• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.4-19
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• 2012

There remain many royal tombs of the Goryeo Dynasty in Gaeseong and Ganghwa. During the Goryeo Dynasty, these royal tombs were taken over tradition of tomb construction style from previous generation, and they completed their own inventive style. Furthermore they handed down those style to the Joseon Dynasty. The area of tomb was divided into 3 or 4 steps, and stone figures and T-shaped houses for sacrifice were arranged on each steps. It was the stone chamber of lateral opening style which had an entrance to southward, and it was formed as a rectangular box-shaped with a pile of stone walls and a flat ceiling. There was a coffin stand in the middle of floor, and traditional bricks were around them. The wall side and ceiling had been whitewashed and painted pictures. These are general characteristics for the tomb construction style of the Goryeo Dynasty. By the way, we can notice a number of features except those general things with inspection in detail. In early days, we confirmed 1step-parallel fulcrum ceiling, coffin stand of all in one stone, bier of burial artifact, and mural of plant material as a set, but they were changed as flat ceiling, Red-stone wall with rectangular stone, coffin stand set as stone pillar through the period of transitional form as of in the late 12th century. In case of several royal tombs, the fragments of king's epitaph which were confirmed from tombs could be defined owners clearly, and there were considerable timing difference between the large numbers of celadons which were excavated with the fragments of king's epitaph and recording chronologically of stone chamber structure. The reason for timing difference is that posterity artifacts were buried through repairing courses by occasion of destruction caused by robbing of the royal tombs. Meanwhile I inferred the existing hypothesis about owners of royal tombs and autonym ones in comparison the burial spot direction of hypothesis ones and outcomes of excavation. Therethrough, some hypothesis about owners of royal tombs such as Myung-neung which was assumed as tomb of the King Choongmok were not correct.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.23-37
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• 2008

Hyeunryungwon is a tomb for Crown Prince Sado, who was the father of King Jeongjo, the twenty second king of Joseon dynasty. The tomb had been originally in the Eastern part of Seoul, but was relocated in 1789 to the downtown Suwon, which was renowned as a good tomb site among the Royal family at that time. King Jeongjo looked through the records from the previous generations for the ideal location and direction for the tomb. He personally studied Feng Shui theory and designated its location and direction. He ordered for lavish decorations for the stone adornments of the surroundings of the grave mound, which was against the regulations of the royal family. He found his reasons in the precedent that allowed sumptuous decoration. However, for the arrangements of Jeongjagahk(T shaped building) and other attached facilities, he made unusual choice that other precedent royal tombs did not have. Instead of following the conventions that Jeongjagak should be facing south of a grave mound, he put it on the right side of grave mound. Also conventionally, Subokbang(a place where guards can stay) and Suragan(a kitchen that prepares food for sacrificial rites) should be facing symmetrically, but they too, were on the same side with Jeongjagak. It was a measurement that the grave mound of Hyeunryungwon can have a full view without being obstructed by other facilities and it was also personally ordered by King Jeongjo. The distinguishing features of Hyeunryuwon was motivated by King Jeongjo's filial affection, and his academic pursuit of precedent royal tombs initiated the unconventional and innovative challenges.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2020

This study focuses on the architectural changes of stele pavilion at the royal tombs of Joseon Dynasty. Throughout the survey on overall forty two stele pavilions, they were classified into basic type, expanded type, and 4-side corridor type. Basic type was usually used for general small stela, while expanded type was for extraordinarily large ones. 4-side corridor type, however, turned out to be used for both small and large stela and has appeared only during King Gojong period(高宗年間, 1863-1907). When it was first applied at Geonwolleung(健元陵) in 1870s, the purpose of 4-side corridor type seemed to stabilize the enlarged structure due to the size of the larger stele. Later, 4-side corridor type was repeated for small stela at Hongneung(洪陵) and Yureung(裕陵) in 1898 and 1904 respectively, to express higher dignity of Daehan Empire(大韓帝國). This type of plan continued to other pavilions in the center of Seoul such as Kinyeombijeon(紀念碑殿) and Seokgojeon(石鼓殿) that were built in 1903 with sophisticated proportion and multiple brackets. This architectural change implies that stele pavilion itself has become more significant than stele inside.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.69
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• pp.9-44
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• 2017

