• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.311-320
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• 2009

The low quality fresh ginseng was fermented by Phelinus linteus or Hericium erinaceum mycelium. This fermented ginseng was extracted by water at $100^{\circ}C$ or water with ultrasonification at $60^{\circ}C$. Total phenolic compounds was improved by ultrasonification extraction process, compare to conventional water extraction. All extracts enhanced the growth of human B and T cells, showing 2.68 times and 3.43 times higher, respectively, than the control. The secretion of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 from human immune cells was enhanced as $3.53{\times}10^{-4}\;pg/cell$, $3.40{\times}10^{-4}\;pg/cell$ by adding H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng. H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng yielded higher nitric oxide production from macrophage than Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The cytotoxicity on human normal kidney cell (HEK293) was as low as 20.5% in adding the maximum concentration of $1.0\;mg/m{\ell}$ of fermented ginseng. Generally, the extracts from ultrasonification extraction process showed 10% lower toxicity than that by conventional process. H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng had the highest anticancer activity on human lung cancer and stomach cancer cells as 69.33% and 75.32%, respectively at $1.0\;mg/m{\ell}$. It can be concluded that, in general, H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng has relatively better immune and anticancer activities than P. linteus fermented ginseng. Expecially, the extracts treated with ultrasonification had higher activities than that from conventional extraction process.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2007

Eleven polyhydroxyursane triterpenoids (PHUTs) were tested to determine their cytoprotective, immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects. To compare the bioactivities of $19{\alpha}$-hydroxyursane-type triterpenoids {23-hydroxytormentic acid (6), its methyl ester (7), tormentic acid (8), niga-ichigoside $F_1$ (9),euscaphic acid (10) and kaji-ichigoside $F_1$ (11)} of the Rosaceae crude drugs (Rubi Fructus and Rosa rugosae Radix) with PHUTs possessing no $19{\alpha}-hydroxyl$ of Centella asiatica (Umbelliferae), the four PHUTs, asiaticoside (1), madecassoside (2), asiatic acid (3), and madecassic acid (4) were isolated from C. asiatica and 23-hydroxyursolic acid (5) from Cussonia bancoensis. Cytoprotective effects were assessed by measuring cell viabilities against cisplatin-induced cytotoxocity in $LLC-PK_1$, cells (proximal tubule, pig kidney) to determine whether these agents have protective effects against nephrotoxicity caused by cisplatin. The inhibitory effect of 11 PHUTS on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$ were evaluated by measuring nitrite accumulation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, and their anti-inflammatory effects were tested in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema model. Six MHUTs (compounds 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, and 11) exhibited higher cell viabilities during cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity testing even at a concentration of $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ than cisplatin only-treated group, suggesting that ese compounds have the potentcytoprotective efffcts. Compounds 1 and 3 of the C. asiatica and niga-ichigoside $F_1$ exhibited no inhibitory effect on NO and/or $PGE_2$ production whereas other PHUTs produced mild to significant NO and/or $PGE_2$ production.The four compounds (2, 5, 9, and 10) potently inhibited mouse ear edema induced by TPA whereas two compounds (1 and 3) had no activity in this test. These results suggest that many PHUTs are potentchemopreventives. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) was also discussed in each assay with regard to the significant role of OHs at the position of 2, 3, 6, 19, and 23 and to the glycoside linkage at the 28-carboxyl.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.405-416
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• 1995

FBs, secondary metabolites of several species of Fusaria, especially Fusarium moniliforme and F proliferatum, are commonly contaminated in com and other food grains throughout the world. Only recently identified, these mycotoxins have been associated field outbreaks of ELEM in horses and PPE in pigs. Currently, naturally or experimentally induced FB toxicosis has been studied in poultry, ruminants and rabbits. Poultry fed FB showed decreased growth rate, performance, and immune competence, as well as embryopathic, and embryocidal effects, and ricktes. Ruminants seem to be relatively less susceptible to FBs than other doestic animal. FB toxicosis reveals that liver is a target organ in all species, although other organs are affected in a species specific manner. Recently, the main target organs for $FB_1$ toxicity in rabbits was shown to be the kidney. Even low concentrations of FBs are likely to be a problem for animal health. A current study being conducted showed that feed containing low level of $FB_1$ reduces the ability of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in pig to clear blood-borne particles which would increase the susceptibility of animals to bacterial disease. The mechanism of FB toxicity remains unknown, but may be related to altered sphingolipid biosynthesis by inhibiting sphinganine N-acyltransferase. Elevations of serum and tissue SA:SO ratio have been observed in horse, pig, chicken, turkey, and rabbit, which could could serve as in effective biomarker for consumption of FB-containing feeds. There is limited information detailing dose-effect relationships either from field cases or in the laboratory. More research on the factors, including the prevalence and tolerance levels of FBs in feedstuffs that cause domestic animal disease associated with FBs, is urgently needed.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2002

