• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.459-468
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), a set of reference intake values, have served as a basis for guiding a balanced diet that promotes health and prevents disease in the general Korean population. In the process of developing DRIs, a systematic review has played an important role in helping the DRI committees make evidence-based and transparent decisions for updating the next DRIs. Thus, the 2015 KDRI steering committee applied the systematic review framework to the revision process of the KDRIs. The purpose of this article is to summarize the revision process for the 2015 KDRIs by focusing on the systematic review framework. MATERIALS/METHODS: The methods used to develop the systematic review framework for 2015 KDRIs followed the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Tufts Evidence-based Practice Center. The framework for systematic review of the 2015 KDRIs comprised of the 3 following steps: (1) development of an analytic framework and refinement of key questions and search terms; (2) literature search and data extraction; and, (3) appraisal of the literature and summarizing the results. RESULTS: A total of 203,237 studies were retrieved through the above procedure, with 2,324 of these studies included in the analysis. General information, main results, comments of reviewers, and results of quality assessment were extracted and organized by study design. The average points of quality appraisals were 3.0 (range, 0-5) points for intervention, 6.1 (0-9) points for cohort, 6.0 (3-9) points for nested case-control, 5.4 (1-8) points for case-control, 14.6 (0-22) points for cross-sectional studies, and 7.0 (0-11) points for reviews. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic review helped to establish the 2015 KDRIs as a useful tool for evidence-based approach. Collaborative efforts to improve the framework for systematic review should be continued for future KDRIs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.423-424
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• 2021

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권sup1호
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• pp.70-88
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• 2022

Sodium is a physiologically essential nutrient, but excessive intake is linked to the increased risk of various chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular. It is, therefore, necessary to accomplish an evidence-based approach and establish the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRIs) index, to identify both the nutritional adequacy and health effects of sodium. This review presents the rationale for and the process of revising the KDRIs for sodium and, more importantly, establishing the sodium Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR) level, which is a new specific set of values for chronic disease risk reduction. To establish the 2020 KDRIs for dietary sodium, the committee conducted a systematic literature review of the intake-response relationships between the selected indicators for sodium levels and human chronic diseases. In this review, 43 studies published from January 2014 to December 2018, using databases of PubMed and Web of Science, were finally included for evaluating the risk of bias and strength of evidence (SoE). We determined that SoE of the relationship between dietary sodium and cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease, and hypertension, was moderate to strong. However, due to insufficient scientific evidence, we were unable to establish the estimated average requirement and the recommended nutrient intake for dietary sodium. Therefore, the adequate intake of sodium for adults was established to be 1,500 mg/day, whereas the CDRR for dietary sodium was established at 2,300 mg/day for adults. Intake goal for dietary sodium established in the 2015 KDRIs instead of the tolerable upper intake level was not presented in the 2020 KDRIs. For the next revision of the KDRIs, there is a requirement to pursue further studies on nutritional adequacy and toxicity of dietary sodium, and their associations with chronic disease endpoint in the Korean population.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.441-449
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• 2022

This review is focused on analyzing the limits and shortage of zinc (Zn) for the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), and provides suggestions for the future establishment of the 2025 KDRIs for Zn. The 2020 KDRIs for Zn have been established to estimate the adequate requirement (EAR), recommended nutrient intakes (RNI), adequate intake (for only 0-5 mon) and tolerable upper intake level (UL). EAR was estimated in 2-stages: the first stage was to construct of the frame of analysis for Zn requirement and the second stage involved a factorial approach by considering the various factors which affect Zn requirement, such as intestinal and urine Zn loss, Zn requirement for growth and development, and Zn absorption rate. For a more precise and accurate establishment of the Zn requirement, we suggest for the following to be considered: 1) considering that Zn is present in minuscule amounts as a trace element in our body, the present values for Zn EAR (as 6-9 mg/d) should be expressed as a decimal point for more accurate DRIs; 2) the frame of analysis for Zn requirement has to be more specifically and should includes the factors which affect Zn requirement; 3) both, the factorial approach and extrapolation method need to be well reviewed and thoroughly understood for establishing precise Zn requirement; 4) currently, human clinical study and balance study (Zn intake, excretion and absorption rate) are limited and more human Zn subject studies are required. All these suggestions are provided to better establish the Zn requirement in the 2025 KDRIs.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권sup1호
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• pp.89-112
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• 2022

