crops growing in plastic film houses were surveyed throughout the southern part of Korea at Jinju, Jiphyeon, Geumsan, Hapcheon, Changyeong, Namji, Milyang, Kimhae, Busan, Sooncheon and Gwangyang from December of 1984 to December of 1985. The phytonematodes representing six families, nine genera and nine species, and the insects representing four orders, seventeen families, twenty-three genera and twenty-four species were identified. The mite also caused problem on the leaves of strawberry and watermelon. Of these Meloidogyne incognita and Aphis gossyphii were most important ones. Aphelenchoides fragariae and M. hapla, however dominant nematodes on strawberry. M. incognita was always detected from pepper plants which were heavily infected with Phytophthora capsici. Tomato roots were readily infected with root-knot nematodes in non-sterilized upland surface soil. However, tomato were growing-vigorouly free from nematode damage in the upland surface soil treated by nematicide or in the paddy soil. A few galls were developed even in the upland subsoil at 60cm below surface. Soil salinity affected profoundly the host-root-knot nematode interaction: the numerous galls were developed on the tomato roots at EC $1mS/cm^2$ followed by 4mS and 2mS, but few galls were at 6mS.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2008

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most common organism associated with nosocomial infections. MRSA infections are becoming increasing important because they have emerged no only as healthcare-associated (HA) infections but also as community-associated (CA) ones. This study examined the moleculo-epidemiology of MRSA, which was isolated from nasal swabs in the intensive care unit (ICU) at Konyang University Hospital. MRSA are classified into HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA. Methods: From June to September 2006, 353 patients who were admitted to the ICU in Konyang University Hospital were enrolled in this study. Single nasal swabs were obtained for culture in the ICU on the 1st day. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and the antimicrobial resistant patterns were analyzed between HA- and CA-MRSA. An antimicrobial sensitivity test was also performed. Results: Forty two strains of MRSA were isolated from 353 patients (11.9%). Among the 42 isolates, HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA were found in 33 (78.6%), and 9 (21.4%), respectively. Eleven different PFGE types (type A to K) were identified. Types A (n=9) and B (n=7) were the most common for HA-MRSA, and types A (n=2) and B (n=2) were identified in CA-MRSA. The proportion of types A and B in CA-MRSA (44.4%) was similar to that in HA-MRSA (48.5%). The rates of resistance rates to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin were higher in HA-MRSA than in CA-MRSA. Conclusion: The rate of isolation of MRSA in an ICU setting was 11.9%. HA-MRSA was isolated more frequently than CA-MRSA. The rate of resistance of HA-MRSA to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin was higher than that of CA-MRSA. Despite the small number of subjects, the main isolates (type A and B) of CA-MRSA were similar to those of HA-MRSA.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.19-42
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the tasks of 'dietary life' in the textbook developed according to the 2015 revised middle school 「Technology·Home economics」 education curriculum based on the multiple intelligence teaching and learning methods. To accomplish this purpose, 12 textbooks of middle school 「Technology·Home economics」 textbooks were titled "Nutrition and Dietary Behavior of Adolescents", "Planning and Choosing Meals", "Choosing Foods and Safe Cooking" except the questions, the tasks that the students can perform are analyzed based on the teaching and learning methods using multiple intelligences. Analysis methods were analyzed by using contents analysis method, focusing on learning activities, and sub-questions of activities were all included in each activity, and the process of preparing activities on a continuous line was grouped into one. Three people analyzed the activities and proceeded to revise and supplement the analysis standard through consultation. The other three researchers confirmed it. As a result of analyzing 12 kinds of textbooks, the number of activity tasks was 25~74 for each kind of textbooks, and the total number of activities was 527. According to the ratio of multiple intelligences, 35% of the tasks were using logical-mathematical intelligence, and 26.8% of linguistic intelligence, 23% of intrapersonal intelligence, 7.2% of interpersonal intelligence, 3.8% of spatial intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic(2.7%) and musical intelligence(1.5%). On the other hand, it was analyzed that there is no activity task using naturalist intelligence. Except to the naturalist intelligence, general intelligence was utilized. This indicates that the home economics curriculum is a convergence of the home economics curriculum in that it is a reorganization by extracting the contents and methods of other curriculum related to dietary life, is interpreted. This study is expected to provide a framework for various teaching and learning methods to activate students' participation classes and to provide an alternative to realize convergence education in home economics curriculum.