Seonsaengan(先生案) is the predecessor's lists. The list includes the names of the predecessor, the date of the appointment, the date of return, the previous job, and the next job. Therefore, previous studies on the local recruitment and Jungin (中人) that can not be found in general personnel information of the Joseon dynasty were conducted. However, the status and classification of the list has not been achieved yet. So this study aims to clarify the status, classification and data characteristics of the list. 176 books, are the Joseon dynasty lists of predecessors, remain to this day. These lists are in Jangseogak(47 cases), Kyujanggak(80 cases), the National Library of Korea(24 cases) and other collections(25 cases). Jangseogak has lists of royal government officials, Kyujanggak has lists of central government officials, and the National Library of Korea and other collections have lists of local government officials. However, this paper focuses on accessible Jangseogak list of 47 cases. As I mentioned earlier, the Jangsaegak lists are generally related to the royal government officails. This classification includes 18 central government officials, 5 local government officials, and 24 royal government officails. If the list is classified as contents, it can be classified into six rituals and diplomatic officials, 12 royal government officials, 5 local government officials, 14 royal tombs officials, and 10 royal education officials. Through the information on the list, the following six characteristics can be summarized. First, it can be finded the basic personal information about the recorded person. Second, the period of office and reasons for leaving the office and office can be known. Third, changes in the office system can be confirmed. Fourth, it can be looked at one aspect of the personnel administration system of the Joseon Dynasty through the previous workplace and the next job. Fifth, it is possible to know days that are particularly important for each government. Sixth, the contents of work evaluation can be confirmed. This is the reality of the Joseon Dynasty, which is different from the contents recorded in the Code. Through this, it is possible to look at the personnel administration system of the Joseon Dynasty. However, in order to carry out a precise review, it is necessary to make a database for 176 lists. In addition, if data is analyzed in connection with existing genealogy data, it will be possible to establish a basis for understanding the personnel administration system of the Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.219-228
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• 2008

Kangrung is a royal tomb for King Myoungjong and his wife, Queen Jeongsun. According the record, Myoungjong died on 1567 and was buried in the present location at Gongrungdong, Nowonku, Seoul. During the 2006 repair for the Jeongjagak (memorial hall) and Bigak (tombs' house) of Kangrung, a dendrochronological analysis had been conducted. We took 79 samples, 74 from Jeongjagak and 5 from Bigak, respectively, for dating. There were three major cutting groups, i.e., 1692-1694, 1737, and 1859-1861. The first group was well matched with the date of reconstruction, which was written on the 'Sangryangmun', a formal record about building activities. The tree-ring results confirmed that the present buildings of Jeongjagak and Bigak in Kangrung were reconstructed in 1695. The second and third cutting groups indicated major repairs in Bigak.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.73
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• pp.119-151
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• 2018

This paper is a study of the historical significance of The water and land ceremony performed by Bongeunsa temple in the Joseon Dynasty. The Bongeunsa temple was originally a hermitage named Geungseongam, which was located in the Hakdang-dong, Gwangju County, Gyeonggi Province. After that, Geungseongam was named as Geungseongsa temple. Geungseongsa temple was left in that position and acted as the Temples belonging to Royal Tombs(陵寢寺, TRT) of the King Sungjong, later the name of the temple was changed to Bongeunsa Temple. As a result of movement of the royal tomb of the Joongjong(靖陵) next to the royal tomb of Sungjong, the Bongeunsa was also used as a TRT of the Seonjeongneung royal tomb. After that, the grandson of the King Joongjong, crown prince Soonhoe early passed away, Buddhist shrine (願堂) was set in Bongeunsa temple. Bongeunsa temple remained as a royal prayer place, serving as a Buddhist shrine for crown prince Soonhoe and serving as a Jopo temples for Seonjeongneung royal tomb until the end of the Joseon Dynasty. From the time when it was called Geungseongam to the time after when it was renamed as Bongeunsa Temple, this temple performed The water and land ceremony. But the characters changed little by little. From the King Sejo to King Sungjong, The water and land ceremony characterized Consolation ceremony for the spirit of the dead for prince Gwangpyeong, King Sejong, Queen Soehan and served as the Buddhist memorial praying for the well being of the royal family and people. From the time of the King Yonsan to the time of King Myeongjong, The water and land ceremony had strong characters for Consolation ceremony for the spirit of the dead for King. In the late Joseon Dynasty, Bongeunsa Temple served as the royal party of The water and land ceremony. On the other hand, after the Manchu war of 1636, Bongeunsa Temple also served as the national water and land ceremony for the victims who were killed in the mountains of Namhan. In the Joseon dynasty, The water and land ceremony performed by Bongeunsa Temple was strongly directed for Consolation ceremony for the spirit of the dead for royal family members, and Bongeunsa Temple was maintained as a royal prayer throughout the Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

This paper investigates spatial composition and landscape characteristics of the royal tomb(Jangneung in Paju) where the 12th King(Injo) and the Queen(InnYeol) of the Joseon Dynasty are buried. Based on the investigations, the study suggests the management plan of the Royal tomb at the end. The study includes research on ancient literature and the on-site survey to estimate the ancient landscape architecture of the Royal tomb. Thereby, it is intended to provide the basic data for the identification, preservation, and restoration of the landscape architecture. As a result of the study, first, Jangneung is confirmed that it is a typical formal landscape structure of the Royal tomb in the Joseon Dynasty. Second, Ecological resources around the royal tombs are consistent with previous records and current field research. Third, although the Japanese colonial rule damaged much of the Royal tomb, it preserves much of its core facilities. However, the restoration of ancillary facilities is required, and a World Heritage Conservation Management Plan is required that complies with the ICOMOS Charter.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.252-271
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• 2022

