• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.125-136
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• 1998

This study is on the etiological factors of the obesity, symptoms of a disease caused by the etiological factors and the method of medical treatment resulted from symptoms of a disease, it is based on Dong-Yi Bo Gam. The conclusion of this study is as follows. 1. The final metabolic of fat is depend on the defensive energy. The shape of fatty layer is changed by the point where the defensive energy is replenish or not. So 'Goin(暠人)' 'Bein(肥人)' and 'Yuckin(肉人)' is made a discriminated and there is defferent between 'Besudaeso(肥瘦大小)' and 'Herlqidaso(血氣多少)'. 2. Etiological factors of obesity is ; essential substance from cereals overcome the primodial energy, spleen and stomach are strong at once, spleen and stomach are weak at once, spleen is disturbed by evil energy, retention of phlegm and fluid, muscle is weak, blood is excess but energy (qi)is weak, hua-sid(華食) eating the sweat food very often, a rich fatty diet. 3. To investigate each syndrome as etiological factons, essential substance from cereals overcome primodial energy is divided into two case: one is the food increase itself because of the weakness of stomach energy (qi), the other is not to digest the food because liver overact spleen by seven emotion. The obesity because of strengthen of the spleen and stomach at once do not feel hungry very well and spleen and stomach do not damaged easily by overacting. The obesity because of weakness of spleen and stomach at once, and disturbace in spleen cause by evil energy, gain the weight even if they eat food a little. Also it is hard to move four limbs. Weakness of muscle is weakness of spleen and stomach. Weakness of muscle is caused by weakness of spleen and stomach. That is the case of faining the weight because of eating food with an empty stomach. The obsity caused by retention of fluid has intestine rumbling and gain the weight suddenly. 4. The method of medical treatment fallowing to the etiological factors: The food is inclined to increase itself caused by weakness of stomach energy, In case of the obseity caused by this phenomenon. We can use Decoction for Reinforcing Middle wanner and Replenishing Qi(補中益氣湯), five tastes il-going-san(左味異功散) and so on. The method of medical treatment on obsity caused by strengthen of spleen and stomach is not referred yet. But we must investigate about using peptic powder(平胃散), ji-chul-huan(枳朮丸) for strengthen of stomach qi (胃氣). If the obesity appear caused by weakness of spleen and stomach and disturbance in spleen as to evil energy, and in the same time stomach qi is weak, we can use li-gong san(異功散). If not only obesity but also indigestion, we can use Decoction for naurishing the stomach and promotion eating(養胃進食湯). If not only obesity but also weakness of spleen and stomach, we can use Decoction for Reinforcing Middle warmer and replenishing Qi(補中益氣湯). The energy being weak, we can use Decoction for six noble drugs(六君子湯). If the obesity appear because of retention of fluid, we can use sin-chul-huan(神朮丸). On the obesit, caused by excess of blood and weakness of qi(血管氣虛), there is not method of mectical treatment yet, but the method of medical treatment that we count of first important maybe to invigorate the spleen and the lung qi and to disperse and recitify the depressed liver energy(疏肝利氣). The method of medical treament about the obesity caused by a rich fatty diet is not mentioned yet, but it is important to improve the lifestyle of food and we think that invigorate the spleen, and the lung-qi(補疏肝氣) and disperse and recitify the depressed liver-energy (??肝利機) amy count of first important. 5.There is useful medicine for weight down for example Herb tea(茶), red bean, wax gourd, etc. 6.The etiological factors of the obesity that revive frequently is weakness of qi(氣虛), from 形成氣衰, deficiency of yang, hasty of qi, damp and so on. The symptoms and sign of a disease that revive frequently to the obesity is appoplexia(中風), leucorrhea, reddish and whitish turbid, feeling of fullness in the upper abdomen, diabetes and so on.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2012

