• Title/Summary/Keyword: Kernel method

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A Performance Study on CPU-GPU Data Transfers of Unified Memory Device (통합메모리 장치에서 CPU-GPU 데이터 전송성능 연구)

  • Kwon, Oh-Kyoung;Gu, Gibeom
    • KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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    • v.11 no.5
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    • pp.133-138
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    • 2022
  • Recently, as GPU performance has improved in HPC and artificial intelligence, its use is becoming more common, but GPU programming is still a big obstacle in terms of productivity. In particular, due to the difficulty of managing host memory and GPU memory separately, research is being actively conducted in terms of convenience and performance, and various CPU-GPU memory transfer programming methods are suggested. Meanwhile, recently many SoC (System on a Chip) products such as Apple M1 and NVIDIA Tegra that bundle CPU, GPU, and integrated memory into one large silicon package are emerging. In this study, data between CPU and GPU devices are used in such an integrated memory device and performance-related research is conducted during transmission. It shows different characteristics from the existing environment in which the host memory and GPU memory in the CPU are separated. Here, we want to compare performance by CPU-GPU data transmission method in NVIDIA SoC chips, which are integrated memory devices, and NVIDIA SMX-based V100 GPU devices. For the experimental workload for performance comparison, a two-dimensional matrix transposition example frequently used in HPC applications was used. We analyzed the following performance factors: the difference in GPU kernel performance according to the CPU-GPU memory transfer method for each GPU device, the transfer performance difference between page-locked memory and pageable memory, overall performance comparison, and performance comparison by workload size. Through this experiment, it was confirmed that the NVIDIA Xavier can maximize the benefits of integrated memory in the SoC chip by supporting I/O cache consistency.

Population Size and Home Range Estimates of Domestic Cats (Felis catus) on Mara Islet, Jeju, in the Republic of Korea (제주 마라도에 서식하는 고양이(Felis catus)의 개체군 크기 및 행동권 추정)

  • Kim, Yujin;Lee, Woo-Shin;Choi, Chang-Yong
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.34 no.1
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    • pp.9-17
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    • 2020
  • Domestic cats (Felis catus) introduced to insular environments can be invasive predators that often threaten endemic species and cause biodiversity loss or local extinction on the island. This study was conducted from March to July 2018 to understand the population size, home range, and spatial use of cats introduced to Mara Islet (N 33° 07', E 126° 16') in Jeju Special Governing Province, the Republic of Korea. Observation records based on their natural marks revealed that there were 20 adult cats on Mara Islet. A capture-recapture method also estimated 20 adult individuals (95% confidence interval: 20-24 individuals). According to our telemetry study on ten adults deployed with GPS-based telemetry units, the home range size was 12.05±6.99 ha (95% KDE: kernel density estimation), and the core habitat size was 1.60±0.77 ha (50% KDE). There were no significant differences in the home range and core habitat sizes by sex. The home range of domestic cats overlapped with the human residential area, where they might secure easy foods. Five of ten tracked cats were active at potential breeding colonies for the Crested Murrlet (Synthliboramphus wumizusume), and six approached potential breeding areas of the Styan's Grasshopper Warbler (Locustella pleskei), suggesting the predation risk of the two endangered species by cats. This study provides novel information on the population size and home range of introduced cats on Mara Islet which is an important stopover site of migratory birds as well as a breeding habitat of the two endangered avian species. Reducing the potential negative impacts of the introduced cats on migratory birds and the endangered species on Mara Islet requires monitoring of the predation rate of birds by cats, the population trends of cats and endangered breeding birds as well as the effective cat population control and management.

