• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.275-285
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• 2010

Present state of nationwide marine facilities reported to 12 regional maritime affairs and port offices of MLTM in Korea for two years 2008 and 2009 was analyzed based on region and type of facilities, and national management plan was proposed in this study. As of the end of 2009, 8 types of marine facilities were reported to Yeosu regional maritime affairs and port office, while only 3 types of facilities were reported to Pohang, Daesan and Jeju regional offices, respectively. Oil and noxious liquid substances storage facilities belonged in the type of facility which was reported to all of 12 regional offices, and ranged from 11 facilities reported to Pyeongtaek regional office to the respective 38 facilities to Yeosu and Masan regional offices. In pollutants storage facilities, 4 facilities were reported to Masan regional office, 2 facilities to Donghae and Mokpo regional offices, respectively, 1 facility to Yeosu, Gunsan and Pyeongtaek regional offices, respectively, and none of facilities to the other regional offices. Ship construction, repair and scrap facilities belonged in the type of facility which was reported to all of 12 regional offices, and 45% of the facilities were concentrated in Southeastern Sea of Korea centering around Busan and Masan. In cargo handling facilities, 3 facilities were reported to Busan and Masan regional offices, respectively, 1 facility to Daesan regional office, and none of facilities to the other regional offices. In wastes storage facilities, 5 facilities were reported to Ulsan regional office, 4 facilities to Gunsan regional office, 2 facilities to Incheon regional office, 1 facility to Yeosu regional office, and none of facilities to the other regional offices. 65% of nationwide water intake and drainage facilities were concentrated in the areas of Pohang and Mokpo, and 78% of nationwide fishing spots at play were concentrated in the area of Masan. In other marine facilities, 4 facilities were reported to Donghae regional office, 3 facilities to Masan regional office, 2 facilities to Yeosu and Pyeongtaek regional offices, respectively, 1 facility to Incheon and Ulsan regional offices, respectively, and none of facilities to the other regional offices. In integrated marine science base facilities, 3 facilities were reported to Jeju regional office, 1 facility to Yeosu, Ulsan and Gunsan regional offices, respectively, and none of facilities to the other regional offices. The management based on the circumstances of regional offices, the management based on the characteristics of the type of facilities, the amendment of the relevant rules and regulations, facility owner's full knowledge and observance of the relevant rules and regulations with regard to the relevant type of facilities, and positive management actions from national point of view were proposed for national management plans of marine facilities.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2007

The morphology of gonad and reproductive cycle of ribbed gunnel (Dictyosoma burgeri) were investigated on the basis of histological observation. The specimens were monthly sampled in the coastal waters of Jeju from November 2001 to February 2003. The ovaries and testis of this species are categorized as cystovarian and lobule type, respectively. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of female increased in November and maintained high values from December to February. The GSI of male was similar to that of female although it was decreased in February. The reproductive cycle can be grouped into the following successive stage in the ovary: growth (October to November), mature (November to February), spawning (January to February), and degenerating and recovery (March to September). And in the testis, the stage observed were: multiplication (August to November), growth (November to January), mature and spawning (November to February), and degenerating and recovery (January to September). The minimum maturation size of D. burgeri was over 15.0 cm and fecundity ranged from 2,194 to 6,581 eggs. The relationship between the fecundity and fish body was calculated in the fecundity (F) equation as: $F=0.4057TL^{3.1425}$ ($R^2=0.7621$) for total length (TL); $F=149.88BW^{0.9579}$ ($R^2=0.7982$) for body weight (BW), respectively. The fecundity was correlated positively with TL and BW. The histological observations of the gonads suggested that major spawning of this species probably occurs between January to February, when low water temperature ($13{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$) period.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.237-245
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• 2004

