• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.120-144
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• 2023

With the expansion of digital communication networks, a considerable number of randomization techniques have been invented and implemented to enhance the different data transmission algorithms' levels of security. Steganography is among the data transmissions techniques used to hide secret data. Nowadays, several randomization techniques have been used in steganography to elevate the security of transmitted data. Unfortunately, the majority of these techniques lack some simplicity, efficiency, and flexibility, in addition to other limitations. This research presents a new randomization technique called Rand-Stego. Rand-Stego could be applied/practiced over any steganography technique. It provides simplicity and efficiency and elevates the security level. Examples of implementing the proposed technique on some steganography algorithms will be explored. The proposed and current techniques will be compared. The obtained results show Rand-Stego's superiority in terms of efficiency and flexibility when compared to the current techniques.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.356-363
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• 2020

사물인터넷 시대가 되면서 다양한 디바이스가 유·무선으로 연결되고 있다. 이에 따른 일상생활의 편리성 향상과 함께 사생활 침해, 정보유출, 서비스 거부 등의 보안 문제가 증가하고 있다. 공개키 암호 시스템의 하나인 타원곡선 암호 시스템 ECC는 사용하는 키의 크기가 RSA 알고리즘보다 상대적으로 작아 제약적인 환경의 디바이스에 널리 사용되고 있다. 그러나 제약적인 환경의 디바이스에 적용된 ECC의 비밀 키는 스칼라 곱셈 연산을 수행하는 과정에서 전력 분석 공격법에 의해 노출될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 SECG 표준 타원곡선 파라미터의 스칼라 곱셈 방법에 대해 차분 전력 분석에 대응하고 연산의 효율성을 증가시키는 방법을 알아본다. 제안하는 방법은 비밀 키에 타원곡선 위수의 난수 배를 더하여 차분 전력 분석에 대응하는 Coron의 방법을 사용한다. 연산의 효율성을 증가시키기 위해 SECG 표준 파라미터의 위수 n을 상대적으로 작은 상수 c로 n=2^l±c로 표현하고, 2^lP =∓cP인 성질을 이용한다. 임의의 난수를 사용한 Coron의 키-난수화 방법은 스칼라 곱셈 수행을 2l번 하는데, 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법은 위수 성질을 이용하면 스칼라 곱셈 수행을 약 (3/2)l번 수행하게 되어 25% 정도 연산의 효율성이 향상된다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.875-880
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• 2019

RC4 스트림 암호화는 내부 구현이 간단하고 빠르게 암호화 할 수 있는 초경량 암호화 알고리즘으로 IEEE 802.11의 WEP와 IEEE 802.11i의 TKIP 등에 널리 이용되고 있다. RC4는 IoT 등의 제한적 자원을 갖는 시스템들에도 사용되지만 성능상 제약이 있다. RC4 암호화는 S-배열과 K-배열의 초기화 및 랜덤화를 수행하는 KSA(Key Scheduling Algorithm)와 랜덤화된 S-배열을 이용하여 암호문을 생성하는 PRGA(Pseudo-Random Generation Algorithm)의 두 단계로 구성된다. 본 논문에서는 KSA에서 발생하는 초기화 지연시간을 줄이기 위해, 랜덤화 과정에 초기화를 삽입하여 함께 처리한다. KSA의 랜덤화에서 교환(swap) 작업과 PRGA의 암호문 생성은 클러스터를 이용하여 매 클록마다 두 개의 교환 및 암호문이 생성되도록 하였다. 제안된 RC4 암호화 하드웨어 구조는 초기화 지연시간이 발생하지 않으며, 랜덤화와 키 스트림 생성율에서 다른 연구들과 비교하여 약 2배에서 6배의 성능이 향상되었다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.561-581
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• 2017

Bayesian statistics can play a key role in the design and analysis of clinical trials and this has been demonstrated for medical device trials. By 1995 Bayesian statistics had been well developed and the revolution in computing powers and Markov chain Monte Carlo development made calculation of posterior distributions within computational reach. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiative of Bayesian statistics in medical device clinical trials, which began almost 20 years ago, is reviewed in detail along with some of the key decisions that were made along the way. Both Bayesian hierarchical modeling using data from previous studies and Bayesian adaptive designs, usually with a non-informative prior, are discussed. The leveraging of prior study data has been accomplished through Bayesian hierarchical modeling. An enormous advantage of Bayesian adaptive designs is achieved when it is accompanied by modeling of the primary endpoint to produce the predictive posterior distribution. Simulations are crucial to providing the operating characteristics of the Bayesian design, especially for a complex adaptive design. The 2010 FDA Bayesian guidance for medical device trials addressed both approaches as well as exchangeability, Type I error, and sample size. Treatment response adaptive randomization using the famous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation example is discussed. An interesting real example of a Bayesian analysis using a failed trial with an interesting subgroup as prior information is presented. The implications of the likelihood principle are considered. A recent exciting area using Bayesian hierarchical modeling has been the pediatric extrapolation using adult data in clinical trials. Historical control information from previous trials is an underused area that lends itself easily to Bayesian methods. The future including recent trends, decision theoretic trials, Bayesian benefit-risk, virtual patients, and the appalling lack of penetration of Bayesian clinical trials in the medical literature are discussed.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.604-610
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• 1989

