• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.1421-1426
• /
• 2016

Background: There is a considerable lack of understanding of oral cancer incidence, especially its time trend in Iran. In this study, the authors aimed to analyze time trend of oral cancer incidence with a focus on differences by gender in a period of six years - from 2005 to 2010. Materials and Methods: Both population-based cancer registry and national cancer registry (NCR) data based on pathologic reports from 2005 to 2010 were obtained from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME). Population data were also received from Statistical Centre of Iran. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) based on the World Standard Population were then calculated. Finally, Negative Binomial regression was run for time trend analysis. Results: The maximum ASR for males was calculated as 2.5 per 100,000 person-years in 2008 and the minimum was observed as 1.9 per 100,000 person-years in 2005 and 2006. Meanwhile, the maximum ASR for females was estimated as 1.8 per 100,000 person-years in 2009 and the minimum was calculated as 1.6 per 100,000 person-years in 2005 and 2006. Additionally, in females, incidence risk ratio (IRR) did not show a clear decreasing or increasing trend during the six years. Nevertheless, in males an increasing trend was observed. The maximum IRR adjusted for age group and province, for females was reported in 2009 (IRR=1.05 95% CI: 0.90-1.23), and for males was estimated in 2010 (IRR=1/2 95% CI: 1.04 - 1.38). Conclusions: Our findings highlight disparities between oral cancer incidence trends in males and females over the six years from 2005 to 2010.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제16권7호
• /
• pp.2653-2657
• /
• 2015

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the second most common neoplasm of head and neck in Tunisia. The distribution is bimodal with a first period occurrence between 15 and 20 years old and a second peak at around 50 years of age. Undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharynx type III (UCNT) is the predominant histological type (93.4%). Data of cancer registry of North Tunisia confirmed that it is an intermediate risk area for NPC with overall ASRs of 3.6 and 1.6/100,000 respectively in males and females. This study aimed to present the evolution of incidence rate of nasopharyngeal carcinoma over a period of 12 years (1994-2006). Data of cancer registry of North Tunisia (NTCR), covering half of the Tunisian population, were used to determine evolution of NPC incidence, calculated by 5 year periods. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used as an estimate of the trend. To best summarize the behavior or the data trend across years, we used a join-point regression program. Between 1994 and 2006, we observed negative annual average change of standardized incidence in men and women (-3.3%and -2.7%) also for the standardized incidences which showed a rather important decline (26.4% in males and 22.3% in females). The truncated age standardized incidence rate of NPC in adults aged of 30 years old and more (N= 1209) decreased by -0.4% per year from 1994 to 2006 over time in north Tunisia dropping from 6.09 to 4.14 person-years. However, the rate was relatively stable during this period among youths aged 0-29 years (N= 233) in both sexes. NPC demonstrated a favorable evolution from 1994-2006 probably due to a improvement in socioeconomic conditions.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제13권12호
• /
• pp.6277-6283
• /
• 2012

Background: Northern Iran counts as one of the highest prevalence regions for esophageal cancer (EC) worldwide. This study was designed to assess the epidemiologic aspects of EC in north central and northwest Iran over a 10 year period. Materials and Methods: The Guilan cancer registry study (GCRS) is a population-based cancer registry study featuring retrospective (1996-2003) and prospective (2004-2005) phases. A detailed questionnaire based on WHO standards for cancer registratration was applied to gather the required information. Two trained physicians coded information using ICD-O-3 in close coordination with an expert pathologist. Results: A total of 19,936 cases of malignancy (mean age $55.4{\pm}18.0$ years, range: 1-98 years) were registered, including 1,147 cases (670 males, 447 female; mean age: $64.0{\pm}11.5$ years) of EC. In 1996 the male/female ratio among patients with EC was 1.25 which increased to 1.53 in 2005. The lower third of the esophagus still remained the most common site of tumors. The average age-standardized rate (ASR) was 6.9 and 4.1 per $10^5$ men and women, respectively. In 1996, the ASRs were 7.2 and 5.2 per $10^5$ men and women which decreased to 6.9 and 4.1 per $10^5$ in 2004-2005. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the most prevalent histological subtype of EC accounting over 80% of cases. Conclusions: However the prevalence of adenocarcinoma (ADC) showed an increase to 18.4%. Guilan province may be considered a relatively low incidence region for EC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제17권sup3호
• /
• pp.39-42
• /
• 2016

