• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2012

To assess parameters of mating system in seed orchard, such as outcrossing rates, number of potential pollen contributors, and degree of pollen contamination, seeds, produced in '77 plot of the Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora S et Z) seed orchard at Anmyeon island, were collected in 2007 and analysed by nSSR and cpSSR markers. Estimates of outcrossing rates ranged from 91.2 to 100% (mean 97.7%) on the basis of the analysis of cpSSR haplotypes and from 81.6 to 100% (mean 95.3%) on the basis of the analysis of nSSR genotypes. By cross checking of both DNA markers, seeds, presumed to be products of self pollination on the basis of single marker, were confirmed as outcrossed seeds, which resulted in cumulative outcrossing rates of 98.9%. On the basis of pooled cpSSR haplotype of each seed, the number of pollen contributors and paternal contribution rates were estimated as 14.8 and 0.512, respectively. In conclusion, considering pretty high level of outcrossing rates observed in a seed orchard, good genetic potential of the seeds, produced in '77 plot of the seed orchard of Japanese red pines at Anmyeon island, may be guaranteed. Investigated results from the analysis of mating system of Japanese red pines in a '77 plot of the seed orchard may also be expected to provide useful information for the management and establishment of the seed orchard of the progressive generation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.344-352
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• 2010

To investigate the mating system of clones in the seed orchard of Japanese red pine, parameters of mating system, such as outcrossing rates, number of potential pollen contributors, and degree of pollen contamination, were estimated in the seed orchard of Japanese red pines on the basis of DNA data including 4 nSSR and 6 cpSSR markers. Estimates of outcrossing rates were ranged from 94.9 to 100% with an average of 98.9% on the basis of the analysis of cpSSR haplotypes. They were ranged from 90.3% to 100% with an average of 95.9% on the basis of the analysis of nSSR genotypes. However, cross checking of both DNA markers revealed that the seeds presumed to be products of self pollination were turned out to be generated by pollination between mother tree and other tree (i.e., 100% of cumulative outcrossing rate). Estimates of pollen contamination ranged from 43.6% (Gangwon-10) to 56.4% (Gangwon-12) with the average of 48.9%. On the basis of pooled cpSSR haplotype of each seed, maximum number of 21 pollen contributors were verified from the seeds reproduced by Kyungbuk-38. Minimum number of 13 pollen contributors were verified in Gangwon-10. Mean of 16.2 pollen contributors were verified from a total of 5 mother trees. In conclusion, considering pretty high outcrossing rates between clones within a seed orchard, it may be expected that a fairly good genetic potential of the seeds, produced in '77 plot of the seed orchard of Japanese red pines at Anmyeon island, may be guaranteed. Observed results from the analysis of mating system of Japanese red pines in a '77 plot of the seed orchard may also provide useful information for the establishment and management of the seed orchard of the progressive generation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.71 no.1
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• pp.74-81
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• 1985

Dimension analysis was used to estimate biomass and net primary production(NPP) in a 36-year-old Japanese red pine (Pines densiflora S. et Z.) natural forest in Kangwondo. Best estimation was made by the equation model of $Wt=aD^bH^c$ where Wt is weight in kg, D is DBH in cm, and H is total tree height in m. Total aboveground biomass was estimated at 198.82 t/ha. Organic matter was distributed in the Japanese red pine stand as follows ; bolewood 68.8%, live branches 16.5%, bolebark 5.4%, foliage 4.6%, dead branches 3.7%, and cones 0.6%. Net primary production was estimated at 15.87 t/㏊/yr and was distributed: bolewood 44.5%, live branches 30.9%, foliage 14.1%, current twig 7.1%, and bolebark 3.3%. Leaf efficiency was estimated at 1.876. The power equation for biomass and IVPP yielded similar results as the results for Pines densiflora in Japan.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to identify the species of wood members used in the Keunjungjeon Hall, main building of the Kyungbok palace in Seoul. The total 144 samples consist of 52 from pillars and 92 from other wood members. Only two species were identified, which were Abies holophylla Max. (needle fir) and Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. (Japanese red pine). For the pillars, A. holophylla were more abundantly used than P. densiflora. Among 20 outer pillars ('Pyeongju'), 11 were A. holophylla, and 9 were P. densiflora. Among 12 inner pillars ('Naejinkoju'), 7 were A. holophylla, and 5 were P. densiflora. Among 4 inner corner pillars ('Gwikoju'), 3 were A. holophylla and 1 was P. densiflora. For 92 other wood members, only 2 purlins were A. holophylla and the others were all P. densiflora. The results suggest that the common opinion 'Palace buildings of Korea are made from red pine woods' should be corrected. We think that fir logs might be used for the pillars instead of pines because long and straight pines were not available during 1860s due to heavy utilization of pines as construction and fuel materials in the late Chosun period.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.274-280
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to identify the species of coffin woods excavated at Mundangdong in Gimcheon and to date this coffin by using tree-ring method. All coffin woods were identified as red pines, most possibly, Pinus densiflora S. et Z. Tree-ring dating provided absolute years of 3 among 19 coffins. Both I-9 and II-22 coffins were estimated to be made in the mid-seventeenth century, and I-65-1 in the mid-sixteenth century. Others possessed too few rings to be dated.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2005