데이터와 정보의 전송방법이 급속도로 발전하고 있기 때문에 우리는 허용되지 않은 사용자로 하여금 데이터를 보호하는 것이 오늘날 큰문제점으로 등자하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 데이터의 보호및 전송방법에 있어서 스트립부호를 이용한 암호화에 사용되는 키의 비트를 연속적으로 발생시키는 알고리즘에 대하여 다루었으며 특히 중요한 것은 긴 난수가 아닌 복합적인 결합방법에 의하여 계속적인 스트림 비트를 발생 시키는 방법에 대하여 연구하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.3865-3872
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• 2011

A quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) study was performed for the prediction of the absorption maxima of azobenzene dyes. The entire set of 191 azobenzenes was divided into a training set of 150 azobenzenes and a test set of 41 azobenzenes according to Kennard and Stones algorithm. A seven-descriptor model, with squared correlation coefficient ($R^2$) of 0.8755 and standard error of estimation (s) of 14.476, was developed by applying stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis on the training set. The reliability of the proposed model was further illustrated using various evaluation techniques: leave-many-out crossvalidation procedure, randomization tests, and validation through the test set.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.358-365
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• 2016

We propose a novel application of random forest, a machine learning-based general classification algorithm, to analyze the influence of design attributes on the silicon-to-SPICE (S2S) gap. To improve modeling accuracy, we introduce magnification of learning data as well as randomization for the counting of design attributes to be used for each tree in the forest. From the automatically generated decision trees, we can extract the so-called importance and impact indices, which identify the most significant design attributes determining the S2S gap. We apply the proposed method to actual silicon data, and observe that the identified design attributes show a clear trend in the S2S gap. We finally unveil 10nm key fin-shaped field effect transistor (FinFET) structures that result in a large S2S gap using the measurement data from 10nm test vehicles specialized for model-hardware correlation.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.619-632
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• 2007

Side channel attacks are a very serious menace to embedded devices with cryptographic applications. To counteract such attacks many randomization techniques have been proposed. One efficient technique in elliptic curve cryptosystems randomizes addition chains with binary signed digit (BSD) representations of the secret key. However, when such countermeasures have been used alone, most of them have been broken by various simple power analysis attacks. In this paper, we consider combinations which can enhance the security of countermeasures using BSD representations by adding additional countermeasures. First, we propose several ways the improved countermeasures based on BSD representations can be attacked. In an actual statistical power analysis attack, the number of samples plays an important role. Therefore, we estimate the number of samples needed in the proposed attack.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.68-82
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• 2017

Nowadays, geographic information system (GIS) is developed and implemented in many areas. A huge volume of vector map data has been accessed unlawfully by hackers, pirates, or unauthorized users. For this reason, we need the methods that help to protect GIS data for storage, multimedia applications, and transmission. In our paper, a selective encryption method is presented based on vertex randomization and hybrid transform in the GIS vector map. In the proposed algorithm, polylines and polygons are focused as the targets for encryption. Objects are classified in each layer, and all coordinates of the significant objects are encrypted by the key sets generated by using chaotic map before changing them in DWT, DFT domain. Experimental results verify the high efficiency visualization by low complexity, high security performance by random processes.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2003

타원곡선 암호시스템에서 스칼라 곱셈의 랜덤화는 부-채널공격 대응방법의 기본적인 개념 중의 하나이다. 본 논문에서는 랜덤 m-ary 리코딩 알고리듬에 기반한 랜덤 m-ary 방법으로 단순/차분 전력분석 공격의 대응 방법을 제안한다. 제안 방법은 표준의 m-ary 방법보다 부가적인 연산량이 요구되지만 비밀키와 독립적인 소모전력을 생성한다. 따라서 랜덤한 윈도우 사이즈를 이용한 연산 과정이 SPA/DPA 공격에 대응할 수 있으므로 제안하는 대응방법은 스마트카드의 부-채널공격에 향상된 안전성을 제공한다.