The objectives of this study were to evaluate oral health status of children in multicultural families and compare oral health behaviors of multicultural mothers with those of ordinary Korean families. The mothers' social characters, oral health behaviors and oral health status of children were investigated so that the data from this study can be utilized in developing programs for oral health care promotion especially designed for multicultural families. The subjects were 135 pairs of multicultural mothers and their children who participated in the community programs in suburban areas of Ik-san city and 168 pairs of ordinary Korean mothers and their children residing in Ik-san city. The results were as follows : 1. The dft index and dfs index of multicultural subjects were 4.17 and 6.67, respectively, while ordinary Korean subjects were found to have 2.69 and 4.63($p$ <0.05). 2. The frequency of tooth brushing per day of children from multicultural families was lower than that of children from ordinary Korean families($p$ <0.01). 3. The ratio of practice of oral health behaviors of mothers from multicultural families was lower than that of mothers from ordinary Korean families($p$ <0.01). Tooth brushing instructions were the most frequently carried out by multicultural mothers, which was followed by teaching the importance of oral health, restriction of carbohydrates, and dental check-ups. Significant correlations were not detected between mothers'oral health behaviors and children's dental caries experiences($p$ >0.05).

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.93-106
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• 2017

Objectives: This study is aimed to figure out Korean medicine doctors' recognition of Korean Medicine clinical practice guidelines (CPG) and clinical fields of treating primary dysmenorrhea before developing CPG for dysmenorrhea. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey targeting 515 Korean medicine doctors belonging to the Association of Korean Medicine by e-mail and analyzed the answers. Results: 81.2% of the respondents knew the concepts and contents of CPG, and 98.7% agreed about the necessity of CPG. 94.2% were willing to use CPG for dysmenorrhea in learning and treating. Average number of patients visiting the respondents' clinics for dysmenorrhea was 3.9, the main age group was 20s (63.1%), and the treatments the patients given before were mostly Western treatments such as pain killers and hormonal drugs. The respondents answered that they diagnosed patients with dysmenorrhea mainly with pattern diagnosis (41.6%), and treated them with herbal medicine (39.2%), acupuncture (31.6%) and moxibustion (22.6%) for 2-3 months. They answered that the acupoint they use most was San yin jiao, and the prescription was Gui-zhi-fu-ling-wan, They answered that the field considered to need further study was decoction of herbal medicine most (27.4%), and the field considered to need insurance coverage was also decoction of herbal medicine most (40.2%). Conclusions: We figured out Korean Medicine doctors' recognition of CPG, clinical diagnosis, treatment, cost for treating dysmenorrhea, and fields of clinical research and policy they required.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of newly marketed NRT instruments to maintain the original root canal configuration and curvature during preparation in comparison with the three existing instruments in simulated root canals. Simulated canals in resin blocks were prepared with ProFile. K3, ProTaper and NRT instrument (n = 10 canals in each case). Pre- and post-operative images were recorded, and assessment of canal shape was completed with a computer image analysis program. The data were analyzed statistically using the One-way ANOVA followed by Duncan s test. The ability or instruments to remain centered in prepared canals at 1-, 2-mm levels was significantly better in ProFile groups than in other groups (p < 0.05). The change of centering ratio in NRT groups at 5-mm level was significantly greater than ProFile group and at 6- and 7-mm level than all other groups (p < 0.05). Although the NRT system was comparable to other systems in regards to its ability to maintain the canal configuration of apical portion, this system was more influenced by the mid-root curvature due to its stainless-steel files for coronal preflaring.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.65-88
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• 2009