Cancer is a major public health problem in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate trends in incidence of ten common cancers in Iran, based on the national cancer registry reports from 2004 to 2009. This epidemiological study was carried out based on existing age-standardized estimate cancer data from the national report on cancer registry/Ministry of Health in Iran. The obtained data were analyzed by test for linear trend and $P{\geq}0.05$ was taken as the significant level. Totals of 41,169 and 32,898 cases of cancer were registered in men and females, respectively, during these years. Overall age-standard incidence rates (ASRs) per 100,000 population according to primary site weres 125.6 and 113.4 in males and females, respectively. Between 2004 and 2009, the ten most common cancers (excluding skin cancer) were stomach (16.2), bladder (12.6), prostate (11), colon-rectum (10.14), hematopoeitic system (7.1), lung (6.1), esophagus (6.4), brain (3.2), lymph node (3.8) and larynx (3.4) in males; and in females were breast (27.4), colon-rectum (9.3), stomach (7.6), esophagus (6.4), hematopoeitic system (4.9), thyroid (3.9), ovary (3.6), corpus uteri (2.9), bladder (3.2) and lung (2.6). Moreover, results showed that skin cancer was estimated as the most common cancer in both sexes. The lowest and the highest incidence in females and males were reported respectively in 2004 and 2009. Over this period, the incidence of cancer in both sexes has been significantly increasing (p<0.01). Like other less developed and epidemiologically transitioning countries, the trend of age-standardized incidence rate of cancer in Iran is rising. Due to the increasing trends, the future burden of cancer in the Iran is going to be acute with the expected increases in aging populations. Determining and controlling potential risk factors of cancer should hopefully lead to decrease in its burden.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.20-28
• /
• 2012

Introduction: The objective of this research was to determine the incidence of oral cancer in Korea. Materials and Methods: The classifications of oral and maxillofacial cancer (OMFC) that we used are based on possible locations of OMFC: lip, tongue, mouth, salivary glands, tonsil, oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, pharynx unspecified, and nose, sinuses. Results: 1) There were 2,848 OMFC cases, accounting for 1.6% of all cancers. The male to female ratio was 2.72:1. 2) The estimated crude rates (CRs) were 5.7 overall, 8.4 for males, and 3.1 for females. The age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) were 4.6 overall, 7.3 for males and 2.3 for females. 3) The incidence of mouth cancer was highest. The mouth and salivary glands were the most frequent sites for cancer among males and females, respectively. 4) Patients who were 40 years or older accounted for 91% of OMFC cases, with the highest proportion of cases in the 60-69 year-old age group for both sexes. 5) Tongue cancer was the most prevalent OMFC overall. Nasopharyngeal cancer was highest among males, and salivary gland cancer was highest among females. 6) From 2004 to 2008, the relative 5-year survival rate of OMFC patients was 57.5%. There was a trend of increasing survival among OMFC patients during the study period. The survival rate for females (69.3%) was much higher than that for males (53.1%). Conclusion: Social and personal efforts should be required to increase the survival rates of OMFC patients and Korean national cancer management policy should establish new measures for economic and social management and support.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제16권16호
• /
• pp.6899-6902
• /
• 2015

Background: Retinoblastoma (RB) is rare, albeit the most common primary intraocular malignancy among children. To elucidate the true incidence, trend and survival, we studied incidences and trends of retinoblastoma in a large population with long-term follow-up using data from 3 population-based cancer registries. Objective: To describe the incidence, trends and survival of RB between 1990 and 2009 in Khon Kaen, Songkhla and Chiang Mai, Thailand. Materials and Methods: We sourced the data from the cancer registries in Khon Kaen, Songkhla and Chiang Mai on children with retinoblastoma, diagnosed between 1990 and 2009. Retinoblastoma was defined as per the International Classification of Disease for Oncology version 3 using the code 9510/3. Incidence was analyzed using the standard method with the criteria of the International Association of Cancer Registries. The Kaplan-Meier method was applied to calculate cumulative survival. Trends were calculated using the log rank test. Results: We identified 75 cases of children between 0 and 15 years of age diagnosed with RB (Khon Kaen 31, Chiang Mai 20, Songkhla 24). Males and females were equally affected. The most common age group was 0-4 years. The morphological verification of the disease was 90.7%. The respective ASR in Khon Kaen, Chiang Mai and Songkhla was 4.4, 4.0 and 4.6 per million; for which the overall ASR for all 3 areas was 4.3 per million. The respective trend in incidence was 4, 2.8, 5.8 and 5.4 during 1990-4, 1995-9, 2000-4 and 2005-9. Overall, incidence trended gradually upward by 2% annually. The respective survival rate in Khon Kaen, Chiang Mai and Songkhla was 50, 40 and 75% (differences not significantly different at p=0.14) and the overall survival for all centers was 60%. Conclusions: Over the last two decades, the incidence and overall survival of retinoblastoma has increased. The ASRs and survival in Thailand were less than those in resource-rich countries.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제12권12호
• /
• pp.5622-5632
• /
• 2011