An accurate assessment of the recommended calcium (Ca) intake may contribute to reducing the risk of fractures and chronic diseases, ultimately improving quality of life. This review was performed to summarize key findings of Ca studies, investigate the effect of Ca intake on health outcomes, and determine the adequacy of evidence to revise the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) for Ca in 2020. Databases were searched for intervention studies that assessed health outcomes by providing Ca in diets or as supplements. The framework of the systematic review comprised conducting literature searches, data extraction, quality assessment of the literature, and summarizing key findings relevant to set the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for Ca for the 2020 KDRI. The final search was performed in June 2019. A total of 13,309 studies were identified through databases and manual search. Sixtyfive studies were included in the final quality assessment and were summarized according to health indicators. As bone health was used as an indicator of the EAR for Ca, literature reports on bone health were further categorized by the life-cycle stage of the participants. This systematic review did not find new evidence that could be applied to the general Korean adult population, including postmenopausal women, for defining a new EAR for Ca in the 2020 KDRIs. Evidence in most of the reviewed literature was considered weak; however, some evidence was found that could improve the criteria on how the EAR for Ca was determined in children and adolescents. A review of the literature for the 2020 KDRIs for Ca did not find strong evidence in order to change the recommended values of the 2015 KDRIs. More clinical interventions are required among Koreans to strengthen the body of evidence to warrant the revision of the KDRIs.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권sup1호
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• pp.126-133
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• 2022

Choline is a water-soluble organic compound that is important for the normal functioning of the body. It is an essential dietary component as de novo synthesis by the human body is insufficient. Since the United States set the Adequate Intakes (AIs) for total choline as dietary reference values in 1998, Australia, China, and the European Union have also established the choline AIs. Although choline is clearly essential to life, the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) has not established the values because very few studies have been done on choline intake in Koreans. Since choline intake levels differ by race and country, human studies on Koreans are essential to set KDRIs. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to provide basic data for developing choline KDRIs in the future by analyzing data on choline intake in Koreans to date and reference values of choline intake and dietary choline intake status by country and race.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.299-305
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• 2012

Yam has been recognized having the beneficial effects for the prevention of various diseases, such as cancer, immunity, infection and obesity etc. There is increasing consideration to supplement the antioxidant nutrients to make up the lack of the antioxidant nutrient intakes. No study has been reported for the analysis of antioxidant mineral contents and comparison to dietary recommended intake for the sense of health promotion. In our study, we analyzed the contents of antioxidant trace elements (Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu and Se) and Cr contents in cultivated Korean yam powders for evaluation of nutrient intake aspects. We collected the commercial yam powders from six different cultivated areas in the South Korea and measured antioxidant minerals (Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu and Se) and Cr contents using trace element-free plasma spectrometer (ICP) or atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) after dry-ashing and then wet-acid digestion. The accuracy of mineral analysis method was confirmed by the mineral analysis of standard reference material. Each analyzed element contents in yam were compared to dietary reference intakes of Koreans (KDRIs). The average levels of trace elements (Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Se and Cr) in yam powders were 18.3, 11.9, 36.0, 3.7, 1.9 and 1.27 ${\mu}g/g$ yam powder, respectively. The intakes of Zn, Fe, Cu and Se of which KDRIs is determined, are accounted as being up to 23.8%, 55.6%, 32.5% and 236% recommended intake (RI) of KDRIs, if daily yam supplementation (50 g) of commercial instruction would be considered. The intake of Mn is about 25% adequate intake (AI) of KDRIs with the daily supplementation of yam powder. Most of mineral intakes from daily yam supplementation were with the range of non-detectable to <10% upper limit (UL) level, which is very much safe. The study results show that daily supplementation of Korean yam power is beneficial to provide the supplemental nutrient intake and also is safe, if the suggested dosage would be considered.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.419-429
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• 2022