The physicochemical and physiological activities of domestic garlic from 3 different areas (Namhae, Jeju and Uiseong) were analyzed. The contents of moisture, ash, crude protein and crude fiber in garlic were little different in 3 kinds of area. Total sugar and water soluble phenolic compounds were higher in garlic from Namhae. The free sugars found in garlic were fructose, sucrose and lactose. Five kinds of organic acids were determined. Malonic acid and citric acid contents in garlic from Namhae were 23.7${\pm}$1.16 mg% and 22.1${\pm}$0.82 mg%, respectively. Total mineral content of garlic samples were in a range of 7112.6～9067.3 mg%, the potassium content showed the highest concentration (4117.3${\pm}$7.19～5175.3${\pm}$9.61 mg%). The electron donating abilities in 0.2% of garlic from Namhae and Uiseong showed 46.2${\pm}$1.25% and 37.0${\pm}$1.l6%, respectively. The nitrite scavenging effect was measured at different conditions (pH 1.2 and 4.2). The nitrite scavenging effects were higher at pH 1.2, and reached more than 95% by adding 0.2% and 0.1 % of garlic juice at pH 1.2. Addition 0.02～0.001 % garlic juice in showed the SOD-like activities. Its activity of garlic from Namhae. was a range of 6.0${\pm}$0.37～14.4～0.69%. It was found that 0.2% and 0.1% garlic showed strong antimicrobial action against growth of all the tested bacteria. Antimicrobial action. was showed 74.7${\pm}$0.70% and 51.7${\pm}$1.l1% on Sal. typhimurium in 0.2% of garlic from Namhae and Uiseong and 28.6${\pm}$0.90% on B. subtilis in garlic from Jeju.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.287-297
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• 2019

This study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and whitening effect of Hordeum vulgare L. extracts and their fractions. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in fractions were varied from 13.58 to 40.06 mg GAE/g and 7.67 ~ 13.67 mg CE/g, respectively. Among the three fractions(chloroform, hexane, and water), $400{\mu}g/mL$ of the chroloform fraction showed similar antioxidant activity to ascorbic acid ($30{\mu}M$) against the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The chloroform and hexane fractions inhibited the NO production of RAW 264.7 cells similar to quercetin ($15{\mu}M$) and the chloroform fraction of $100{\mu}g/mL$ significantly reduced IL-6, iNOS and COX2 gene expression. Additionally, the chloroform fraction inhibited ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase degranulation, IL-4, and IL-13 gene expression in RBL-2H3 cells. All of the fractions inhibited tyrosinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner, and the hexane fraction at $50{\mu}g/mL$ and the chloroform fraction at $100{\mu}g/mL$ significantly inhibited melanin production of B16F10 cells. These results indicated that H. vulgare L. can be used as an effective cosmetic ingredient having anti-inflammation and whitening activity.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.383-392
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• 2007

The water soluble components were analyzed in the $PM_{2.5}$ fine particles collected at the 1100 site of Mt. Halla for the spring seasons between 1998 and 2004. The $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentrations were within $13.4{\pm}9.6{\sim}21.7{\pm}20.0{\mu}g/m^3$, and the concentrations of ionic components were in the order of nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}$ > $NH{_4}{^+}$ > $NO{_3}{^-}$ > $Ca^{2+}$ > $K^+$ > $Na^+$ > $Cl^-$ > $Mg^{2+}$, in which the concentration of nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}$($3.41{\pm}2.42{\mu}g/m^3$) was the highest. The concentrations of $NH{_4}{^+}$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, and $NO{_3}{^-}$, the secondary pollutants, were respectively 0.60~1.50, 2.86~4.42, and $0.24{\sim}1.57{\mu}g/m^3$, which had occupied 88 % of the total ionic components, on the other hand, the concentrations of marine species were less than 5 %. The nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}$ showed the high correlation with $NH{_4}{^+}$, $K^+$, so that $NH{_4}{^+}$ and nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}$ might exist in the form of $(NH_4)_3H(SO_4)_2$ and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ in fine particles. From the backward trajectory analysis, in case of high concentrations of $NH{_4}{^+}$ and nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}$ simultaneously, the air masses were originated and stagnated at the east region of China for a while, then moved into the atmosphere of Jeju. However, in case of $NO{_3}{^-}$ and nss-$Ca^{2+}$, the air masses originated at China and Siberia were moved into Jeju via the eastern China.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.220-230
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• 1992

