• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.66-73
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• 2019

The Royal Tomb of the Joseon Dynasty, which was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2009, is a cultural resource recognized for its 'outstanding universal value' around the world. The royal tomb of Joseon has been managed with an emphasis on the preservation of cultural assets since it was designated as a historical site in the 1970s, but it has received many visitors as a valuable historical and cultural resource and haven that connects the past and the present in today's bustling city. In order to investigate and analyze the current status of pavements in the royal palace in terms of quality and quantity, and to suggest the direction of improvement, this study conducted a complete survey of 53 royal palace viewing roads in 18 regions, and the results are as follows. First of all, problems are found in both the early Masato pavement of the creation, which was introduced with an emphasis on the preservation and protection of cultural assets, and the hardening pavement(KAP), which began to be used in the 1990s for the convenience of maintenance. In other words, the Masato pavement used to create a more environmentally friendly atmosphere of the Joseon royal tombs is showing a high percentage of use, but it lacks support for walking activities, such as the slippage of the pavement and water pooling during the rainy season or during the ice season. Also, hardening pavement introduced for convenience of maintenance, such as the movement of repair vehicles, is not functioning properly as it is damaged by physical deformation after construction. In addition, in awe zones such as parking lots, although the first image of the Joseon royal tombs is determined, the formation of the functional landscape centered on the carriageway does not harmonize with the traditional landscape, and, because of its lack of walking and environment-friendly features, there is a need for improvement, such as the experimental introduction of relevant pavement materials developed afterwards and continuous monitoring.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.465-473
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• 2018

Objective: We evaluated the clinical characteristics and prognoses of patients with septic shock who transferred to the emergency department (ED) in a tertiary referral center. Methods: This study was performed using a prospective, multi-center registry of septic shock, with the participation of 11 tertiary referral centers in the Korean Shock Society between October 2015 and February 2017. We classified the patients as a transferred group who transferred from other hospitals after meeting the inclusion criteria upon ED arrival and a non-transferred group who presented directly to the ED. Primary outcome was hospital mortality. We conducted multiple logistic regression analysis to assess variables related to in-hospital mortality. Results: A total of 2,098 patients were included, and we assigned 717 patients to the transferred group and 1,381 patients to the non-transferred group. The initial Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was higher in the transferred group than the non-transferred group (6; interquartile range [IQR], 4-9 vs. 6; IQR, 4-8; P<0.001). Mechanical ventilator (29% vs. 21%, P<0.001) and renal replacement therapy (12% vs. 9%, P=0.034) within 24 hours after ED arrival were more frequently applied in the transferred group than the non-transferred group. Overall hospital mortality was 22% and there was no significant difference between transferred and non-transferred groups (23% vs. 22%, P=0.820). Multivariable analysis showed an odds ratio for in-hospital mortality of 1.00 (95% confidence interval, 0.78-1.28; P=0.999) for the transferred group compared with the non-transferred group. Conclusion: The transferred group showed higher severity and needed more organ support procedures than the non-transferred group. However, inter-hospital transfer did not affect in-hospital mortality.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.27-36
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• 1975