Background: Clinical observations and laboratory studies have supported an immune basis for most acquired aplastic anemias, with the majority of patients responding to immunosuppressive therapy. Fas, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily is a critical downregulator of cellular immune responses. Proinflammatory cytokines like interferon gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$) and TNF-${\alpha}$ can induce Fas expression and render hematopoietic progenitor cells susceptible to Fas-induced growth suppression and apoptosis. Methods: In order to investigate the involvement of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia (AA), we measured the expression of Fas antigen and caspase-3 on bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cells (MNCs) of AA in the presence or absence of IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, or macrophage inflammatory protein 1-${\alpha}$ (MIP-$1{\alpha}$). Results: We confirmed that AA BM MNCs were more apoptotic and highly expressed Fas antigen than normal donors. Stimulation by IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, or MIP-$1{\alpha}$ increased Fas antigen and caspase-3 expression in AA BM MNCs than BM MNCs of normal donors. Anti-Fas monoclonal antibody enhanced IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, or MIP$1{\alpha}$ mediated caspase-3 expression in BM MNCs of normal donors. Among these three cytokines, IFN-${\gamma}$ enhanced apoptosis most strongly via Fas-caspase-3 pathway. Conclusion: These results suggest that Fas signal pathway may play a role in the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia and negative hematopoietic regulators like IFN-${\gamma}$ can induce apoptosis of bone marrow progenitors in part by Fas induction.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.210-215
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• 2003

When fed on one of the six isonitrogenous (45%) and isolipic (8%) feed containing 5 or 10% Undaria, 2% wasabi leaf, 2% wasabi stem and 0.5% herb (Obosan) for a period of 8 weeks, 95-98% juvenile flounder survived. Growth, feed efficiency and condition factor of the flounder fed on diet containing 0.5% herb were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those fed on diet supplemented with 10% Undaria. There was no significant (p>0.05) differences in moisture, crude protein, lipid and ash of the flounder receiving the different diets. The flounder fed on diet supplemented with 10% Undaria had the highest moisture but the lowest lipid in liver. Hematological parameters such as red blood cell, hematocrit and hemoglobin and serum constituents such as glucose, total cholesterol and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase of the flounder fed on the diets varied but no specific trend became apparent. Lysozyme activity in the serum of the flounder fed on diet supplemented with 5% Undaria and the herb, as well as nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of macrophage in the head kidney of the flounder fed on diet containing the herb and 2% wasabi stem were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those receiving control diet. Briefly, the herb supplementation promoted growth and that of Undaria and wasabi stem enhanced non-specific immune response.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.210-216
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• 2009

This study was performed to compare the effects of immuno-modulating activities of Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. fractionized by consecutive solvent separation. The Cytotoxicity of all fractionized extracts on human kidney cell (HEK293) was lower than crude extracts. Generally, the butanol and chloroform extracts showed less cytotoxicity on about 10.07% and 9.67% than the crude extracts. For human immune B and T cell growth, chloroform fraction showed the highest cell growth compared to the control. The secretion of cytokines (IL-6, $TNF-\alpha$) on human B and T cells were increased by adding chloroform extracts. Also, NK cell growth was significantly improved up to nearly 30% by adding the supernatant of B cell medium grown with the chloroform fraction. It was also found that chloroform fraction could yield higher nitric oxide production from macrophage than untreated control cells. Differentiation of HL-60 cells was increased up to 131.9% after treatment with chloroform fraction extracts, compared to the control. These results indicate that the chloroform fraction of R. sachalinensis have high immune activation activity than others fractions and the crude extracts, implying that this chloroform fractions could be used a new functional material.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2022

Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus are known to be infected to human via fisheries products. Therefore, food safety of fisheries products is important for public health and fish industry. This paper was conducted to know how well these human isolates can survive in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The growth of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus showed about 50~60% reduced rates at 25℃ than at 37℃ and did not show any differences according to NaCl concentration of media except the increasing in the growth of V. vulnificus in medium containing 3% NaCl. Artificial infection of 1×10⁶ CFU/fish was carried out to confirm the sensitivity of olive flounder against V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. After 1 week from injection, no fish was dead. To evaluate nonspecific defense of olive flounder against V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus, the antibacterial potency of serum and epidermal mucus were tested. The number of the vibrios exposed to serum obtained from olive flounder significantly decreased after 3 hours, and epidermal mucus showed decrease of the bacteria over than 90% until 12 hours from exposure. Phagocytosis of head kidney leucocytes of healthy olive flounder against V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus showed in over 70% of leucocytes at the 2 hours. Therefore, cultured olive flounder only as vehicle for human pathogen in environmental water is well developed its antibacterial potency against human pathogens, so the viability of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in cultured olive flounder was considered very low.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.37-51
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• 2005

