• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.201-212
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the biology of three species, Tipula latemarginata Alexander, T. nova Walker and T. aino Alexander, of the Genus Tipula in Korea. Field surveys for the biology of the species were carried out at the three sites of Neaseong Stream area in Bongwha County from January 2001 to December 2005. Also many individuals of the species were reared in laboratory to investigate the biology. The larval habitats of the species were streams, rivers, paddy fields, damp earth or leaky revetments. The Tipula larvae were herbivorous. Newly-hatched first instar larvae fed on soft algae, and the larvae gradually fed on leaves, stems and roots of a variety of plants or hard leaf litters, as they grew. During the molting of the larvae their body kept moving from left to right and up and down. Molting usually took not more than 2 hours, and about four hours after molting, the larvae started to eat heavily. The Tipula larvae in aquatic places moved to drier land for pupation and went through short prepupal stage lasting 1-2 days for pupation at fourth instar larval stage. When emerging, the Tipula pupae placed their head and thorax on the earth, but the other parts in the earth. Emergence from the pupal case required about 20 min. to one hour. Mating of Tipula adults took place within 5-7min. after emergence and the duration of mating was about 40 min. The female adults of the species laid eggs by walking with 3 pairs of legs over the damp earth or algal beds. Their body was positioned vertically on the ground with their wings spread $120^{\circ}$ and legs landed on the surface. The oviposition usually took place from one day to 4 days after emergence and the number of eggs carried by female adults were an average of 501-760 per individual. Tipula adults didn't normally feed, and drank water only occasionally. For a few days after emergence, the adults reared in the laboratory rarely drank water. As they neared to death, however, they frequently drank water. The longevity of adults reared in the laboratory with only water during the summer was ca. 4-9 days and males usually survived a little longer than females. The longevity of T. nova was increased 3 times or more as much by feeding them 3% sugar water. Male adults of T. latemarginata outnumbered female adults by 2.6 : 1 in the fields.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the developmental potential of cloned embryos derived from bovine fetal fibroblast cells, and the effect of quiescent treatment, passage number and origin of donor cells on in vitro development of cloned embryos. Fetal skin and liver-derived fibroblast cells were transferred to enucleated oocytes after serum starvation or nontreatment (cycling). After electrofusion. reconstituted embryos were activated with $Ca^{＋＋}$-ionophore and cycloheximide, and cocultured for 7~9 days with BRL cells. Some blastocysts were transferred to recipient cows 7~8 days post estrus. The development rate to the blastocyst stage of serum starved cell-derived embryos was higher (25.3%) than that of actively dividing cells-derived embryos (15.9%), The rates of blastocyst formation were 23.1~25.0% after transfer of cell passaged 4 to 6 times, and 23.8 and 25.2% after transfer of fetal skin and liver cells, respectively. After embryo transfer, 34.4% and 15.6% of recipient cows were pregnant on Day 60 and 120, respectively, and one male calf was produced from skin-derived vitrified blastocyst. The result of this study showed that the development of cloned embryos. was enhanced by quiescent treatment, but did not different among the cells passaged 4 to 6 times, and between skin and liver cells. This result also confirms that offspring can be obtained from the vitrified clone embryo derived from fetal skin cell.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.161-178
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• 2017