The success of the family planning program in Korea is reflected in the decrease in the growth rate from 3.0% in 1962 to 2.0% in 1971, and in the decrease in the fertility rate from 43/1,000 in 1960 to 29/1,000 in 1970. However, it would be erroneous to attribute these reductions entirely to the family planning program. Other socio-economic factors, such as the increasing age at marriage and the increasing use of induced abortions, definitely had an impact on the lowered growth and fertility rate. Despite the relative success of the program to data in meeting its goals, there is no room for complacency. Meeting the goal of a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.3% by 1981 is a much more difficult task than any one faced in the past. Not only must fertility be lowered further, but the size of the target population itself will expand tremendously in the late seventies; due to the post-war baby boom of the 1950's reaching reproductive ages. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the age at marriage will continue to rise as in the past or that the incidence of induced abortion will continue to increase. Consequently, future reductions in fertility will be more dependent on the performance of the national family planning program, with less assistance from these non-program factors. This paper will describe various approaches to help to the solution of these current problems. 1. PRACTICE RATE IN FAMILY PLANNING In 1973, the attitude (approval) and knowledge rates were quite high; 94% and 98% respectively. But a large gap exists between that and the actual practice rate, which is only 3695. Two factors must be considered in attempting to close the KAP-gap. The first is to change social norms, which still favor a larger family, increasing the practice rate cannot be done very quickly. The second point to consider is that the family planning program has not yet reached all the eligible women. A 1973 study determineded that a large portion, 3096 in fact, of all eligible women do not want more children, but are not practicing family planning. Thus, future efforts to help close the KAP-gap must focus attention and services on this important large group of potential acceptors. 2. CONTINUATION RATES Dissatisfaction with the loop and pill has resulted in high discontinuation rates. For example, a 1973 survey revealed that within the first six months initial loop acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts, and that within the first four months of inital pill acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts. These discontinuation rates have risen over the past few years. The high rate of discontinuance obviously decreases the contraceptive effectiveness. and has resulted in many unwanted births which is directly related to the increase of induced abortions. In the future, the family planning program must emphasize the improved quality of initial and follow-up services. rather than more quantity, in order to insure higher continuation rates and thus more effective contraceptive protection. 3. INDUCED ABORTION As noted earlier. the use of induced abortions has been increase yearly. For example, in 1960, the average number of abortions was 0.6 abortions per women in the 15-44 age range. By 1970. that had increased to 2 abortions per women. In 1966. 13% of all women between 15-44 had experienced at least one abortion. By 1971, that figure jumped to 28%. In 1973 alone, the total number of abortions was 400,000. Besides the ever incre.sing number of induced abortions, another change has that those who use abortions have shifted since 1965 to include- not. only the middle class, but also rural and low-income women. In the future. in response to the demand for abortion services among rural and low-income w~men, the government must provide and support abortion services for these women as a part of the national family planning program. 4. TARGET SYSTIi:M Since 1962, the nationwide target system has been used to set a target for each method, and the target number of acceptors is then apportioned out to various sub-areas according to the number of eligible couples in each area. Because these targets are set without consideration for demographic factors, particular tastes, prejudices, and previous patterns of acceptance in the area, a high discontinuation rate for all methods and a high wastage rate for the oral pill and condom results. In the future. to alleviate these problems of the methodbased target system. an alternative. such as the weighted-credit system, should be adopted on a nation wide basis. In this system. each contraceptive method is. assigned a specific number of points based upon the couple-years of protection (CYP) provided by the method. and no specific targets for each method are given. 5. INCREASE OF STERILIZA.TION TARGET Two special projects. the hospital-based family planning program and the armed forces program, has greatly contributed to the increasing acceptance in female and male sterilization respectively. From January-September 1974, 28,773 sterilizations were performed. During the same time in 1975, 46,894 were performed; a 63% increase. If this trend continues, by the end of 1975. approximately 70,000 sterilizations will have been performed. Sterilization is a much better method than both the loop and pill, in terms of more effective contraceptive protection and the almost zero dropout rate. In the future, the. family planning program should continue to stress the special programs which make more sterilizations possible. In particular, it should seek to add the laparoscope techniques to facilitate female sterilization acceptance rates. 6. INCREASE NUMBER OF PRIVATE ACCEPTORS Among the current family planning users, approximately 1/3 are in the private sector and thus do not- require government subsidy. The number of private acceptors increases with increasing urbanization and economic growth. To speed this process, the government initiated the special hospital based family planning program which is utilized mostly by the private sector. However, in the future, to further hasten the increase of private acceptors, the government should encourage doctors in private practice to provide family planning services, and provide the contraceptive supplies. This way, those do utilize the private medical system will also be able to receive family planning services and pay for it. Another means of increasing the number of private acceptors, IS to greatly expand the commercial outlets for pills and condoms beyond the existing service points of drugstores, hospitals, and health centers. 7. IE&C PROGRAM The current preferred family size is nearly twice as high as needed to achieve a stable poplation. Also, a strong boy preference hinders a small family size as nearly all couples fuel they must have at least one or more sons. The IE&C program must, in the future, strive to emphasize the values of the small family and equality of the sexes. A second problem for the IE&C program to work. with in the: future is the large group of people who approves family planning, want no more children, but do not practice. The IE&C program must work to motivate these people to accept family planning And finally, for those who already practice, an IE&C program in the future must stress continuation of use. The IE&C campaign, to insure highest effectiveness, should be based on a detailed factor analysis of contraceptive discontinuance. In conclusion, Korea faces a serious unfavorable sociodemographic situation- in the future unless the population growth rate can be curtailed. And in the future, the decrease in fertility will depend solely on the family planning program, as the effect of other socio-economic factors has already been maximumally felt. A second serious factor to consider is the increasing number of eligible women due to the 1950's baby boom. Thus, to meet these challenges, the program target must be increased and the program must improve the effectiveness of its current activities and develop new programs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.550-556
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to assess healing effect of the green tea on Staphylococcus contaminated wound. On the back of 7 dogs, 6 full-thickness skin wounds($2cm{\times}2cm$) were made and Staphylococcus intermedius was inoculated. Each wound was applied with the 2%(experimental group I), 1%(experimental group II) extract of green tea and normal saline(control group I) after inoculation. The wound contraction rate of the experimental group I and II was higher than that of the control group in entire period. And from the $6^{th}\;to\;22^{nd}$ day, the wound contraction rate of the experimental group I and II was significantly higher than that of the control group(p<0.05). The occupation rate of wound healing in the experimental group I was higher than that of the control group from $0\;to\;9^{th}$ day except from $1^{st}\;to\;2^{nd}$ day and also higher than that of the experimental group II from $0\;to\;3^{rd}$ day except from $1^{st}\;to\;2^{nd}$ day. And the occupation rate of wound healing in the experimental group II was higher than that of the control group from $1^{st}\;to\;8^{th}$ day except from $2^{nd}\;to\;3^{rd}$ day. According to concentration of green tea extract increased, the wound contracted more vigorously in earlier period. The tensile strength of the experimental group I and II was significantly higher than that of the control group(p<0.05). And that of the experimental group I was also higher than in the experimental group II(p<0.05). The number of S. intermedius in the experimental group I and II was decreased more rapidly than that of the control group. From the $4^{th}$ to the $11^{th}$ day, the number of S. intermedius in the experimental group I was significantly lower than that of the experimental group II and the control group. And from the $4^{th}$ to the $7^{th}$ day, the number of S. intermedius in the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The histopathological findings of the experimental group I and II were similar to those of the control group on the $1^{st}\;and\;4^{th}$ day. On $14^{th}$ day, reepithelialization was completed in the experimental group I and II except the control group. Higher wound contraction rate, better bacteriocidal action, higher tensile strength and better histopathological findings were observed in the experimental group I and II than in the control group. These results suggest that the topical application of green tea extract can promote contaminated wound healing in dogs.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.54-68
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• 1985