이 논문은 Automated Guided Vehicle(AGV)를 이용하여 운영되는 통합물류시스템의 시뮬레이션 실험설계와 분석에 관한 방법을 제시한다. 물류창고의 AGVs(Automated Guided Vehicle system) 성능을 최대로 운영하기 위해선 많은 변수들이 고려되어져야 하는데 대표적 중요 요인에는 차량 대수, 속도, 운행규칙, 부품 타입, 스케줄링, 버퍼 사이즈 등이 있다. 우리는 이 논문에서 다양한 중요요인들 중 (1)처리량 최대화, (2)차량 이용률 최대화 (3)차량 혼잡 최소화, (4)Automated Storage and Retrieval System(ASRS) 이용률 최대화를 고려하기 위해 직교배열(Orthogonal Array)로 실험계획을 수립하였고 이를 이용한 시뮬레이션 기반 분석과 진화전략(Evolution Strategy : ES)를 이용한 최적화를 각각 수행했다. 그 결과 ES에 비해 직교배열이 실험 시간과 회수를 절약하였고 두 결과에 대한 유효성 검사 또한 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 따라서 본 논문에서 제시한 방법을 이용한 분석 방법은 시간, 회수 그리고 실험의 정확성에 대한 분석의 효율성을 증대시킬 것으로 예상되며 통합 물류 시스템 이외의 시스템에도 적용이 가능 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 생물정신의학
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.191-197
• /
• 2000

Objectives : Risperidone is a new antipsychotic drug developed to overcome the therapeutic limitation of conventional antipsychotics. It responses to negative as well as positive symptoms by blocking both dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors, causing no significant side effects such as agranulocytosis and seizure. It is, however, not known whether it induces any serious cardiovascular side effects as evoked by other conventional antipsychotic drugs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of risperidone on cardiovascular function, and to discuss the factors affecting the cardiovascular function. Methods : For 42 patients(22 males and 20 females) diagnosed as schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder or schizoaffective disorder according to the DSM-IV classification, the cardiovascular fuctions such as heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, PR interval, QRS interval and QT interval were successively checked before and after 2 weeks and 4 weeks risperidone administration. Furthermore, variables such as body weight, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS), Clinical Global Impression(CGI), Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale(ESRS), Anticholinergic Rating Scale(ARS), serum cholesterol level, serum triglyceride level, serum high-density-lipoprotein level, serum WBC, serum Hb, serum platelet level, prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were also analyzed before and after 2 weeks and 4 weeks risperidone administration. Results : 1) Risperidone treatment resulted in a significantly decreased heart rate and increased QT interval after 4 weeks administration(p<0.005 respectively). 2) The scores of BPRS and CGI were significantly decreased after 2 weeks and 4 weeks risperidone administration as compared with baseline(p<0.001 respectively). The scores of ESRS and ASRS were significantly increased after 2 weeks and 4 weeks risperidone administration as compared with baseline(p<0.001 respectively). 3) There were positive correlations between heart rate after 4 weeks and total dose(P<0.05). Blood pressure was significantly(p<0.05) correlated with sex(higher in male) and significantly(p<0.05) positive correlated with body weight. QT interval was significantly(p<0.05) correlated with sex(longer in female) and smoking history(shorter in smokers). Conclusions : Risperidone could induce significant change in heart rate and Q-T interval. Therefore, the cardiovascular safety for risperidone should be reconsidered according to the duration and dosage increase.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.659-669
• /
• 2008