Whereas the demand for development of forested areas covering more than 60% of Korean territory, permission on the forest development has been still given from the perspective of effective land utilization rather than conservation. As the assessment of large forested areas usually focuses more on forest structure, it has its limitation of observing and analyzing the interior change in forest in this way. This study was aimed at computing landscape metrics using a presence vegetation map and FRAGTSTATS 4.2 and analyzing vegetation mosaics. Colonies in native vegetation were classified into a series of major groups and sub-groups based on the native species within the colonies. The colonies were investigated by analyzing a suite of landscape metrics - Core Area, Percentage of Landscape, Number of Patches, Patch Density, Largest Patch Index, Total Edge, Edge Density, Landscape Shape Index, Mean Patch Area, Euclidean Nearest Neighbor. In the Chungnam province major groups and sub-groups of colonies classified based on the proportion of pine and oak species, and pine species was the principal one in terms of distribution area. As for the competition between pines and oaks, while the coverage of pine-centered colonies were three times larger than those of oak-centered ones, pine colonies showed the greater number of patches and therefore higher fragmentation than oaks at the major group level. For the sub-groups, the largest coverage colonies were not only indicated by Pinus densiflora-Quesrcus mongolica colonies among P. densiflora-centered colonies, Q. accutissima colonies among Q. accutissima-centered ones, Q. accutissima-P. densiflora colonies among Q. accutissima-centered ones, Q. mongolica colonies among Q. mongolica-centered ones, P. thumbergii colonies among P. thumbergii-centered ones, and Q. serrata-Q. acutissima colonies among Q. serrata-centered ones, but also revealed more severely mosaicked than other smaller colonies. The overall mosaicking degree estimated by landscape metrics was considered useful for monitoring and investigating vegetation. However, in order to develop management strategy based on analyzing the reason for the mosaicking process and anticipating a trend in vegetation succession, it is essential to further study about ecological characteristics of each colony in the vegetation.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 2007

One-node stem pieces ca. 1 cm in length containing a axillary bud and a fully expanded leaf were obtained from it in vitro plants of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Leaves were removed and the nodes were cultured on the MS medium to investigate the effects of temperature, day length, sucrose, and CCC in microtuber formation and development. The fresh weight of microtubers after 80 days increased significantly at 8% sucrose and $20^{\circ}C$ compared with $28^{\circ}C$. The tuberization and development were reduced at $28^{\circ}C$ except short-day treatment of 8 hours at 8% sucrose. The fresh weight and diameter were increased on the culture medium added CCC 500 mg/L. The potato tuberization was promoted under short daylength, and it showed great effect by treatment with the CCC. Though the tuberization was promoted at low temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ in a histologic change of an axillary bud part cell of a potato, the cells were able to observe the swelling growth. Swelling growth of tissue was stimulated in the darkness and was more remarkable by addition of CCC. In particular, in the visual ratio of cell division for each position in the tissue, the cortex part showed larger ratio of cell expansion than that of the pith part. The effect of CCC was identified at 8% sucrose in the darkness. The effect of CCC was not showed in sucrose 3% under long daylength of 16 hours. As a result, the fact of a substance with AGPase important for starch composition was certified by the result with the inclose of AGPase activity on high concentration of sucrose, CCC, and dark treatment by which tuber formation and development are promoted.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.261-267
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• 1999

Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the phosphorus (P) availability with cropping in soils where P were highly accumulated. Bray 1-P contents of the used three soils were 584, 695 and $1043P\;mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Corn ${\rightarrow}$ Chinese cabbage ${\rightarrow}$ Chinese cabbage ${\rightarrow}$ corn were sequentially grown from 1996 to 1998. P fertilizer was applied at three levels of 0 (P0), recommended application rate (P1), and double of recommended application rate (P2). At the end of each crop growth, available P content was determined by methods of Bray 1-P, Olsen-P and Lancaster-P. The growth of crops were not significantly affected by the rates of P applications. The relative yields of PO treatment were more than 88% of P1 treatment. The recoveries of added phosphorus were relatively low due to the high content of available phosphorus in soils. Although available phosphorus contents decreased through cropping, the concentration of soil available phosphorus was maintained high level even after the final cropping. In the case of P0 treatment in the three soils, the residual concentration was in the range of $410{\sim}610mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Bray 1-P, $284{\sim}410mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Olsen-P and $368{\sim}524mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Lancaster-P. The amount of soil available phosphorus decreased during the experiments was linearly regressed with high significance to the amount of P taken up by crops. The regressions of soil 1 as follow, Bray 1-P : y=149.7x=102.7, Lancaster-P : y=209.2x-140.2, Olsen-P: y=60.8x=19.9. The decrease rate of available phosphorus in the P0 treatment with cropping was described by an equation of first-order chemical reaction. The equation of soil1 was as follow: Bray 1-P: In(C)= -0.12N + 6.96 r=-0.991, Lancaster-P: In(C)= -0.14N = 6.88 r= -0.938, Olsen-P: In(C)= -0.07N = 6.37 r= -0.959. The rate constants seemed to be affected by ply, sand and silt content, and exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ concentration. The times of cropping needed to reduce the content of available P to half of the initial or to the index level could be predicted by using that equation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.62-69
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• 2009