Physicochemical Characteristics and Varietal Improvement Related to Palatability of Cooked Rice or Suitability to Food Processing in Rice (쌀 식미 및 가공적성에 관련된 이화학적 특성)

  • 최해춘
    • Proceedings of the Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition Conference
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    • 2001.12a
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    • pp.39-74
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    • 2001
  • The endeavors enhancing the grain quality of high-yielding japonica rice were steadily continued during 1980s∼1990s along with the self-sufficiency of rice production and the increasing demands of high-quality rices. During this time, considerably great, progress and success was obtained in development of high-quality japonica cultivars and qualify evaluation techniques including the elucidation of interrelationship between the physicochemical properties of rice grain and the physical or palatability components of cooked rice. In 1990s, some high-quality japonica rice caltivars and special rices adaptable for food processing such as large kernel, chalky endosperm aromatic and colored rices were developed and its objective preference and utility was also examined by a palatability meter, rapid-visco analyzer and texture analyzer. The water uptake rate and the maximum water absorption ratio showed significantly negative correlations with the K/Mg ratio and alkali digestion value(ADV) of milled rice. The rice materials showing the higher amount of hot water absorption exhibited the larger volume expansion of cooked rice. The harder rices with lower moisture content revealed the higher rate of water uptake at twenty minutes after soaking and the higher ratio of maximum water uptake under the room temperature condition. These water uptake characteristics were not associated with the protein and amylose contents of milled rice and the palatability of cooked rice. The water/rice ratio (in w/w basis) for optimum cooking was averaged to 1.52 in dry milled rices (12% wet basis) with varietal range from 1.45 to 1.61 and the expansion ratio of milled rice after proper boiling was average to 2.63(in v/v basis). The major physicochemical components of rice grain associated with the palatability of cooked rice were examined using japonica rice materials showing narrow varietal variation in grain size and shape, alkali digestibility, gel consistency, amylose and protein contents, but considerable difference in appearance and torture of cooked rice. The glossiness or gross palatability score of cooked rice were closely associated with the peak. hot paste and consistency viscosities of viscogram with year difference. The high-quality rice variety “Ilpumbyeo” showed less portion of amylose on the outer layer of milled rice grain and less and slower change in iodine blue value of extracted paste during twenty minutes of boiling. This highly palatable rice also exhibited very fine net structure in outer layer and fine-spongy and well-swollen shape of gelatinized starch granules in inner layer and core of cooked rice kernel compared with the poor palatable rice through image of scanning electronic mcroscope. Gross sensory score of cooked rice could be estimated by multiple linear regression formula, deduced from relationship between rice quality components mentioned above and eating quality of cooked rice, with high Probability of determination. The ${\alpha}$ -amylose-iodine method was adopted for checking the varietal difference in retrogradation of cooked rice. The rice cultivars revealing the relatively slow retrogradation in aged cooked rice were Ilpumbyeo, Chucheongbyeo, Sasanishiki, Jinbubyeo and Koshihikari. A Tongil-type rice, Taebaegbyeo, and a japonica cultivar, Seomjinbyeo, shelved the relatively fast deterioration of cooked rice. Generally, the better rice cultivars in eating quality of cooked rice showed less retrogiadation and much sponginess in cooled cooked rice. Also, the rice varieties exhibiting less retrogradation in cooled cooked rice revealed higher hot viscosity and lower cool viscosity of rice flour in amylogram. The sponginess of cooled cooked rice was closely associated with magnesium content and volume expansion of cooked rice. The hardness-changed ratio of cooked rice by cooling was negatively correlated with solids amount extracted during boiling and volume expansion of cooked rice. The major physicochemical properties of rice grain closely related to the palatability of cooked rice may be directly or indirectly associated with the retrogradation characteristics of cooked rice. The softer gel consistency and lower amylose content in milled rice revealed the higher ratio of popped rice and larger bulk density of popping. The stronger hardness of rice grain showed relatively higher ratio of popping and the more chalky or less translucent rice exhibited the lower ratio of intact popped brown rice. The potassium and magnesium contents of milled rice were negatively associated with gross score of noodle making mixed with wheat flour in half and the better rice for noodle making revealed relatively less amount of solid extraction during boiling. The more volume expansion of batters for making brown rice bread resulted the better loaf formation and more springiness in rice bread. The higher protein rices produced relatively the more moist white rice bread. The springiness of rice bread was also significantly correlated with high amylose content and hard gel consistency. The completely chalky and large gram rices showed better suitability for fermentation and brewing. Our breeding efforts on rice quality improvement for the future should focus on enhancement of palatability of cooked rice and marketing qualify as well as the diversification in morphological and physicochemical characteristics of rice grain for various value-added rice food processings.