Soil temperature is one of the important environmental factors which control all the physical, chemical and biological processes in soil including germination and root growth of plants and other organisms living in the soil ecosystem. Soil water and nutrient availability and mobility are temperature dependent. Soil temperature change is depended primarily upon energy exchange in soil surface, meteorological variance and physical properties of the soils which are closely related to heat transfer mechanism. In this study physical properties including bulk density, soil texture and organic matter content were measured and thermal diffusivity on the soils was calculated. Soil samples from the 66 meteorological stations under the Korea Meteorology were collected and the physical parameters were measured. To obtain relationship between thermal diffusivity and soil water content a heat probe thermal diffusivity measurement apparatus was designed and used in this experiment. According to the survey on soil physicsal properties on the 66 meteorological stations, the 52% of the surface soil texture were sandy loam and laomy sand or sand, 38% were loam and silty loam, and 10% were clay loam and silty clay loam. The bulk density which was closely related with thermal properties showed average of $1.41g/cm^3$ for sandy soils, $1.33g/cm^3$ for loam and silty loam soils, and $1.21g/cm^3$ for clay loam and silty clay loam soils. The apparent thermal diffusivity of the upper layer from 0 to 30cm ranged from 1.16 to $8.40{\times}10^{-3}cm^3/sec$ with average of $3.53{\times}10^{-3}cm^3/sec$. The apparent thermal diffusivities of the Jeju soils of which organic matter contents were high and the bulk densities were low were near $2{\times}10^{-3}cm^3/sec$. The thermal diffusivity of snow measured in Chuncheon ranged from 0.822 to $2.237{\times}10^{-3}cm^3/sec$. The damping depth calculated from the thermal diffusivity ranged from 5.92 to 13.65cm for daily basis and 124 to 342cm for yearly basis. The significant regression equation to estimate thermal diffusivity with bulk density and soil water content was obtained by the heat probe in laboratory.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제44권10호
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• pp.1492-1503
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• 2015

This study evaluated the combination effect of various freezing and thawing techniques on the quality and nutritional aspects of onions. Onions were frozen by natural air convection freezing (NCF), air blast freezing (ABF), and liquid nitrogen freezing (LNF). Onions were frozen for 76 min by NCF, 9 min by ABF, and 9 min by LNF. The freezing treatment was stopped when the core temperature reached $-12^{\circ}C$ for NCF and ABF, and $-120^{\circ}C$ for LNF. Frozen samples were thawed through natural air convection thawing, running water thawing, sonication thawing (ST), or microwave thawing. The quality and nutritional aspects of frozen-thawed onions were evaluated by measuring thawing loss, pH, texture, water content, color, and SEM image. ST was found to cause the least loss in onion sample among the tested thawing methods, whereas the freezing methods did not cause any significant loss. In our experiment, thawing is found to be a more critical technique when compared to that of freezing. There were no clear quantifications or trends of pH and water content among different freezing and thawing techniques. The highest total color difference (${\Delta}E$) was observed in the NCF sample. For morphological observation, ABF gave the smallest ice crystal size, as well as minimum cell collapse. Loss of vitamin C, free sugar, and organic acid content was lower in the ABF and ST sample, when compared to other trials. In our study, we found that combination of ABF and ST could preserve the quality and nutritional aspects of frozen-thawed onions better than other methods.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2017