This study aimed to analyze citizen awareness of the transforming of a former military site in the city into use as an urban park, and to determine the direction of park creation in the context of urban regeneration. The study focused on the city of Uijungbu, so-called "representative military city" of Korea, which has over eight US military army corps in CBD and which islocated on the northside of Seoul. The questionnaire survey was carried out in the year of 2006, during two months from 1 June till 30 July. The research was carried out by book review as a theoretical base and a questionnaire survey to analyze citizen awareness. The conclusions of this study were as follows. 1. Areas that have been transformed from a former military site to large urban parks for the promotion of economic, social, environmental, and aesthetical value in the context of urban regeneration include Downsview Park(Toronto, Canada), and Great Park(Irvine, CA U.S.A). 2. The citizens of Euijungbu emphasized having casual rest and recreational functions in an urban park, but were also concerned with the promotion of cultural image, activation of the city's economy, etc. 3. The citizens preferred to use the former military site for a park instead of for residential and commercial purposes to introduce cultural facilities and encourage economic activation. 4. All results of this study proposed to use the former military site for encouraging and activating the urban economy, cultural promotion, social reconciliation and aesthetic value by the transforming the site into a large, multi-use park in the context of urban regeneration.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.167-173
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to figure out the change of soil physical properties, rice growth and yield with the years of continuous cultivation in direct dry-seeding and no-tillage machine transplanting. Experiments were conducted at NHAES(National Honam Agricultural Experiment Station, RDA, Iksan, Cheon Buk Province, South Korea) with a rice variety "Dongjinbyeo" from 1995 to 2000. In no-tillage machine transplanting cultivation, organic matter in soil was higher than that on direct dry-seeding and was significantly high in topsoil. Problematic weed species were E. crus-galli B., A. keisak H., and L. japonica M. Plant height and tiller number m-2 were higher in common-tillage during the total growth duration. The highest weedy rice occurrence of 27.5% was observed in live years' continuous direct dry-seeding and followed by 6.2%, in four years', and 3.7%, in three years'. The highest yield reduction of 38% was observed in five years' continuous direct dry-seeding. The reduction may resulted from the competition between weedy rice and cultivated rice.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.186-194
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• 1998

Species composition and biomass of intertidal benthic algae were studied at the coast of Yonggwang Nuclear Power Plant area and its adjacent stations over 4 seasons (October 1995-August 1996), Of 68 species identified, 7 were Cyanophyta, 12 were Chlorophyta, 14 were Phaeophyta and 35 were Rhodophyta. The largest number of algal species (44) was found at Sangnok, the northernmost station of the study area, whereas the smallest number of species (15) was found from Tongho, ca. 13 km north of the power plant site. Number of species showed highest during the spring (44) and minimum was recorded in autumn (28). Biomass per unit area showed maximum in spring ($189.5\;g\;dry\;wt{\cdot}m^{-2}$ in average) and minimum in winter ($107.9\;g\;dry\;wt{\cdot}m^{-2}$ in average). Biomass values exhibited a wide range of variation among the stations, ranging from a low of $22.0\;g\;dry\;wt{\cdot}m^{-2}$ in annual average at Tongho to a high of $295.7g\;dry\;wt{\cdot}m^{-2}$ in average at Sangnok. Dominant species in biomass were Corallina pilulifera, Sargassum thunbergii, Gymnogongrus flabelliformis and Enteromorpha compressa. There have been little variation in the dominant algal species around the power plant site during the past 10 years and also these algae appeared throughout the west coast of Korea with higher frequency.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 1984