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Compare the Clinical Tissue Dose Distributions to the Derived from the Energy Spectrum of 15 MV X Rays Linear Accelerator by Using the Transmitted Dose of Lead Filter (연(鉛)필터의 투과선량을 이용한 15 MV X선의 에너지스펙트럼 결정과 조직선량 비교)

  • Choi, Tae-Jin;Kim, Jin-Hee;Kim, Ok-Bae
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.80-88
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    • 2008
  • Recent radiotherapy dose planning system (RTPS) generally adapted the kernel beam using the convolution method for computation of tissue dose. To get a depth and profile dose in a given depth concerened a given photon beam, the energy spectrum was reconstructed from the attenuation dose of transmission of filter through iterative numerical analysis. The experiments were performed with 15 MV X rays (Oncor, Siemens) and ionization chamber (0.125 cc, PTW) for measurements of filter transmitted dose. The energy spectrum of 15MV X-rays was determined from attenuated dose of lead filter transmission from 0.51 cm to 8.04 cm with energy interval 0.25 MeV. In the results, the peak flux revealed at 3.75 MeV and mean energy of 15 MV X rays was 4.639 MeV in this experiments. The results of transmitted dose of lead filter showed within 0.6% in average but maximum 2.5% discrepancy in a 5 cm thickness of lead filter. Since the tissue dose is highly depend on the its energy, the lateral dose are delivered from the lateral spread of energy fluence through flattening filter shape as tangent 0.075 and 0.125 which showed 4.211 MeV and 3.906 MeV. In this experiments, analyzed the energy spectrum has applied to obtain the percent depth dose of RTPS (XiO, Version 4.3.1, CMS). The generated percent depth dose from $6{\times}6cm^2$ of field to $30{\times}30cm^2$ showed very close to that of experimental measurement within 1 % discrepancy in average. The computed dose profile were within 1% discrepancy to measurement in field size $10{\times}10cm$, however, the large field sizes were obtained within 2% uncertainty. The resulting algorithm produced x-ray spectrum that match both quality and quantity with small discrepancy in this experiments.

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An Experimental Method for the Scatter Correction of MV Images Using Scatter to Primary Ratios (SPRs) (산란선 대 일차선비(SPR)를 이용한 MV 영상의 산란 보정을 위한 실험적 방법)

  • Jeon, Hosang;Park, Dahl;Lee, Jayeong;Nam, Jiho;Kim, Wontaek;Ki, Yongkan;Kim, Donghyun;Lee, Ju Hye;Kim, Dongwon
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.143-150
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    • 2014
  • In general radiotherapy, mega-voltage (MV) x-ray images are widely used as the unique method to verify radio-therapeutic fields. But, the image quality of MV images is much lower than that of kilo-voltage x-ray images due to scatter interactions. Since 1990s, studies for the scatter correction have performed with digital-based MV imaging systems. In this study, a novel method for the scatter correction is suggested using scatter to primary ratio (SPR), instead of conventional methods such as digital image processing or scatter kernel calculations. We measured two MV images with and without a solid water phantom describing a patient body with given imaging conditions, and calculated un-attenuated ratios. Then, we obtained SPR distributions for the scatter correction. For experimental validation, a line-pair (LP) phantom using several Al bars and a clinical pelvis MV image was used. As the result, scatter signals of the LP phantom image were successfully reduced so that original density distribution of the phantom was restored. Moreover, image contrast values increased after SPR correction at all ROIs of the clinical image. The mean value of increases was 48%. The SPR correction method suggested in this study has high reliability because it is based on actually measured data. Also, this method can be easily adopted in clinics without additional cost. We expected that the SPR correction can be an effective method to improve the quality of MV image guided radiotherapy.