It is desirable to collect the solar thermal energy at relatively high temperature in order to minimize the size of thermal storage system and to enlarge the scope of solar thermal energy utilization. So far the concentrating solar collector has been developed to collect solar thermal energy at relatively high temperature, but it has some difficulties in maintaining the volumetric body of solar collector for long term utilization. On the other hand, the flat-plate solar collector has been developed to collect the solar thermal energy at low temperature, and it has advantages in maintaining the system for long term utilization, since it's thickness is thin and not volumetric. In this study, to develop a solar collector that has both advantages of collecting solar thermal energy at high temperature and fixing conveniently the collector system for long term period, a cylindrical parabolic concentrating solar collector was designed, which has two rows of parabolic reflectors and thin thickness such as the flat-plate solar collector, maintaining the optical form of concentrating solar collector. The characteristics of the concentrating parabolic solar collector newly designed was analysed and the results are summarized as follows; 1. The temperature of the air enclosed in solar collector was all the same as $50^{\circ}C$ in both cases of the open and closed loop, and when the heat transfer fluid was not circulated in tubular absorber, the maximum surface temperature of the absorber was $118-120^{\circ}C$, this results suggested that the heat transfer fluid could be heated up to $118^{\circ}C$. 2. In case of longitudinal installation of the solar collector, the temperature difference of heat transfer fluid between inlet and outlet was $4^{\circ}-6^{\circ}C$ at the flow rate of $110-130{\ell}/hr$, and the collected solar energy per unit area of collector was $300-465W/m^2$. 3. The collected solar energy per unit area for 7 hours was 1960 Kcal/$m^2$ for the open loop and 220 Kcal/$m^2$ for the closed loop. Therefore it is necessary to combine the open and closed loop of solar collectors to improve the thermal efficiency of solar collector. 4. The thermal efficiency of the solar collector (C.P.C.S.C.) was proportional to the density of solar radiation, indicating the maximum thermal efficiency ${\eta}_{max}=58%$ with longitudinal installation and ${\eta}_{max}=45%$ with lateral installation. 5. The thermal efficiency of the solar collector (C.P.C.S.C.) was increased in accordance with the increase of flow rate of heat transfer fluid, presenting the flow rate of $110{\ell}/hr$ was the value of turning point of the increasing rate of the collector efficiency, therefore the flow rate of $110{\ell}/hr$ was considered as optimum value for the test of the solar collector (C.P.C.S.C.) performance when the heat transfer fluid is a liquid. 6. In both cases of longitudinal and lateral installation of the solar collector (C.P.C.S.C.), the thermal efficiency was decreased linearly with an increase in the value of the term ($T_m-T_a$)/Ic and the increasing rate of the thermal efficiency was not effected by the installation method of solar collector.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.68 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 1985