The elderberry was known to the ancients for its medicinal properties, and in Europe the inner back was formerly administered as a cathartic. The flowers contain a voletile oil, and serve for the distilation of elder-lower water, used in confectionery, perfumes and lotions. The leaves are employed to impart a green colour to fat and oil, and the leaves and bark emit a sickly odour, believed to be repugnant to insect. With its unique flavor and natural food colour, commercial processing companies used the fruit mainly in the making for jam, jelly, pies, juice, and wines. Its vitamin-C content is reported by Andross (1941) as 25-30mg/100g. Harvesting and processing have been mechanized to some extent. However, the cotains with nutritional value has not been reported yet. In the present study the various contains with nutritional value in the fresh elderberry juice is reported by the quantitative analysis. In this study results obtained can be summarized as follows. 1) The fresh elderberry juice contained following mineral elements; calcium 0.012%, magnesium 0.023%, potassium 0.10%, sodium 0.0019%, iron 0.0009%, cobalt 0.0002%, zinc 0.0004%, copper 0.0001%, phosphorus 0.036%, manganese 0.0006%, iodide $1{\mu}g/g$. 2) Five kinds of vitamines were also found ; vitamin-$B_1$ $0.1{\mu}g/g$, vitamin-$B_2$ $0.5{\mu}g/g$, vitamin-C 0.3mg/g, niacin $14{\mu}g/g$, choline chloride 0.3mg/g. 3) Fresh elderberry juice also contains crude protein 1.10%, fat 0.26%, carbohydrate 6.9%, pectin 0.76%, tannin 0.89%, ash 0.80%, water 90.9% and 34.3 cal/100g. 4) The absorption spectrum of the purplishblack color of fresh elderberry juice has a peak between 523-530mm.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2009

The compost leachate was dark-colored solution that leaches out of the bottom of the compost pile. The compost leachate was rich in nutrients and can potentially used in plant culture. In the organic production, commercial liquid fertilizer was used to insure the availability of nutrients during the formation of the yield. The cost of supplemental liquid fertilizer could be reduced by developing a fertilizer based on animal fertilizer. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different combination of compost leachate and conventional inorganic solution in hydroponic culture for lettuce growth. Six different treatments were applied. The compost leachate(CL) and nutrient solution(NS) were mixed by six different mixing ratios of 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40%, 80:20 and 100%:0% based on nitrogen content. The chemical nutrient solution was the solution of National Horticulture Research Station for the growth of leaf lettuce. The concentration of nutrient solution was adjusted 1.5 mS/cm in EC. The compost leachate was low in phosphorus(P), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), but rich in potassium(K). The plant height of lettuce treated with CL 20+NS 80% was similar with 100% NS of control plot. Plant height was highest in the plot of CL 20+NS 80%. The treatment of 100% compost leachate was lowest in the growth characteristics of leaf lettuce. Number of leaf was very low in 100% compost leachate compared with plot of chemical nutrient solution. In the beginning of growth stage, SPAD value was reduced in plot treated with CL100%, but CL20+NS80% plot was higher compared to 100% compost leachate. SPAD value of leaf lettuce leaves was decreased as the amount of CL was increased. The dry weight of lettuce were 107.4, 104.2g in plot of NS 100% and CL 20%+NS80%, respectively. The leaf number and plant weight were decreased at high application plots of compost leachate. The leaf lettuce showed lowest in the plot treated with 100% compost leachate, and the growth of lettuce severely decreased after application of 100% CL treatment. The results showed that compost leachate can be use as liquid fertilizer for the organic hydroponic production. The mixture solution of 20% of compost leachate and 80% of nutrient solution could be used as a nutrition solution in hydroponic culture of leaf lettuce. Our studies have shown that is possible to produce using compost leachate, although growth is slower than when using a conventional inorganic hydroponic solution.