• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.199-208
• /
• 2016

$^{99}mTc-MAG_3$ Renal scan is a method that acquires dynamic renal scan image by using $^{99}mTc-MAG_3$ and dynamically visualizes process of radioactive agent being absorbed to kidney and excreted continuously. Once the test starts, ratio in both kidneys in 1~2.5 minutes was measured to obtain split renal function and split renal function can be expressed in ratio based on overall renal function. This study is based on compares split renal function obtained from data acquired from posterior detector, which is a conventional renal function test method, with split renal function acquired from the geometric mean of values obtained from anterior and posterior detectors, and studies utility of attenuation compensation depending on difference in geometric mean kidney depth. From July, 2015 to February 2016, 33 patients who undertook $^{99}mTc-MAG_3$ Renal scan(13 male, 20 female, average age of 44.66 with range of 5~70, average height of 160.40cm, average weight of 55.40kg) were selected as subjects. Depth of kidney was shown to be 65.82 mm at average for left and 71.62 mm at average for right. In supine position, 30 out of 33 patients showed higher ratio of deep-situated kidney and lower ratio of shallow-situated kidney. Such result is deemed to be due to correction by attenuation between deep-situated kidney and detector and in case where there is difference between the depth of both kidneys such as, lesions in or around kidney, spine malformation, and ectopic kidney, ratio of deep-situated kidney must be compensated for more accurate calculation of split renal function, when compared to the conventional test method (posterior detector counting).

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.48 no.3
• /
• pp.266-278
• /
• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a substantive theory on self-management conducted by the adolescents with chronic kidney disease from their lived experience. Methods: Data was collected through in-depth interviews from May to December in 2015 with thirteen adolescents with chronic kidney disease. The data collected were analyzed on the basis of Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory. Results: The core of the category found in this study was "overcoming the unstable sense of self- control and integrating disease experience into their life". The causal conditions triggering the central phenomenon were "restriction in daily life" and "manifestation and aggravation of symptom". The central phenomenon in the experience of self-management within the adolescents with chronic kidney disease was "unstable sense of self control". The intervening condition for unstable self control were "micro system support" and "motivational resources". This study found that the adolescents with chronic kidney disease followed a series of strategies when they faced the central phenomenon, including; passive coping, reappraisal of illness, active coping, compliance with treatment, controlling physical activity, and adjusting school life. With these strategic approaches, the adolescents with chronic kidney disease could maintain their active lifestyles and achieve their health behaviors. The process of self-management by these adolescents passed through four phases; limited experience caused by diseases, effort for normalization, reorganizing their daily lives, and integration with daily lives and self-management. Conclusion: This Study explored the process and experience of self-management of adolescents with chronic kidney disease. These findings can be used for basis for developing substantive theory and nursing intervention strategy for adolescents with chronic kidney diseases.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.918-928
• /
• 1998

The present study was done with two aims. First, to evaluate the radiographic measurements of liver volumes in normal and hepatomegaly dogs induced by carbon tetrachloride. Second, to investigate quantitative tissue echo pattern by ultrasonography. Gray level histogram of the normal liver and the kidney were estimated with carbon tetra-chloride intoxication. In normal, r-square for liver volume to body weight was 0.93372, and this showed direct linear regression. Gray level histograms of the normal liver and the kidney were $19.150{\pm}2.490$(mean${\pm}$SD) and $13.175{\pm}2.686$(mean${\pm}$SD) respectively(p < 0.01). Liver parenchymal echogenicity was more hyperechogenic than kidney cortex echogenicity. Liver/Kidney ratio was $1.504{\pm}0.313$ and it can be used relative comparison of liver and kidney parenchymal echogenicity. In carbon-tetrachloride($CCl_4$) intoxication, changes of liver volume appeared to increase up to 24 hours after administration (p < 0.05), and decreased gradually to normal level after 2~5 days. Gray level histogram of liver parenchyma decreased up to 24hours (p < 0.01) after intoxication and then gradually increased to normal level. But that of kidney cortex had no significant change. Liver/Kidney ratio also decreased by 2 days(p < 0.01) and then gradually increased to normal level. On histopathologic features of hepatic tissues in carbon tetrachloride intoxication, both coagulative necrosis of hepatic cell and hemorrhage of centrilobular & midzonal area were identified. Conclusively, plain radiography is a useful diagnostic method for evaluating liver volume in mild hepatomegaly. Especially, it is considered that an adequate numerical processing of the liver length, depth and thoracic width and depth measurement would be helpful. Using gray level histogram, ultrasonographic evaluation was useful objective methods in early diagnosis of diffuse hepatic disease.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.14-21
• /
• 1998

