• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 2017

This study was carried out to determine residual characteristics and to evaluate safety of bifenthrin, carbendazim and metconazole in minor crop, Angelica gigas Nakai. The test pesticides were sprayed onto the crop according to the combinations of spray days before harvest and frequency and then sampling was performed at the harvest day. Non-systemic pesticide bifenthrin was not detected in all samples, whereas systemic pesticides, carbendazim and metconazole, were detected from the crop in the range of from 0.14 to 0.49 and from 0.19 to 0.26, respectively. These results indicated that residual characteristics of the test pesticides in Angelica gigas Nakai were affected by their systemic properties. Also, residual concentration of carbendazim and metconazole in the crop was increased as more spraying frequency and spraying more closer to harvest day. And residual concentration of carbendazim in the crop on the last spraying day was 2.1 times higher than that of metconazole because nominal spraying dose of carbendazim was higher than that of metconazole by 1.9 times. The residue levels of the test pesticides in the crop were evaluated to be safe, considering their %ADIs were less than 0.9%.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the apical micro leakage in root canal filled with Resilon by several self-etching primers and methacrylate-based root canal sealer. Seventy single-rooted human teeth were used in this study. The canals were instrumented by a crown-down manner with Gate-Glidden drills and .04 Taper Profile to ISO #40. The teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups of 15 teeth each according to root canal filling material and self-etching primers and two control groups (positive and negative) of 5 teeth each as follows: group 1 - gutta percha and $AH26^{(R)}$ sealer: group 2 - Resilon, $RealSeal^{TM}$ primer and $RealSeal^{TM}$ sealer: group 3-Resilon, Clearfil SE $Bond^{(R)}$ primer and $RealSeal^{TM}$ sealer group 4-Resilon, $AdheSe^{(R)}$ primer and $RealSeal^{TM}$ sealer. Apical leakage was measured by a maximum length of linear dye penetration of roots sectioned longitudinally by diamond disk. Statistical analysis was performed using the One-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's test. There were no statistical differences in the mean apical dye penetration among the groups 2, 3 and 4 of self-etching primers. And group 1, 2 and 3 had also no statistical difference in apical dye penetration. But, there was statistical difference between group 1 and 4 (p < 0.05). The group 1 showed the least dye penetration. According to the results of this study, Resilon with self-etching primer was not sealed root canal better than gutta precha with $AH26^{(R)}$ at sealing root canals. And there was no significant difference in apical leakage among the three self-etching primers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.9
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• pp.1369-1379
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• 2014

The physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of leaf, stem, and root of ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) were determined. Nutrient composition, reducing sugar, saponin, mineral, heavy metal, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities based on DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay were measured. Catechins, gingerols, shogaols, and capsaicin compositions were also determined by HPLC. The contents of water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fiber, and ash from ginger root were 6.4, 6.8, 3.2, 65.4, 7.3, and 18.2%, respectively. Crude fiber contents of leaf and stem were 4~5 times higher than those of root (P<0.05), and reducing sugar content of stem was about 3 times higher than those of root. Crude saponin contents were in the order of stem

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1243-1252
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• 2009

We investigated a method to improve anticancer activities of Acer mono by ultra high pressure extraction process. The extract yields by ultra high pressure were 9.49% and 9.87% for 5 min and 15 min processing time, respectively, which were relatively higher than 3$\sim$4% of conventional extraction processes due to their resid bark structure. The extract for 15 minutes extraction (HPE15) showed higher potent scavenging effect as 94.56% than the control, BHA as 93.24%. On SOD-like test, HPE15 also showed the highest activity as 38.6% at 1.0 mg/mL concentration. The cytotoxicity of HPE15 on normal human lung and kidney cell were below 23.54% in adding 1.0 mg/mL. Generally, human cancer cell growth stomach adenocarcinoma (AGS), lung adenocarcinoma (A549), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and liver adenocarcinoma (Hep3B) were inhibited up to 75% with higher selectivity of above 4.0. High antioxidant activity of HPE15 resulted in high anticancer activity, and its activity was also due to higher yields of Acer mono by ultra high pressure extraction process. It was also proved by HPLC comparison analysis.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.129-138
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• 2012