To study the comparison of the aboveground biomass of Robinia pseudoacacia L. of 8-, 13- and 20-year-old plantations, the experimental plot of $100m^2$ in size located in Youngin-gun were selected. Seven sample trees at different stand ages selected taking account of DBH distribution were felled and the diagram of oven-dry weight distribution of stem, branch and leaf for each 1m segment was constructed. The dry weight of each part of plots was estimated by the method of basal area ratio. If the estimations are extended to a hectare area stand, it contains 36.72, 69.28 and 118.67 tons of the aboveground standing crops in 8-, 13- and 20- year-old stand respectively. The net production was estimated to be as much as 12.56, 13.23 and 16.78 tons per hectare per year and the net assimilation ratio 3.66, 4.13 and 2.50 kg/kg/yr in 8-, 13- and 20-year-old stand respectively. And the efficiency of leaves to produce stem was 1.69, 2.10 and 0.96 kg/kg/yr in same order.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.54-64
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• 2006

Chromated copper arsenate (CCA), a wood preservative, has been widely used to protect wood products from attacks by bacteria, fungi and insects. However, the use of CCA is currently forbidden or limited to some applications in many countries because the toxic elements (Cr, Cu, and As) of CCA are released into the environments during outdoor uses, which may cause adverse health effects on humans and ecological systems. This study was conducted to investigate the distributions of chromium, copper and arsenic in soils adjacent to two CCA-treated wood structures. In a 7 month old pond entry structure, ten surface soil samples (0-2.5 cm) were collected at lateral distances of 0, 0.5, and 1 m from the stairway, and nine surface soil samples were collected beneath the deck. Nine top soil samples were taken from a 2 year old sound barrier structure at lateral distances of 0, 1, and 2 m. Background surface soil samples were also collected from each structure. Samples were analyzed for some physicochemical properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, and soil texture. Following the extraction of the elements with a microwave digestion system, samples were analyzed for Cr, Cu, and As. The concentrations of the three elements in soils adjacent to the structures were significantly elevated compared to the background levels, indicating that the elements have been leached out of the structures. Released e1ements showed lateral concentration gradients within 1 m. The elevations of the three elements in soils underneath the deck did not seem different (background-corrected concentrations: Cr, 5.01 mg/kg; Cu, 5.50 mg/kg; As, 4.91 mg/kg), while the elements in soils near the sound barrier were elevated in the order of As>Cu>Cr with measured concentrations of 49.7, 44.7 and 52.5 mg/kg, respectively. Background As, Cu, and Cr concentrations near the sound barrier were 9.88, 30.8, and 46.5 mg/kg, respectively. These results showed that CCA constituents are released into the environment and it is suggested that risk assessment need to be conducted to investigate harmful effects of the released elements on humans and ecological systems.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.985-991
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• 2001

Objectives : The craniopharyngioma is a benign tumor located at least in part in the suprasellar cistern. However, the symptoms and signs from this tumor may be determined not only by the location of the tumor but also by its size and the age of the patient. The objective of our study is to analyze retrospectively the clinical manifestations of craniopharyngiomas with regards to tumor characteristics in children and adults. Material and Methods: Twenty-three patients(16 adults, 7 children) treated for craniopharyngioma between 1990 and 1999 were studied to demonstrate the relationship of tumor size, growth pattern, and its invasiveness with clinical symptoms. As part of the assessment, 16 adults(M : F=8 : 8, mean age : 43.7 years) and 7 children(M : F=5 : 2, mean age : 10.1 years) underwent magnetic resonance(MR) imaging and computerized tomography(CT) scanning with a three-dimensional volume acquisition sequence. Results : The three major cardinal signs were defined to increased intracranial pressure, endocrine dysfunction, and visual problems. The tumor size in child group was larger than that in adult group. Also, visual problems, symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus were more frequently observed in child group. However, endocrine dysfunction and neuropsychological symptoms related with hypothalamic connections to the thalamus, pituitary, frontal lobe, and other cortical areas were more frequent in adult group. Conclusions: In our series, the tumor size and invasiveness of craniopharyngioma revealed to be relevent with initial symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and visual symptoms which were more frequent in child group. As for the growth pattern, we did not find major difference between adults and children.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.97-104
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• 1972