Ultrasonogram for kidney, spleens liver, intestine and heart was evaluated 11 Chriu horses and 14 Thoroughbred horse. The kidney was determined at both flan and both 17th intercostal spaces. The spleen was determined at the left 13-17 intercom spacer and the liver was determined at the right 7-13 intercostal space. The heart was determined at the right 4-6 intercostal space and left 3-6 intercostal space. The length, of rig kidney at the Thoroughbred horse, Thoroughbred foul, Cheju horse and Cheju foul were 16.2, 12.6, 13.1 and 11.2 mm, respectively. The width of right kidney at the Thoroughbed horse, Thorughbred foul, Cheju horse and Cheju foul were 5.4, 4.3, 4.6 and 4.2 mm, respectively. The depth of right kidney at the Thoroughbred horsed Thoroughbred foul, Cheju horse and Chrju foul were 5.2, 4.4, 4.5 and 4.3 mm, respectively. Similar ultrasonographic measurements were obtained for the left kidney, The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter at the Thoroughbred horse, Thoroughbred fouls Cheju horst and Cheju foul were 107, 83, 85 and 73 mm, respectively. The left ventricular end-systolic diameter were at the Thoroughbred horse, Thoroughbred foul, Cheiu horse and Cheiu foul were 63, 52, 53 and 45 mm, respectively. Also, the interventricular septum in end-diastole, interventricular septum in end-systoles left ventricular wall end-diastoles left ventricular wall end-systoles right ventricular end-diastole diameter, aorta and left atrium at t Thoroughbred horse, Thoroughbred foul, Chriu horse and Chriu foul were measured. Experimental renal stone and enterolith of colon were observed by ultrasonography.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.271-276
• /
• 2002

Purpose: To measure reliable glomerular filtration rate by using the representative values of transplanted renal depths, which are measured with ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: We included 54 patients (26 men, 28 women), with having both renal scintigraphy and ultrasonography after renal transplantation. We measured GFR with Gates' method using the renal depth measured by ultrasonography, and median and mean ones in each patient. We compared GFR derived from ultrasonography-measured renal depth with GFR derived from median and mean renal depths. The correlation coefficients were obtained among GFR derived from ultrasonography-measured renal depths, median and mean renal depths under linear regression analysis. We determined whether GFR derived from median or mean renal depth could substitute GFR derived from ultrasonography-measured renal depth with Bland-Altman method. We analyze the expected errors of the GFR using representative renal depth in terms of age, sex, weight, height, creatinine value, and body surface. Results: The transplanted renal depths range from 3.20 cm to 5.96 cm. The mean value and standard deviation of renal depths measured by ultrasonography are $4.09{\pm}0.65cm$ in men, and $4.24{\pm}0.78cm$ in women. The median value of renal depths measured by ultrasonography is 4.36 cm in men and 4.14 cm in women. The GFR derived from median renal depth is more consistent with GFR derived from ultrasonography-measured renal depth than GFR derived from mean renal depth. Differences of GFR derived from median and ultrasonography-measured renal depth are not significantly different in the groups classified with creatinine value, age, sex, height, weight and body surface. Conclusion: When median value is adapted as a representative renal depth, we could obtain reliable GFR in transplanted kidney simply.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.306-310
• /
• 2004

Purpose: The aim was to assess how the background site affects the Gates' glomerular filtration rate(GFR) measurement using Tc-99m-DTPA in correlation with GFR by I-125-lothalamate method. Material and methods: The study populations were 63 adults with 39 men and 24 women aged from 20 to 59 yrs (mean=37.9 yrs). The fellowing five background regions of interest were used in measurement of GFR using Gates' method: 1) lower side of each kidney(subrenal), 2) around each kidney(circumferential), 3) upper side of each kidney(suprarenal), 4) lateral side of each kidney(lateral), 5) between the two kidneys(inter-renal). We also measured GFR using I-125-iothalamate in each subject. The two studies were separated by 1 to 3 weeks. The subjects were divided into two groups by renal depth. Group 1 with renal $depth{\geq}7cm$ and group 2 with renal depth<7cm. We calculated the means and standard deviations of the GFRs measured by two studies. And we statistically analyzed the correlation and differences among GFRs by Gates' method and the GFR by iothalamate method with correlation analysis. Results: The GFRs by Gates' method using suprarenal and inter-renal background correction showed better correlation with the GFR measured by I-125-iothalamate. And GFRs measured by Gates' method showed statistically significant correlation with the GFR measured by I-125-iothalamate in the group with renal depth<7cm. But GFRs measured by Gates' method did not show statistically significant correlation with the GFR measured by I-125-iothalamate in the group with renal $depth{\geq}7cm$. Conclusion: GFRs measured with Gates' method showed higher correlation with the GFR measured by I-125-iothalamate when the regions of interest were plated over the suprarenal and inter-renal backgrounds. And GFRs measured with Gates method showed statistically significant correlation with the GFR measured by I-125-iothalamate in the group with renal depth<7cm.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2015