Influence of Coated Urea Complex Fertilizer Application on Growth and Grain Quality of Paddy Rice (피복요소복합비료(被覆尿素複合肥料)의 시용방법(施用方法)이 벼 생육(生育)과 미질(米質)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Park, Kyeong-Bae
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.72-77
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    • 1993
  • This study was conducted to evaluate coated urea complex fertilizer (CUC) application for rice growth and its grain quality on clay loam (Deogpyeong series) and sandy loam (Gangseo series) in southern region of Korea, 1992. The coated urea complex fertilizer used in the experiment was CUC I and II. The CUC I is a complex fertilizer consisting of 18-12-13 for $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ including 50% of coated urea as nitrogen source, and CUC II is the same complex fertilize as mentioned above but it contains 25% of coated urea. Seventy percent of conventional fertilizer for nitrogen level was applied as basal dose of side-band placement (SBP) and whole plowlayer placement (WPP). Greenish degree of rice leaf color at the late growth stage was high in CUC plots regardless of application method and soil series. Amount of nitrogen uptaken by the rice plant at harvesting stage was mush more in the CUC treatment compared to convential fertilizer, and also much more in CUC I than that of CUC II. In the WPP on clay loam, harvest index of CUC treatment was showed very low level, which was reduced more in CUC II plot. In the CUC treatments, perfect rice grain ratio decreased remarkably, and the notched-belly rice kernel ratios among imperfect rice grain increased drastically. In rice grain, Hon-value(Mg to K.N ratio) decreased, protein and amylose contents increased in CUC application plots in WPP. In addition, gel consitency and alkali spreading value related to eating quality in CUC plots were getting longer and lower, respectively. The yield in CUC plot was similar to conventional fertilizing, but significant decreased in SBP. As a result, the rice grain quality became poor with the coated urea complex fertilizer application, but it could be improved by incorporation with fast-release fertilizer.

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Basic Studies for the Breeding of High Protein Rice II. Changes of nitrogen content in the leaf, culm and brown rice during ripening period (수도 고단백 계통육성을 위한 기초적 연구 II. 성숙기간중의 잎.줄기.현미 내의 단백질함량의 변이)

  • Mun-Hue Heu;Sun-Zik Park
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.13
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    • pp.69-72
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    • 1973
  • To find the varietal differences of the protein accumulation in rice kernel. three rice varieties were planted under the conditions of different planting dates and different nitrogen levels. Samples of leaf blade, culm and rice grain were obtained at 10 day intervals during grain development period, and analyzed by the kjeldahl method for nitrogen content. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The nitrogen contents in leaf and culm were decreased as the grain development progresses. Varietal differences were found in the change of the nitrogen contents in leaf and culm. IR lines, high protein lines, reduced rapidly as the grain development progresses, but Jinheung, a leading variety in central region of Korea, showed slow decline. 2. Heavy nitrogen fertilizer application increased the nitrogen contents in the leaf and culm. Varietal differences were also found. IR lines showed higher increase than the Jinheung. 3. The protein content in brown rice were decreased as the ripening progresses to the maturity. Varietal differences were noticed in the declining trend of the protein content in brown rice. IR lines showed less changes than Jinheung and finally Jinheung showed low protein content than IR lines at maturity stage. 4. Increased nitrogen fortilizer application raised strikingly the protein content of brown rice in the IR lines but much less in the Jinheung.

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The Studies on Characteristics of Home Range Size and Habitat Use of the Asiatic Black Bear Released in Jirisan (지리산에 방사한 반달가슴곰의 행동권 크기 및 서식지 이용 특성 연구)

  • Yang, Doo-Ha;Kim, Bo-Hyun;Jung, Dae-Ho;Jeong, Hyuk-Dong;Jeong, Woo-Jin;Lee, Bae-Geun
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.427-434
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    • 2008
  • The studies of seven individuals of Asiatic black bears were carried out with radio telemetry from October 2004 to December 2006 in Jirisan National Park. They were attached radio-transmitter and calculated by the 95%MCP and fixed kernel method(95%, 50%). As a result, Mean annual home ranges for female and male asiatic black bears were 71.66$km^2$ and 90.20$km^2$. The seasonal home ranges were calculated 19.81$km^2$ for females and 33.47$km^2$ for males in spring, 30.48$km^2$ for females and 20.26$km^2$ for males in summer, 22.63$km^2$ for females and 23.23$km^2$ for males in autumn and 0.22$km^2$ for females and 0.78$km^2$ for males in winter(F=4.193, P<0.05). The degree of home range overlapped 38%, 12.5% among females, 22.4% among males. Mean elevation of seven bears was 744$\pm$236m in spring, 682$\pm$253m in summer, 937$\pm$218m in fall and 975$\pm$137m in winter(F=8.526, P<0.001). It is assumed that home range sizes and location were closely correlated to environmental characteristics of the habitats and the seasonal variation of home-range was related to distribution of food sources.