For the purpose of ascertaining the status of physical growth and health status of the University Students, an intensive survey was conducted by the authors towards a total of 1,250 (Male 792, Female 458) who passed the written entrance examination at the Kyung Hee University in 1972. The items included the measurements on physical growth, various physical and nutritional indices, status of visual distourbance, dental status and tuberculosis. The findings and results cad be summarized as follows; 1. Physical Growth and Develspment. i) The average of body height by anthropometric was $169.39{\pm}5.05cm$ in male and $157.45{\pm}4.43cm$ in female. ii) The averages of body weight by sex were $59.42{\pm}6.47Kg\;and\;51.81{\pm}5.21Kg$, respectively. iii) The averages of chest-girth were $87.18{\pm}5.30cm\;and\;80.51{\pm}4.53cm$. iv) The averages of sitting-height were $92.21{\pm}2.79cm\;and\;86.28{\pm}2.57cm$. In all cases the male measurements were higher than female. 2. Various ludices about Physical Growth and Development; i) Relative body weights by sex were 35.08 and 32.91, relative chestgirth 51.47 and 51.13, and relative sitting-height 54.43, 54.79, respectively. ii) Rohrer index was 1.222 in males and 1.327 in females, Kaup index 2.071 and 2.089, Verveck index 86.54 and 84.04, and Pelidisi index 91.15 and 93.08, respectively 3. Status of visual distourbance The vision of the students under 0.8 with Landolt's testing chart was 45.4% in left eye and 46.6% in right eye(male: 44.4% and 45.7%, female: 47.2% and 48.0%), while under 0.6 in both visions was 41.0% and 40.5% (male: 40.8% and 40.7%, female: 41.5% and 40.2%), respectively. 4. Dental Status Out of total 19.4% (male 19.2%, female 19.6%) had gingivitis, the female incidence rate of gingivitis was higher than male. Average number of teeth in each subject was 29.6 teeth: male had 29.9 teeth and female had 29.1 teeth. The caries rate was 78.9%(male 75.6%, female 84.5%), the female caries rate was higher than male. Total filing per subject was 35.6% (male 34.0%, female 37.1%), female incidence was higher shan male. The average number of i) Caries per tooth rate was 8.5% in male and 9.2% in female, ii) Missing per tooth rate was 0.3% and 0.2%, iii) Filling per tooth rate was 3.9% and 4.2%. in all cases, the female incidences were higher than the male. The average number of D.M.F. was 3.8 teeth in male and 4.0 teeth in female, female was higher than male. The average rate of D.M.F. was 12.7% in male and 13.7% in female, female was higher than male. 5. Pulmonary infiltration Among the total, 53 students were diagnosed as pulmonary infiltration (tuberculosis), of whom 51 were minimal cases, one were moderately advanced case and one were far advanced case.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.148-152
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• 2001

This study investigated the role of excitatory amino acid systems in the initiation of organophosphate-induced seizures and brain damages in rats through quantitative in vivo microdialysis. Microdialysates were collected from the hippocampus of rat brain, treated with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP; 2.67 mg/kg, s.c.) alone, and/or atropine sulfate (15 mg/kg, i.m.) and procyclidine (30 mg/kg, i.m.). The protective effects of atropine, a muscarinic blocker, and/or procyclidine, a N-methyl-D-aspartate and cholinergic antagonist, against DFP were examined. DFP treatment increased the levels of aspartate (Asp) and glutamate (Glu) significantly in the hippocampal persuate with the induction of seizures. Treatment of procyclidine could effectively block the increase of Asp and Glu levels. Atropine treatment showed no significant anticonvulsive effects against DFP-induced seizures. The increases of Asp and Glu levels by DFP were also completely blocked through the combined treatment of atropine and procyclidine. Histopathological findings on the hippocampus confirmed the above results. More effective protection was observed through the treatments of procyclidine alone or of both procyclidine and atropine than atropine alone against DFP-induced brain damage. Procyclidine was shown to be effective in DFP-induced seizures.