We investigated an ecological impact of drought simulated by discharge depletion on the water quality and benthic diatom community in the indoor experimental channel. As artificial substrates slide-glass was installed in acrylic channel for 16 days. Channels were supplied continuously with eutrophic lake water with a discharge rate of 6 L $min^{-1}$ in duplication during the colonized period. And then during the discharge depletion period, three discharge rates were provided: NDF (No depletion of flow rate (Control): 6 L $min^{-1}$), LDF (Low depletion of flow rate: 3 L $min^{-1}$) and HDF (High depletion of flow rate: 1 L $min^{-1}$). Environmental factors in the water, such as suspended solid, Chl-$a$ and nutrients concentration, were measured with periphytic algae including AFDM (ash free dry matter), Chl-$a$ concentration and cell density at 1-day intervals. Light intensity increased significantly with discharge depletion (F=229.5, p= 0.000). $NH_4$-N concentration was highest at HDF. Suspended solid in outflowing water decreased at HDF (88%), LDF (97%) and NDF (99%), compared to inflowing water (100 %). Chl-$a$ in substrates increased more than two times at LDF and HDF than NDF (F= 8.399, p=0.001). Also AFDM and benthic diatom density increased significantly at LDF and HDF than NDF (F=9.390, p=0.001; F=6.088, p=0.007). In all experimental groups, $Aulacoseira$ $ambigua$, $Achnanthes$ $minutissima$ and $Aulacoseira$ $granulata$ were dominant species accounting for greater than 10% of benthic diatom density. The most dominant species, $A.$ $ambigua$ was highest at LDF, followed by HDF and NDF (F=8.551, p=0.001). In conclusion, the effect of drought simulated by discharge depletion in an artificial stream ecosystem caused significant changes on water quality and benthic diatom biomass. This result provides a useful data to understand the effect of draught on stream ecosystem in situ.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.178-187
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different light sources on the levels of glucosinolates (GSLs) in rocket salad (Eruca sativa L.). The light sources used in the study were: natural light (Control-1 or 2), red light-emitting diodes(LEDs), blue LEDs, mixed red and blue LEDs (R+B LEDs), white LEDs, fluorescent lamps (FL), and fluorescent lamps plus UV-C (FL+UV-C). Two separate experiments were conducted [Experiment I: Control-1, Red LED, Blue LED, Mix (R+B) LED and Experiment II: Control-2, White LED, FL, FL+UV-C] because of the limited number of growth chambers in our laboratory. The rate of increase in the length of rocket salad leaves was the highest under red LEDs and, FL confirming that red LED and, FL affect the growth of rocket salad. We separated and identified seven types of GSLs from the rocket salad:glucoraphanin, diglucothiobeinin, glucoerucin, glucobrassicin, dimeric 4-mercaptobutyl GSL, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin. The highest total GSL contents in Eexperiment I was found in plants grown under in red LEDs ($4.30{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}\;dry$ weight, DW), and the lowest under blue LEDs ($0.17{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}\;DW$). The highest total GSL contents in Experiment II was found in plants grown under FL ($13.45{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}\;DW$), and the lowest in FL+UV-C ($0.39{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}\;DW$). Especially in Experiment II, the content of dimeric 4-mercaptobutyl, which has a strong aroma and spicy flavor in rocket salad, was higher under FL and white LEDs than in Control-2, increasing by approximately 14.9 and 3.2-fold respectively. Therefore, light sources such as red LEDs, white LEDs and FL affected the accumulation of GSLs in rocket salad.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cord blood adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and their effect on fetal growth and insulin resistance in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: Cord blood adiponectin and IGF-I were compared between mothers with GDM (GDM group, N=53) and controls (non-GDM group, N=101). Neonates were classified into three groups of small for gestational age (SGA, N=26), appropriate for gestational age (AGA, N=97), and large for gestational age (LGA, N=31) by birth weight. The association between cord adiponectin and IGF-I levels was evaluated in relation to maternal and neonatal clinical data. Results: Cord adiponectin was lower in the GDM group than in the non-GDM group (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in cord adiponectin among the SGA, AGA, and LGA groups in the GDM group (P=0.228). The cord adiponectin of AGA in the GDM group was significantly lower than that in the non-GDM group (P<0.001). The most powerful predictor affecting cord adiponectin was the result of maternal 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. The cord IGF-I values between the GDM group and the non-GDM group were not different (P=0.834). Neonates with the heavier birth weight had the higher cord IGF-I levels. The most powerful predictor affecting cord IGF-I was birth weight and the next was maternal parity. Conclusion: Both cord blood adiponectin and IGF-I were associated with fetal growth, but IGF-I was a more general and direct factor affecting fetal body size, and adiponectin seemed to have more association with insulin sensitivity than growth.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 2002