Objectives : There has not been the comparison research of medication on the Insomnia as the complementary significance of the Oriental-Western Cooperative Therapeutic Viewpoint so far. The aim of this preliminary research is to study Eastern and Western Medication Model for the Insomnia through the comparison of Oriental Medication based on "Sang Han Lon" and "Dong yui bo gam". Methods : The author researched oriental-western viewpoints and the present treatment condition of Sleep and Sleeping Pills with reference to Korean articles issued since 1975, dissertations, journals registered or candidated on KCI, alternative medicine journals on Pubmed, and books concerning Neuropsychiatry. In the field of Oriental medical study, this study was demonstrated on "The Oriental Medical textbook of neuropsychiatry", "Sang han lon", "Dong yui bo gam" and the present research trend. Results : In Oriental Medicine, Insomnia is treated according to si-jie-bu-shui-zung (思結不睡證) type, rong-xie-bu-zu-zung (榮血不足證) type, yin-her-nae-re-zung (陰虛內熱證) type, xin-dan-her-qie-zung (心膽虛怯證) type, dam-xian-yu-jie-zung (痰涎鬱結證) type, and wei-zhong-bu-he-zung (胃中不和證) type etc. In Western Medicine, Insomnia has been treated by Barbiturate over 60's and BZ over 70's. According to recent treatment on Insomnia, Zolpidem or Zaleplon, which is short-lived and has less side effects, is used much, and tri-cyclic antidepressants are prescribed on a chronic psycho-physiological insomnia. Conclusions : Generally, Insomnia is being treated by controlling whole ways. The oriental medication is less effective for sleep induction. On the contrary, that of western medication is very effective for sleep induction, but there are many possibilities of side effects. If this two mutual therapy is conducted cooperatively, more effective medical care might be expected. Therefore, it is considered that not only the oriental medical study for sleep induction, but the study of Oriental-Western Cooperative Therapy should be preceded to treat Insomnia from now on.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.189-203
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was to analyze characteristics of MMPI profile, personality and defensive mechanism on 32 Hwa-byeng patients. Methods : 32 Hwa-byeng patients and 28 normal control group were administered the MMPI. The characteristics of MMPI profile and the clinical scales of personality and defensive mechanism were analyzed statistically. Results : 1. Half of female Hwa-byeng patients are in their forties, twelve patients are high school graduates, housewives seem to have Hwa-byeng more than workers, and married ones have Hwa-byeng more than singles, divorcees or separated one 2. 60.6% patients are getting stressed from their husbands(the specific reasons are infidelity(55%), incapability(25%) and violence(20%)). And the rest are from in-law(28.8%), children(6.4%) and their own parents(3.2%). 3. MMPI profile of Hwa-byeng patients appeared as a type of 3-1 elevated by the scale of 3(Hy) and 1 (Hs). And Hwa-byeng patients appeared significantly high in the rest of scales except L, K, Mf and Ma scales comparing to control group. 4. Hwa-byeng patients were classified into 3 groups. First group is "V" type which is high in K scale and low in 3 (Hy), 4(Pd), 6(Pa). Second group is "V" type which is high in K scale and high in 3(Hy), 4(Pd), 6(Pa). Third group is high in F scale and high in 1(Hs), Z(D), 3(Hy), 4(Pd), 6(Pa), 7(Pt), 8(Sc) and 0(Si). 5. The analysis on MMPI profiles indicates that the thirties are highier in F scale than the fifties, the fifties are highier in Hy scale than the forties, workers are highier in Pd scale than housewives, singles or divorcees are highier in Pa scale than the married. 6. The characteristics of personality in Hwa-byeng patients are as follows. They are significantly lower in HST, NAR and very higher in CPS, PAG, DEP, STY, AVD, SZD comparing to control group. Especially in AVD and SZD scales are appeared the highest.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to understand middle school students' levels of cognitive conflict for the students provided quantitative demonstration and qualitative demonstration after the pre-test. 297 middle school students were selected from one school in Pusan. Action-reaction problem of mechanics and electric bulbs in parallel problem of electricity were used in the demonstration and the pre-test. Students' cognitive conflict levels were investigated using the developed items by Kwon(1999) et al. We compared cognitive conflict levels between quantitative demonstration group and qualitative demonstration group. In addition to, we compared cognitive conflict levels between students who changed their preconceptions and the students who adhered to their preconceptions. We investigated correlation between levels of faith with preconceptions and cognitive conflict levels. The study generated the following results. First, students who selected incorrect choice in pre-test showed the higher levels of cognitive conflict in quantitative demonstration group than qualitative demonstration group and students who selected correct choice in pre-test showed higher levels of cognitive conflict in qualitative demonstration group than quantitative demonstration group. Second, students who changed their preconceptions were higher levels of cognitive conflict than students who adhered their preconceptions. Third, students who selected incorrect choice in pre-test showed positive correlation between levels of faith with preconceptions and levels of cognitive conflict, and students who selected incorrect choice in pre-test showed negative correlation between levels of faith with preconceptions and levels of cognitive conflict.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.291-298
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• 2007

Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus is one of the most important cultured fish in Korea, its farming has been negatively impacted by viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Streptococcal infection was considered as a serious problem because of significant economic losses in olive flounder farm industry. The development and evaluation of vaccine for protection against infection by this agent were required. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of ${\beta}$-hemolytic Streptococcus (S.) iniae vaccine on olive flounder Three hundreds of flounders (weight $119.8{\pm}20.7g$, body length $22.6{\pm}1.4cm$) were reared in 0.5 tons aquaria in land-marine tank system. Seawater was provided from the sea of Inchon in Korea, and water temperature was set to $22^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ in the vaccination and challenge test, respectively. We used the formalin-inactivated ${\beta}$-hemolytic S. iniae (F2K) vaccine (M VAC INIAE; Kyoritsu seiyaku, Japan) originated in Japan. The vaccine was intraperitoneally administered to fish. Both of vaccinated group and control group were challenged with intraperitoneally injection by virulent S. iniae SI-36 isolates with $1.0{\times}10^7CFU/fish$ at 3 weeks after vaccination. Difference on mortality of control and vaccinated group (90.0 and 15.0%, 76.5 and 8.0% respectively) at two trials were found significant (p<0.05), and relative percent survival were 83.4% and 89.5%, respectively. The dead fishes were showed dark pigmentation of skin, abdominal extension, hemorrhagic ascites, and liver necrosis, and isolated the S. iniae strain from ascites, liver and kidney. We confirmed the safety and efficacy of ${\beta}$-hemolytic S. iniae vaccine by determinations of the optimal management condition and artificial challenge test in olive flounder.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2011

In this study, whitening activity of Lithospermum erythrorhizon extracts were investigated according to several extraction processes: water extraction at $100^{\circ}C$ (WE100) and $60^{\circ}C$ (WE60), 70% ethyl alcohol extraction (EE) and ultra high pressure extraction (HPE) at 500 MPa for 30 minutes at $60^{\circ}C$. The extracts from ultra high pressure extraction showed the highest tyrosinase inhibition and melanogenesis inhibition activities as 52% and 79.5%, respectively, in adding $1mg/m{\ell}$ than others extraction processes. HPE extracts also showed the strong reducing power as 3.19 that absorbance at 450 mm. The contents of polyphenol in WE100, we measured as $10.1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in adding $1mg/m{\ell}$. Extracts have a high total flavonoid contents by HPE as $4.1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ at $1mg/m{\ell}$. We can conclude that better whitening activity of extracts from high pressure extraction was due to high antioxidant activities which could be extracted by higher polyphenol and flavonoid contents in HPE than others.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.340-343
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• 1996

Background: In our hospital, stellate ganglion block(SGB) has been performed for the prevention and treatment of vasospasm after microscopic reimplantation of finger(s). If brachial plexus block(BPB) has the same effect of sympathetic block on the upper extremity as SGB, it may be preferable to the SGB because it povides postoperative analgesia and is administered continuously. So we measured and compared the change of skin temperature on the forearm as the parameter of sympathetic blockade after SGB and BPB. Methods: The forty-two patients, belonged to ASA class 1~2, were received BPB for hand surgery. The skin temperature was measured before and after BPB on the forearm with patient monitor(LN 6199, YSI 400 Series Temperature Probe, Hellige, Germany). After 24 hours, ipsilateral SGB was performed and skin temperature was recorded before and after SGB. Results: The increase of skin temperature after procedures was $1.1{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$(from $34.5{\pm}0.7^{\circ}C$ to $35.6{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$) in BPB and $0.6{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$(from $34.9{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ to $35.5{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$) in SGB. The changes of skin temperature in both blocks were statistically significant(p<0.01), and the skin temperatures after each procedure were revealed no significant difference(p$\simeq$0.62). Conclusion: We thought that BPB produced sympathetic blockade on the upper extremity as much as SGB. Moreover, it provides postoperative pain relief and may be employed as continuous BPB could be used for hand surgery with many advantages.