This article examines the characteristics of the royal tombs of the late Silla Dynasty with the statues of the 12 animal deities(Zodiac) and estimates the process of change. The features of the statues show a difference in their combination in terms of continuity and similarity of the object in their hands. In addition, there is a difference in the shape of the face of the stone statue, and differences are observed in the orientation and aspect ratio of the statue according to the sculptural method. The characteristics of these statues are somewhat different from the previously studied protected-stone and manufacturing techniques. For example, the Zodiac statues that are flattened from high relief to low relief are known to be decorated in realistic expressions, but they tend to be treated as separate conditions because they do not match the change of the stone. In addition, there was a characteristic that did not show regular changes, such as appearing and disappearing again when there was no balustrade in the tomb. Summing up the characteristics of each part, the Zodiac statues are largely divided into curved angles and flat angles according to the sculptural technique, and the head orientation and clothing of the statue are related. They are divided into two categories and can be viewed as having temporality according to the aspect ratio. These characteristic changes are consistent with the continuity of features and changes in the object in the hands of the 12 Zodiac statues. Therefore, the number of faces with protected-stone changes were gradually increasing in trend. As a result, there is a possibility that the Gujeongdong Square-shape Tomb and King Jindeok Tomb are earlier royal tombs than the Wonseong Royal Tomb. Therefore, the royal tombs of the late Silla Dynasty have a complete, tomb structure, containing the 12 animal god statues, ceremonial spaces(拜禮空間), Shindo(神道), stone statues(石像), and tombstones. This can be understood as a basic motif for the royal tomb structures of Goryeo and Joseon.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.124-139
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• 2013

Choi Cheon-yak(about 1684~1755) is an artist who left the various artistic works such as sculptures of royal tombs, architectures. In addition, he was not only a skilled caster but also an able artisan carving jade in the early Joseon Dynasty period. Starting from making royal seals of King Suk-jong, he had made more than about 40 Royal seals until 1755. Choi Cheon-yak was well known as a skilled jade craftsman. Another of his great abilities was to carve subjects into ideal figures. In virtue of his greater abilities, he could take part in the process of constructing Royal tombs and sculpting the stone statues of military officials' which were erected at aristocrats' tombs. With these accumulated skills, when he was in charge of designing the folding screen stones for King In-jo's Jang Neong, he could even replace 12 animals system and clouds with peonies and lotus. Among his various abilities, his skill in carving a sculpture can stand comparison with any other contemporaries. His sculpture skill was at its zenith in 1752, the stone statues of military officials' at the Ui soseson's tomb count his showpiece that describes a model at the age of his late teens and is a realistic and portrayal sculpture, which met the royal family's dignity. In the same year, the stone statues of military officials' constructed by Choi Cheon-yak was elected in front of the Jo Hyen-myeong's tomb(1690~1752). This masterpiece referred to the armor of those of King Gong-min Neong and newly added a helmet and the patterns of a tortoise shell. These patterns of a tortoise shell were passed down to Park Moon-su's tomb in 1756 and Queen Jeong-sung's Hong Neung by his colleagues : Kim Ha-jeong and Byeon Yi-jin etc. He was one of the greatest sculptors in the $18^{th}$ century. People in Joseon praised him highly for his imaginative work from an amorphous object. Especially, these stone statues of military at Jo Hyeonmyeong's tomb shows the proofs of his supreme artwork.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.56-69
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• 2012

In this paper, we investigate the original space, the restoration and the construction methods of royal tombs of the Joseon dynasty Sejong who is one of the most respected kings by our people through old document. Yeongneung(英陵) where King Sejong and Queen Soheon is buried has a unique construction method and history of move which is as equally important as human history. It is estimated that there were documents which contains important materials of construction method in the time when the tomb is moved in 1468. Destroyed during Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 most of the records of Yeongneung's construction can be found almost no. Fortunately existing literature "朝鮮王朝實錄", "英陵補土所謄錄" written in 1786, "春官通考" written in 1788 and "英陵寧陵補土所謄錄" written in 1900 are used in this paper. As a result of examining these old documents, 1) Definition of tomb construction, 2) Space and layout of tomb, 3) Characteristics of tomb facilities, 4) Scale and contents of tomb construction, 5) Plants of tombs are included in this paper. World Heritage listed cultural facilities should be well preserved and careful consideration is required to use original construction methods during restoration. Accordingly this study conducted by examining old literature. Through this study including Yeongneung's construction characteristics, understanding of Yeongneung construction and restoration in the future is considered.