• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.109-117
• /
• 1993

To investigate the effects of sodium alginate, gum karaya and gum arabic on the foaming properties of sodium caseinate, surface tension, specific viscosity, turbidity, foaming ability and foam stability of the caseinate solution with added gums were examined. Surface tensions of the 5%(w/v) protein solutions containing gums at pH 7.0 and 8.0 were $43.7{\sim}44.7dyne/cm$ and $43.6{\sim}44.0 dyne/cm$, respectively. Specific viscosities of the solutions with 0.2 and 0.3% sodium alginates were 15.6 and 39.1 at pH 7.0 (control, 2.8), and 12.1 and 8.2 at pH 8.0 (control, 2.6), respectively. Turbidities were $69.5{\sim}74.0$ at pH 7.0 and $68.0{\sim}72.5$ at pH 8.0. The optimum conditions for foaming ability of the solutions were 0.1% conc. and 15 min whipping in addition of sodium alginates; 0.2% conc. and 20 min whipping in gum karaya; 0.1% conc. and 10 min whipping in gum arabic. For foam stability optimal concentrations were 0.3% in sodium alginate and gum karaya at pH 7.0 and 0.2% at pH 8.0. Addition of sodium alginates was most effective to increase foam stability of the solution, but was not effective to increase foaming ability. At same pH, surface tensions and turbidity of the solutions were related to foaming ability and specific viscosities were related to foam stability.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.552-560
• /
• 2012

Drug delivery technologies are patent protected formulation technologies that modify drug release profile, absorption, distribution, and elimination for the benefit of improving product efficacy and safety, as well as patient convenience and compliance. The most commonly used transdermal system is the skin patch using various types of technologies. Compared with other method of dosage, it is possible to use for a long term. It is also possible to stop the drug dosage are stop if the drug dosage lead to side effect. Polysaccharide, such as karaya gum and locust bean gum(LBG)/water-soluble chitosan oligomer(WSCO) were selected as base materials of TDS. Also, these polymers were characterized in terms of enhancers, tacrine contents. Among these polysaccharide, the permeation rate of karaya gum matrix was fastest in tacrine such as lipophilic drug in vitro. We used glycerin, PEG 400, and PEG 800 as enhancers. Therefore, transdermal absorption of tacrine could be improved by changing vehicle composition or by using penetration enhancers. Especially it would be anticipated that the high permeation efficacy could be obtained by using vehicle that has enhancing effect for itself and by adding enhancers to it.

• Food Industry
• /
• s.45
• /
• pp.32-37
• /
• 1978

자연에서 얻어지는 고무질로서는 여러 가지 종류의 것이 많으나 한천, 알긴산염, 카라기난(Carrageenan), 퍼셀라란(furcellaran)등은 해조로부터 추출되며 Pectin, arabic gum, karaya gum, tragacanth gum, ghatti gum, guargum, 메뚜기콩고무(Locust been gum), 사이리엄고무(psyllium seed gum)등은 식물로부터 추출된다. 특히 이외에도 미생물에서 분비되는 고무질인 다당(多糖)으로는 dextran, curdlan, pullulau, 잔산고무(Xanthan gum)등도 최근에 알려진 고무질이다. 여기에서는 미생물이 생산하는 고무질인 다당(多糖)인 Xanthan gum이 새로히 식품첨가물로 지정되었기에 Xanthan gum의 발견내역, 성질, 생산과 응용면을 소개한다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.1322-1326
• /
• 1997

Characteristics of viscosity and spray dried particles for several polysaccharides were studied to investigate the possibilities as wall materials for microencapsulation. Viscosities of 10% maltodextrin, 10% gum arabic, 10% dextran, 1% gum locust bean, and 1% gum karaya were 2.2 mPa.s, 9.2 mPa.s, 13.0 mPa.s, 4660.0 mPa.s, and 77.0 mPa.s, respectively. In scanning electron micrographs for spray dried polysaccharides, gum arabic had spherical shapes at 20% and 30% emulsion concentration, while trailed shapes at 40%. Maltodextrin had uniform spherical shapes at 30%, while aggregated form with various kinds of capsule sizes at 40%. Dextran had spherical shapes at 20%, while trailed fibrous shapes at over 30%. Mixed polysaccharides with gum arabic:maltodextrin (1:3, w/w) had uniform spherical shapes at 20%, 30%, and 40% with increasing diameter with increasing concentration.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.91-96
• /
• 2000

We investigated characters of transdermal therapeutic system(TTS) and the skin permeability of that with applying drug delivery system(DDS). Natural gums were selected as material of TTS. The permeation of natural gums ointment containing drug in rat skin using diffusion cell model. Permeation properties of materials were investigated for water soluble drug such as riboflavin in vitro. We used glycerin, PEG 600 and oleic acid as enhancers. Since dermis has more hydration than the stratum corneum, skin permeation rate at steady state was highly influenced when glycerin was used in riboflavin. The permeation rate of content enhancer and drug was found to be faster than that of content riboflavin only. These results showed that skin permeation rate of drug across the composite was mainly dependent on the property of ointment base and drug. All the gum ointment tested showed good safety. Proper selection of the materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.255-262
• /
• 1992