Purpose : The aim of this study was to identify the brain areas in which reductions of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were correlated with decline of general mental function, measured by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Materials and Methods : Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT was peformed in 9 probable AD patients at the initial and follow-up periods of 1.8 years (average) after the first study. MMSE scores were also measured in both occasions. The mean MMSE score of the initial study 16.4 (range: 5 - 24) and the mean MMSE score of the follow-up was 8.1 (range: 0 - 17). Each SPECT image was normalized to the cerebellar activity and a correlation analysis was peformed between the level of rCBF in AD patients and the MMSE scores by voxel-based analysis using SPM99 software. Results : Significant correlation was found between the blood-flow decrease in left inferior prefrontal region (BA 47) and left middle temporal legion (BA 21) and the MMSE score changes. Additional areas such as anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, precuneus, and bilateral superior and middle prefrontal regions showed the similar trends. Conclusions : A relationship was found between reduction of regional cerebral blood flow in left prefrontal and temporal areas and decline of cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease(AD) patients. This voxel-based analysis is useful in evaluating the progress of cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.7
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• pp.745-750
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• 2006

Purpose : Enteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis in patients of all ages. A definite diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis can be established by detection of virus directly in CSF specimens. But this is time-consuming and lacks sensitivity, so polymerase chain reaction(PCR) detecting of viral RNA in patient specimens such as CSF, stool has been demonstrated. But little is known about the influence of sampling time on the results of CSF PCR and stool PCR. We investigated diagnostic utility of PCR of CSF and stool according to sampling time after the onset of symptoms. Methods : PCR results were analyzed according to sampling time for 42 patients diagnosed aseptic meningits in our hospital from $11^{th}$ January to $30^{th}$ August, 2005. Results : The diagnostic yield of the test was higher of CSF specimens obtained ${\leq_-}2$ days after clinical onset(positive PCR results 9/18, 50 percent), compared with CSF collected >2 days after onset(positive PCR results 1/24, 4.2 percent)(P=0.001). Instead, positive PCR results of fecal specimens maintained highly(average 90.5 percent), 10 cases had also positive PCR results even 5-6 days after onset. 10 cases of CSF specimens had positive enterovirus PCR results containing coxsackievirus B5 (n=6), coxsackievirus B3(n=3). 38 cases of stool specimens had positive enterovirus PCR results containing echovirus 18(n=7), echovirus 9(n=3), coxsackievirus B5(n=8), coxsackievirus B3(n=3). 6 cases(coxackie B5) had positive CSF PCR and stool PCR, both. Conclusion : Stool PCR was clinically sensitive for detecting enterovirus during enteroviral meningits and could give a presumptive diagnosis throughout the disease course. A definite diagnosis was obtained by CSF PCR, but its utility was clearly lower for samples obtained >2 days after clinical onset. Therefore, it is recommended that, in addition to performance of CSF PCR, fecal samples obtained from patients with suspected enteroviral meningitis should be tested by PCR, especially when the duration of symptoms is >2 days.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.853-860
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• 2012

This study investigated the preference and recognition of cooked rice mixed with multigrains. The data for the analysis was collected from 464 people who were residing in Seoul, Gyeongsang and Jeolla area, and analyzed by the SPSS 18.0 program. The result showed that 77.8% of the respondents liked cooked rice mixed with multigrain, showing significant difference by age (p<0.001) and occupation (p<0.01). Of the respondents, 33.8% consumed cooked rice mixed with multigrains at least once a day, showing significant difference by gender (p<0.01), age (p<0.001) and occupation (p<0.001). The most popular type of grains to mix with rice were, in order, black rice (3.8)> brown rice (3.7)> barley (3.7)> proso millet (3.4)> foxtail millet (3.4)> SoRiTae (3.3)> sorghum (3.2)> adlay (3.2)> mung bean (3.1)> buckwheat (3.0)> BacTae (2.8). A total of 32.5% of the respondents answered that 21~30% was proper mixing ratio of multigrains-added cooked rice, showing age (p<0.001), occupation (p<0.001) and resident area (p<0.05). Three or four kinds of grains were preferred to mix cooked rice, showing significant difference by age and occupation (p<0.001). Of the respondents, 43.1% chose price reduction as the most desired improvement of multigrains in the market. Most of the subjects had affirmative view intake of cooked rice mixed with multigrains, but recognized that multigrains were expensive. From these results, this study will provide basic information for the increased availability of multigrains and optimization of the multigrain ratio mix.