We investigated the effects of rising temperatures on the photosynthesis, mineral composition, and growth of radish (Raphanus sativus var. hortensis) in a winter cropping system using a temperature gradient tunnel to predict the impact of rising global temperatures. Vegetative growth, including shoot and root fresh and dry weights, shoot length, and root length and diameter, was high under elevated temperatures (ambient $+4^{\circ}C$ and $+7^{\circ}C$) compared with ambient temperature. At elevated temperatures, the N, P, Ca, Mg, and Fe contents were high in shoots, whereas in roots, the K, Ca, Mg, and Fe contents were high and the Cu content was low. The maximum photosynthetic rates ($22.1{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ at ambient temperature $+4^{\circ}C$ and $22.9{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ at ambient temperature $+7^{\circ}C$) at elevated temperatures were more than twice that ($9.7{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) at ambient temperature, whereas the water use efficiency was lower at elevated temperatures. These results suggest that rising global temperatures will lead to increased mineral absorption and photosynthesis in radish in winter cropping systems, subsequently favoring plant growth, although the water requirements will be high.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.323-334
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• 2007

We analyzed the ocean environmental data from water sample and automatic measurement instruments with the Incheon-Jeju passenger ship for 18 times during 4 years from 2001 to 2004. The objectives of this study are to monitor the spatial and temporal variations of ocean environmental parameters in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea using water sample analysis, and to compare and analyze the reliability of automatic measurement sensors for chlorophyll and turbidity using in situ measurements. The chlorophyll concentration showed the ranges between 0.1 to $6.0mg/m^3$. High concentrations occurred in the Gyeonggi Bay through all the cruises. The maximum value of chlorophyll concentration was $16.5mg/m^3$ in this area during September 2004. The absorption coefficients of dissolve organic matter at 400 nm showed below $0.5m^{-1}$ except those in August 2001 During 2002-2003, it did not distinctly change the seasonal variations with the ranges 0.1 to $0.4m^{-1}$. In the case of suspended sediment (SS) concentration, most of the area showed below $20g/m^3$ through all seasons except the Gyeonggi Bay and around Mokpo area. In general SS concentration of autumn and winter season was higher than that of summer. The central area of the Yellow Sea appeared to have lower value $10g/m^3$. The YSI fluorometer for chlorophyll concentration had a very low reliability and turbidity sensor had a $R^2$ value of 0.77 through the 4 times measurements comparing with water sampling method. For the automatic measurement using instruments for chlorphlyll and suspended sediment concentration, McVan and Choses sensor was greater than YSI multisensor. The SeaWiFS SS distribution map was well spatially matched with in situ measurement, however, there was a little difference in quantitative concentration.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.384-389
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• 2010

Outbreak of contagious diseases to livestock animals is becoming prevalent worldwide and consequently, tremendous numbers of the infected or culled stocks are buried on the ground as the most common disposal method. The buried animals can generate a wide range of detrimental components such as leachate, nutrient salts, and pathogenic bacteria, consequently contaminating the surround environment. This implies that regular investigations are required to monitor any possible detrimental environmental aspect occurred around burial sites. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate whether the soil and groundwater nearby the burial sites had been contaminated by the substances originated from the burial sites, which can be applied for the establishment of the ideal burial site construction design and post management scheme. For this, two different burial sites located in Cheonan and Pyeongtaek were selected. Cheonan and Pyeongtaek sites were constructed in 2004 and 2008, respectively and both contained dead poultry infected by avian influenza (AI). Soil and groundwater samples were collected around the sites followed by determination of the nutrient concentrations and bacteria (Salmonella, Camphylobacter, and Bacillus) existence in both soil and groundwater. Some of the soil samples showed higher EC, $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N concentration compared to those of the background (control) soils. Also the concentration of $NH_4$-N in some of the groundwater samples appeared to exceed the USEPA guideline value for drinking water (10 mg $L^{-1}$). These results indicated that the soil and groundwater were influenced by the burial site originated nutrients. In the soil, Bacillus was isolated in most soil samples while there were no detections of Salmonella and Camplylobacter. Due to the Bacillus existing mainly as a spore in the soils, it was considered that the frequent detection of Bacillus in the soil samples was attributed to the nutrients originated from the burial sites.