Two sets of four parallel activated sludge reactors (ASRs) maintaining an MLSS of 3000 mg/L were operated to investigate the effect of DO, HRTs and bio-contact media (BCM) packing ratios on the removal efficiency of organic matters and nitrogen. Packing ratios of BCM to BCM-ASR systems 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 0% (suspended growth only), 10%, 15% and 20%, respectively. All systems were operated at an HRT of 4 hr, 6 hr, and 8 hr, respectively; DO concentration was maintained 0.5~1.0 mg/L and 1.5~2.0 mg/L for each HRT condition. In terms of TSS, TCODcr and SCODcr removal efficiency, all systems had a similar level of the removal efficiency under varied HRTs, and DO. But organic removal efficiency of systems with BCM was approximately 3~5% higher than systems without BCM at the same HRT and the DO. About the nitrification efficiency, with high DO (1.5~2.0 mg/L), as HRT (4 hr, 6 hr, 8 hr) or BCM packing ratio increased, the slight increment of nitrification efficiency was observed. However, under the low DO (0.5~1.0 mg/L), increase of BCM packing ratio and HRT resulted in large increase of the nitrification efficiency. At the same HRT and BCM packing ratio, the nitrification efficiency increased greatly with up to 15% as DO increased. When the HRT increased from 4hr to 8hr, the denitrification efficiency slightly increased by 5~10% only, under all DO conditions. Systems with BCM had higher denitrification efficiency, ranged 62.7~91.1% than systems without BCM showed 32.1~65.6%. And the increase in BCM packing ratio from 10% to 20% resulted in about 14~16% denitrification efficiency increment. BCM packing ratio showed great effect on the denitrification. The increase of the DO (from 0.5~1.0 mg/L to 1.5~2.0 mg/L) at the same HRT and BCM packing ratio resulted in slight decrease of denitrification efficiency with up to 7% for systems with BCM. But for systems without BCM, the denitrification efficiency decreased with up to 28%. In all system, the denitrification efficiency had more influence on the TN removal efficiency than nitrification efficiency. So, BCM packing ratio (0%, 10%, 15%, 20%) has greater effect on the TN removal than HRT and DO. The TN removal efficiency increased as packing ratio of BCM increased with up to 45%. As a result, the highest TN removal efficiency was observed 73.7% at the condition showed the highest denitrification efficiency that DO of 0.5~1.0 mg/L, an HRT of 8 hr, and 20% of BCM packing ratio was maintained.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.41-74
• /
• 2020

과징금 제도는 태생적으로 효율성을 DNA로 가지고 있다. 법령을 위반한 사업자로부터 부당한 수익을 회수하거나, 사업면허를 박탈하거나 영업중지를 명하는 행정처분이 오히려 일반 소비자의 권익을 침해하게 되는 경우 금전적인 제재수단을 통해 동일한 효과를 거둘 수 있는 제도가 바로 과징금이다. 게다가 위법을 입증하기 위해 긴 시간과 막대한 비용이 소요되는 재판절차에 비해 행정관청의 일방적인 부과 명령만으로 효력을 발휘하므로 정부입장에서는 여간 편한 것이 아니다. 그런데 우리나라 항공분야 과징금 부과제도에 있어서 절차적 정당성이 잘 갖춰져 있는지는 의문이다. 외국의 입법례와 비교할 때, 우리나라의 항공분야 과징금 제도는 부과금액의 규모나 부과절차에서 몇 가지 아쉬운 점들을 발견할 수 있기 때문이다. 본 논문은 우리나라 항공분야에서 처분되는 과징금 제도의 개선방향을 연구할 목적으로 집필되었다. 다만 고액 과징금의 문제점이나 당사자의 방어권 보장 등에 관한 여러 쟁점은 선행연구에서 다루고 있는 바, 본 연구는 항공안전 분야 과징금제도에 있어서 항공선진국이라 할 수 있는 미국의 제도를 깊이 있게 살펴 봄으로써 우리나라 제도의 개선방향을 탐구하려는 의도에서 연구를 진행하였다. 우선 미국 연방항공청(Federal Aviation Administration, FAA)의 항공분야 행정제재의 특성과 미국 항공 과징금 제도를 개괄적으로 살펴보기로 하였다. 나아가 최근 항공안전 관리에 대한 패러다임의 변화로 종래의 사후적인 항공사고 관리행정에서 사전적이고 예방적 조치로서 항공안전 자율보고를 중시하는 새로운 경향을 ASAP를 비롯한 각종 제도를 중심으로 살피고자 하였다. 또한 미국 FAA가 채택하고 있는 과징금 부과에 관한 정형적 절차에 대해서도 고찰하였다. 위와 같은 검토를 바탕으로 본 논문은 우리나라 항공안전에 관한 보고제도의 개선방향도 살펴보았다.