Effect of Germination Condition and Drying Methods on Physicochemical Properties of Sprouted Brown Rice (발아조건 및 건조방법이 발아현미의 이화학적 특성에 미치는 영향)

  • 김선림;손영구;손종록;허한순
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.46 no.3
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    • pp.221-228
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    • 2001
  • This study was carried out to investigate the effect of germination condition and drying temperature on growth and physicochemical properties of brown rice. Three brown rice seeds of Ilpumbyeo, Dasanbyeo and Heugjinjubyeo were stored at room temperature for six weeks to test the time-sequence germination viability. Relatively stable germination ratio was maintained until 2 weeks after storage. However, 3 weeks after storage, germination ratio of brown rice seeds started to decrease rapidly and their germination ratio was lower than 80%. For this reason, brown rice was recommended for seeding within 2 weeks after hulling. During the initial 5 days, germination ratio of 24 hours pre-soaking brown rice was higher about 2-3% than that of non-soaking brown rice. The $25^{\circ}C$ was considered as the most favorable temperature for brown rice germination, because of the high germination ratio and desirable coleoptile growth of the brown rice, and little seed rotting symptoms. The scanning electron micrographs showed the structural differences between hot-air dried and freeze dried germinated-brown rice kernel. In the freeze dried germinated-brown rice, seed coat (pericarp, tegmen and aleurone layer) was mechanically disrupted from the endosperm, and many cleavages were observed among starch storing cells and starch granules. The endosperm of freeze-dried brown rice kernels formed the sponge-like structures and showed the fragile traits. For this reason, hot-air drying is considered as more suitable method than freeze drying for germinated-brown rice. The crude protein and amylose contents were slightly changed, but there were no significant differences during the germination period. Crude fiber content was decreased, but crude Int and total amino acid contents were increased as seeding days increased. A rapid increase in $\alpha$-amylase activities of germinating brown rice was observed at S days after seeding, and $\alpha$-amylase activities were decreased from 8 days after seeding. Total free sugar contents were decreased during the germination period. There was continuous decline in the contents of sucrose and glucose until 8 days after seeding, but fructose and maltose content were gradually increased from the 5 days after seeding.

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The Design and Implementation of High Performance Intrusion Prevention Algorithm based on Signature Hashing (시그너처 해싱 기반 고성능 침입방지 알고리즘 설계 및 구현)

  • Wang, Jeong-Seok;Jung, Yun-Jae;Kwon, H-Uing;Chung, Kyu-Sik;Kwak, Hu-Keun
    • The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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    • v.14C no.3 s.113
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    • pp.209-220
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    • 2007
  • IPS(Intrusion Prevention Systems), which is installed in inline mode in a network, protects network from outside attacks by inspecting the incoming/outgoing packets and sessions, and dropping the packet or closing the sessions if an attack is detected in the packet. In the signature based filtering, the payload of a packet passing through IPS is matched with some attack patterns called signatures and dropped if matched. As the number of signatures increases, the time required for the pattern matching for a packet increases accordingly so that it becomes difficult to develop a high performance US working without packet delay. In this paper, we propose a high performance IPS based on signature hashing to make the pattern matching time independent of the number of signatures. We implemented the proposed scheme in a Linux kernel module in a PC and tested it using worm generator, packet generator and network performance measure instrument called smart bit. Experimental results show that the performance of existing method is degraded as the number of signatures increases whereas the performance of the proposed scheme is not degraded.