Objectives : This study was performed to inquire into the protective effects of acupuncture on oxidative stress caused by cadmium accumulation in the kidney. Methods : Sprague-Dawley male($150{\pm}30g$) rats were stabilized for 1 week and divided into 5 groups: normal, control, $LR_3$ acupuncture, $BL_{23}$ acupuncture and sham acupuncture. For three days experimental groups received oral doses of cadmium 2 mg/kg twice a day. Acupuncture was applied bilaterally at each point 10 times for two weeks. The depth of stimulation was 1 mm at right angles and torsion of acupuncture was produced 2 times per second for 1 minute. The kidneys were extracted and weighed after two weeks, and renal function was confirmed through blood urea nitrogen(BUN). We measured reactive oxygen species of the serum and kidney, and compared expression levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase(Gpx), nuclear factor erythroid derived 2-related factor 2(Nrf-2), heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$(NF-${\kappa}B)$, cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Bax and Cytochrome c. Results : The $LR_3$ acupuncture group and $BL_{23}$ acupuncture group experienced significantly increased kidney weight, and decreased BUN compared to control group. In terms of oxidative stress, the $LR_3$ acupuncture group and $BL_{23}$ acupuncture group experienced significantly reduced reactive oxygen species compared to the control group. Conclusions : The $LR_3$ acupuncture group and $BL_{23}$ acupuncture group experienced showed the effects of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis protection. The $BL_{23}$ acupuncture group was more effective than $LR_3$ acupuncture group.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.248-255
• /
• 1993

To Assessment of the quantified renal uptake rates in every $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA scan tests of patients is actually difficult because of time consumption and complicated calculations required to measure the correct dose of the infused radionulide and radiation decay, the adjustment for the depth of kidney and the subtraction of background count. We've formulated two regression models for the quantified renal uptake rates[I] from the simple renal uptake rates[H] with a square shaped ROI (Region-Of-Interest) in 25 cases (Group 1) and with a kidney shaped ROI in 37 cases (Group 2), respectively. The regression model for the Group 1 was $[I]_1$=0.885 $[H]_1$-4.575 (P<0.005), and for the Group 2 was $[I]_2$=0.591 $[H]_2$-2.105 (p<0.005). The formal charts were clinically convenient to evaluate the individual renal functions in patients with $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scan.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.100-107
• /
• 2021

Purpose: The present study aimed to develop guidelines regarding initial choice of antibiotics for diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) by investigating bacterial isolates. Materials and Methods: This study included 223 DFU patients that visited a single tertiary hospital and underwent bacterial culture between January 2016 and February 2020. The study was conducted in two parts: 1) to compare bacterial isolates and wound healing according to comorbidities such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD), and 2) to compare bacterial isolates according to wound depth using the Wagner classification. Results: Of the 223 patients, 43 had CKD (group A), 56 had PAD (group B), 30 had CKD and PAD (group C), and 94 had none of these comorbidities (group D). The isolation rate for multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (MRGNB) and gram-negative to gram-positive bacteria ratio were highest in group C (p=0.018, p=0.038), and the proportion that achieved wound healing was lowest in group C (p<0.001). In the second part of the study, subjects were classified into 5 grades by wound depth using the Wagner classification; 13 grade I, 62 grade II, 60 grade III, 70 grade IV, and 17 grade V. No significant difference was observed between these grades in terms of isolation rates or gram-negative to gram-positive bacteria ratios. Conclusion: This study suggests antibiotics that cover gram-negative bacteria including MRGNB produces better results in the presence of CKD and PAD and that initial antibiotic choice should be based on the presence of CKD and PAD rather than wound depth.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.183-190
• /
• 2018

Backgrounds: The main purpose of this research was to assess changes in vegetation structure, wetland index, and diversity index for a 15-year-old created wetland in Jincheon, South Korea. The created wetland consists of four sub-wetlands: a kidney-shaped wetland, a ditch, an ecological pond, and a square wetland. Vegetation and water depth data were collected at each site in 1999 and 2013, and Shannon diversity and wetland indices were calculated. Results: The total number of plant species increased from 18 in 1999 to 50 in 2013, and the ecological pond in 1999 and the ditch in 2013 presented the highest diversity indices (2.5 and 3.2, respectively). Plant species were less diverse in 1999 than in 2013, presumably because these initial wetlands were managed periodically for water purification and installation of test beds. The proportion of wetland plants, including obligate wetland and facultative wetland species, decreased from 83 to 56%, whereas upland plants, including obligate upland and facultative upland species, increased from 17 to 44%. After ceasing water supply, water depth in all four sub-wetlands declined in 2013. Thus, upland plants established more readily at these sites, resulting in higher diversity and lower wetland indices than in 1999. Conclusions: The major floristic differences between 1999 and 2013 were an increase in the number of upland plants and a decrease in wetland species. Although wetland indices were lower in 2013, the created wetland performed important ecosystem functions by providing habitats for wetland and upland plants, and the overall species diversity was high.