Mast cell is a cell that functions mainly in our body with a respect to inflammation and allergic response. Bee venom has been progressed in a study as a model related to mechanism in alleviation of pain until now, but it is being progressed in a study relevant to immunocyte in anti-inflammation or anti-allergic response. The present study is aimed to present the basis related to a future study of gene, by researching the influence of melittin and MCD Peptide, which are major ingredients in Bee venom, upon the expression of gene in the mast cell strain. In this study, it dealt with melittin and MCD Peptide respectively, in the effective concentration after passing though the experiment of cytotoxicity by using human mast cell strain. Also, with the respect in the aspect of expression in gene that changes at this time, information was obtained through the technique of analyzing microarray. Through experimental statistics, when regarding a case that global M is significant in more than 1 or -1, in melittin, all 7 genes were accelerated, and 8 inhibited. In MCDP, 7 genes were accelerated and 17 genes inhibited. The function in the body to which these genes are related, was associated with the protein binding within a cell, the activation in the function of lymphocyte, the acceptor related to macrophage antigen. In cell nucleus, substance related to GABA A receptor, protein associated with cAMP reactive element, substance related to complement system No.8 and to B-cell, protein substance related to polycystic kidney disease, substance related to inflammation, and the protein substance of influencing coagulation of blood. Through these results of analysis, it could obtain more useful materials in clarifying the mechanism of action in melittin and MCD peptide, which are in charge of mainly medical action in the abdomen. Also, it is thought that an in-depth study on the influence of main ingredients in Bee venom, the wholly honey bee venom aqua upon anti-allergic response or anti-inflammation are further required.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.142-154
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• 2002

Purpose : One of the most important adverse effects of long-term cyclosporine therapy is nephrotoxicity, the morphologic changes of which include interstitial fibrosis and arteriolar hyalinization. Recently, several authors have shown that osteopontin plays an important role in the development of interstitial fibrosis by acting as a macrophage chemoattractant and stimulating the production of $TGF-{\beta}$ in experimental cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. However, the relationship between osteopontin and $TGF-{\beta}$ in humans has not been clearly documented so far. We studied the expression of osteopontin and $TGF-{\beta}$ in children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome treated with cyclosporine to demonstrate whether there is a relationship between cyclosporine toxicity and osteopontin expression as previously shown in animal models. Materials and methods : Nineteen children (15 males and 4 females) were the subject of this study. Renal biopsies had been performed before and after the cyclosporine therapy (mean duration: 15.9 months). In 5 patients, additional biopsies were performed after completing the cyclosporine treatment (mean; 26 months). The expressions of osteopontin and $TGF-{\beta}$ were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in the glomeruli and tubulointerstitium. Results : Osteopontin expression was significantly increased in the glomerular mesangium and tubules after cyclosporine treatment. But there was no statistically significant increase of $TGF-{\beta}$ in the interstitium. There was no significant increase in tubular osteopontin and interstitial $TGF-{\beta}$ expression in those cases developing interstitial fibrosis after cyclosporine treatment compared with cases those not developing interstitial fibrosis. No significant changes in osteopontin or $TGF-{\beta}$ expression were observed in subsequent 5 biopsy samples after discontinuation of cyclosporine compared with the first follow up biopsies. Conclusion : These results suggest that osteopontin is a nonspecific marker of renal injury rather than a mediator of interstitial fibrosis in cyclosporine nephrotoxicity of human.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1178-1184
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of ethanol extract of antler velvet (EAV) on common serum chemistry panels and histopathological change in rats exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Administration of TCDD ($50{\mu}g/kg$ body weight) induced significant decrease in platelet count (p<0.01), creatine phosphokinase (CPK, p<0.01), lactatate dehydrogenase (LDH, p<0.05) and glucose (p<0.05) levels and increase in hemoglobin (p<0.05), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, p<0.01), alanine amino transferase (ALT, p<0.05) and lipase activities (p<0.05), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN, p<0.05), triglyceride (p<0.01) and low density lipoptotein cholesterol (LDL-C, p<0.05) levels. However, pretreatment of EAV at daily dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. from 1 wk before TCDD exposure for 5 wks attenuated the abnormality of the overall serum chemistry panels but statistical difference between TE and TA groups was observed only in testicular weight (p<0.01), LDH activity (p<0.05), glucose (p<0.05) and lipase activity (p<0.01). In addition, TCDD induced significant histopathological changes including swelling, fatty metamorphosis, and vacuolar degeneration in liver; edema in proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and glomerulus in kidney; severe atrophy of red purple and appearance of significant number of macrophage in spleen; prominent atrophy and decrease in immune cells in thymus. On the other hand, administration of EAV attenuated histopathological damage induced by TCDD. These results further suggest that administration of EAV attenuates TCDD induced testicular, liver, pancreatic, hematopoietic and nephrotic toxicities in rats.