수분은 인체에서 가장 많은 비율을 차지하는 성분으로 인체의 원활한 생리작용을 위해 필수적인 요소이다. 2013-2017 국민건강영양조사 자료를 근거로 하였을 때 우리나라 사람들의 평균 1일 수분 섭취량은 2,167.3 mL/day이며 그 중 62%가 섭취기준을 충족하지 못하고 있다. 반면 음료 섭취는 계속해서 증가하고 있는 추세다. 수분 섭취기준은 충분섭취량으로 제시되며, 상한섭취량과 만성질환위험감소섭취량은 제시하지 않고 있다. 2015년과 비교해 2020년 수분 충분섭취량은 연령에 따라 소폭 증가하거나 감소되었는데 유아기 1-2세, 남자 6-8세, 9-11세, 여아 6-8세는 100 mL/day씩 감소하였으며, 남자 12-14세는 100 mL/day 증가하였다. 수분 섭취기준으로 제시되는 수분 충분섭취량은 음식 수분 섭취량과 액체 수분 섭취량을 합한 값이며, 액체 수분 섭취량은 물 섭취량 중앙값, 음료 섭취량 중앙값, 우유 섭취량 200 mL/day을 합해서 산출한 수치이다. 이와 같이 수분 섭취기준에는 음식 수분 섭취량도 포함되어 있으므로, 물과 음료의 섭취기준으로 총수분 섭취기준을 적용하는 것은 적절하지 않으며 액체 섭취기준을 적용해야 한다. 그리고 액체 수분을 섭취할 때에는 당류, 카페인 등이 함유된 음료보다 물이나 우유를 섭취하는 것이 바람직하다. 한국인 수분 섭취기준 설정에 있어서 향후 개선하고 보완해야 할 사항으로 한국인 일상식에서 수분 함량비의 정확성 제고, 액체 수분 섭취량에 관한 조사방법 보완, 생애주기별 수분 섭취 실태에 대한 다각적인 검토, 노인기의 생리적 변화와 건강상태 반영, 한국인 대상 수분 섭취와 건강에 관한 연구 활성화와 반영 등을 제안한다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.483-489
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate dietary habits, and to evaluate the relationship between nutritional status and certain blood parameters in premenopausal and postmenopausal women living in Daejeon. Adult Korean females(n=110) that had visited the Health Promotion Center of Eulji University Hospital were analyzed. We examined blood parameters, body composition, and life style factors such as food habits and physical activity in pre- and post-menopausal women. The collected data were then analyzed to evaluate the various items. Overall, there were no differences between the pre- and post-menopausal women for food habit score, or for intakes of energy, protein, Int, iron, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, vitamin C, and calcium. However, carbohydrate intake was significantly higher in the postmenopausal women than in the premenopausal women. The Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans(KDRIs), in terms of energy, fat, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin $B_1$, were less than 100% in both the premenopausal women and postmenopausal women. All intakes of protein, iron, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and vitamin C satisfied the KDRIs in both groups. Finally, the postmenopausal women had higher serum fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase levels than the premenopausal women.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.393-402
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and to compare the dietary behaviors, nutrient intake and physical activities of specialized game high school students. Total of 163 subjects participated and their weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and bone status by a quantitative ultrasound method were measured. The subjects were surveyed by a self-administered questionnaire about general characteristics, dietary behaviors and physical activities. Nutrient intakes of the subjects were assessed by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The subjects were divided into four groups on their obesity level by BMI. The prevalence of underweight, normal, overweight and obese group was 6%, 58%, 16%, and 20% respectively. BMI was negatively correlated with bone mineral density (p < 0.01) and positively correlated with WHR (p < 0.01). The dietary guideline compliance score for "Enjoy Korean rice food style" was 2.63, followed by "Prepare food sanitarily"2.48, "Do not skip breakfast"2.29, "Eat a variety of vegetables, fruits, dairy products daily"2.25, "Drink water instead of beverage"2.10, "Choose less fried foods"2.09 and "Maintain healthy weight"1.91. The exercise frequency of walking was not significantly different between groups; however, heavy exercise frequency was significantly lower in underweight group than the other groups (p < 0.05). The energy intake was 2153 kcal, which was 81.2% of the Estimate Energy Requirement, and the intake of calcium and vitamin $B_2$ was 66.7% and 77.8% of KDRIs. Particularly, the intake of iron, vitamin A and vitamin C was about 59.4%, 52.2% and 55.4% of KDRIs and INQ was 0.71, 0.63 and 0.65 respectively, and intake of folic acid fell behind 39.1% of KDRIs and INQ was 0.46. Our study suggests that the systematic and continuous nutrition education will have to be provided at schools to improve dietary and health behaviors and prevent chronic metabolic disease for students of specialized game high school.