In vitro digestibility of filefish, protein was substantially decreased by fiber constituents in the follow-ing order : pectin (9.97%), gum karaya (7.03%), sodium alginate (6.12%),and cellulose (1.52%). The order of reduction by fibrous residues from vegetables ranked as follows : sea tangle (12.36%), Ro-maine lettuce (11.12%), perillar leaf (8.96%), and green pepper (5.15%). The inhibitory effect of the dietary fibers towards filefish protein digestion, expressed as soybean trypsin inhibitor equivalents, in-creased with added levels, but the inhibition differed with the sources of dietary fibers. Sea tangle and sodium alginate were most active in decreasing the concentration of essential amino acid from filefish protein hydrolysis. Sodium alginate exerted an inhibitory effect on the activity of trypsin, but the other fiber constituents did not have an inhibitory potency on trypsin and bacterial pretense (Streptomyces griceus). Results supported that dietary fiber components may reduce protein digestibility through the interaction of dietary fiber components with filefish protein.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.407-414
• /
• 2010

New biological treatments were being developed at a record place, but their potential could be compromised by a significant obstacle: the delivery of these drugs into a body. Pharmaceutical delivery is now nearly as important as product. New systems are being developed, and Drug Delivery Markets Series cover these new systems. Transdermal Delivery System(TDS) is often used as a method of drug dosage into the epidermic skin. An approach used to delivery drugs through the skin for therapeutic use as an alternative to oral, intravascular, subcutaneous and transmucosal routes. Various transdermal drug delivery technologies are described including the use of suitable formulations, carriers and penetration enhancers. The most commonly used transdermal system is the skin patch using various types of technologies. Compared with other methods of dosage, it is possible to use for a long term. It is also possible to stop the drug dosage are stopped if the drug dosage lead to side effect. Polysaccharides, such as karaya gum and glucomannan, were selected as base materials of TDS. Also, these polymers were characterized in terms of enhancers, drug contents. Among these polysaccharide, the permeation rate of karaya gum matrix was fastest in fibric acid(ciprofibrate) such as lipophilic drug in vitro. We used glycerin, PEG400 and PEG800 as enhancers. Since dermis has more water content(hydration) than the stratum corneum, skin permeation rate at steady state was highly influenced when PEG400 was more effective for lipophilic drug. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate. Especially, this result suggests a possible use of polysaccharide gel ointment matrix as a transdermal delivery system of anti-hyperlipoproteinemic agent.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.81-87
• /
• 2005

We have prepared karaya gum patches containing ketoprofen and investigated the effect of short-time current pretreatment of skin on the permeability. Hairless mouse skin was treated with current before the patch was mounted on the skin. The effect of current density and current duration on the flux of ketoprofen was studied. The possibility of additive effect with penetration enhancer (PGML) was also investigated. Iontophoretic pretreatment of skin increased the passive flux up to 3 folds at 0.4 $mA/cm^2$ current density, when the matrix contained no PGML. As the duration of current-pretreatment and current density increased, flux increased. PGML increased the average passive flux markedly, about 6 to 12 folds, depending on the concentration in the patch. Current pretreatment further increased the flux from this PGML containing patch, exhibiting additive effect. These results indicate that short-duration current pretreatment of skin can be an useful method for the enhancement of ketoprofen permeability through skin.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.482-491
• /
• 1992

Experiments were conducted to elucidate the effects of pH change and sodium alginate, gum karaya and gum arabic on the foaming properties of soy protein isolate (SPI). The surface tensions of SPI solution (5%) adding to gums at pH 4.0 and 5.0, near the isoelectric point (pH 4.5) were higher than those at pH 7.0 and 8.0. Specific viscosity of the solutions adding to gums (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%) at pH 7.0 and 8.0 were $3.6{\sim}51.8$ and $4.0{\sim}51.2$, respectively. In cases of addition of sodium alginates specific viscosity were predominantly increased, while those of gum arabic did not almost increase. Addition of gums reduced the overrun, but it stabilized the foams, especially those of sodium alginates (0.2%) increased the foam stability at pH 5.0, 7.0 and 8.0 by 57, 413 and 315%, respectively. Foaming ability, foam stability and heat stability of the foam were significantly (p<0.05) affected by changing pH. There was a tendency to increase the foaming ability according to the decrease of surface tension. Specific viscosity was also important in foam stability and heat stability.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.111-115
• /
• 1999

We have studied the transdermal flux of prostaglandin $E_1$ $(PGE_1)$ from a hydrogel patch through hairless mouse skin, to test the possibility of developing a transdermal delivery system. Karaya gum patch containing $PGE_1$ was prepared by casting method. $PGE_1$ was stable in the patch for 10 weeks. The effect of current application, enhancer (propylene glycol monolaurate : PGML), adhesive and patch thickness on the flux was studied using side-by-side diffusion cell. Passive flux of $PGE_1$ was negligible. Cathodal delivery increased the flux about 20 fold. As the concentrations of PGML increased, flux increased. When 5% PGML was used as the enhancer, maximum flux by cathodal iontophoresis was $55\;{\mu}g/cm^2\;hr$. It increased about 2 folds to $100\;{\mu}g/cm^2\;hr$, when the amount of PGML used was 9%. Large increase in flux and the decrease in time to reach maximum flux were observed when the skin was pretreated with neat PGML (maximum flux obtained was about $200\;{\mu}g/cm^2\;hr$). Use of adhesive decreased the flux significantly. To the contrary of our expectation, increase in current density decreased the flux. These flux data together with the stability data indicate that, though the onset of sufficient delivery occur after 1-2 hours of application, therapeutic amount of $PGE_1$ can be delivered through skin using iontophoresis and penetration enhancer.