The study was designed to learn about features of landscape trees and shrubs on an exclusive area-specific outer space planting plan in Noeun Apartment Complex in Daejeon Metropolitan City. the exclusive areas were no more than $60m^2$ and $85m^2$ and the landscape areas ranged from 15% and 30%, respectively according to exclusive area-to-plottage ratios. The study showed that trees were likely to be more densely planted in exclusive areas not exceeding $60m^2$ than in exclusive areas over $85m^2$. It also found that the greater the exclusive areas were, the larger the number of species became. Regardless of the size of an exclusive use, however, the species number of evergreen trees and shrubs remained small, while there was no remarkable difference in vegetation due largely to a massive influx of special trees or shrubs such as Eastern white pines (Pinus strobus) and Korean azaleas (Rhododendron yedoensis var. poukhanense). The introduction of trees with the height over four meters and the diameter of breast height (DBH) exceeding 15 meters was strictly limited to Japanese red pins (Pinus densiflora) and Japanese zelkovas (Zelkova serrata). In conclusion, it is necessary for us to introduce fresh species of trees and especially develop evergreen trees and shrubs to make the environment of the apartment complex more comfortable and make a vegetation experience feasible.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to conduct the species identification and tree-ring dating of Lotus Pedestal of the Amitabha Statue at Ssangbong-Temple in Hwasun. The six wood blocks used for the Lotus Pedestal were hard pines (Pinus spp.; diploxilon) except one piece which was ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.). The lotus leaves surrounding the pedestal body were also made of ginkgo. Tree-ring patterns of 3 blocks were synchronized and a 133 years chronology was made. The chronology was crossdated well with the master chronology of Japanese red pine in South Korea. It dated back to A. D. 1551~1683, i.e. the last ring dated A. D. 1683. Through the estimation of the number of sapwood rings removed during carving, the felling year was calculated A. D. $1704{\pm}10$. The calligraphic writing on the Pedestal indicated that this statue was made in A. D. 1694. Therefore, the accuracy of the tree-ring dating has been proven.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.84-94
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• 2013

This study scrutinizes the titles of serial poems on Japanese Apricot, which have lucid characters on season and time changes, having been appreciated and recited by the scholars in the Choseon Dynasty era and analyses the records of Zhang zi(1153~1235), a writer in Song(宋) Dynasty in China, having presented the objects harmonizing perfectly with Japanese Apricot. The results of this study categorizes the objects of Japanese Apricot appreciation and establishes the landscape characteristics on Japanese Apricot appreciation affiliated with as follows. First, the objects of Japanese Apricot appreciation are categorized into 'form of blossoms', 'natural feature(景物)', 'place of tree planting', 'the picturesque scene(景色)' and 'behavior'. Second, the scholars regarded the single trees whose branches are grotesque as the objects of appreciation and enjoyed them. They preferred white and single petal Japanese Apricot and admired red Japanese Apricot which has Taoism images. Third, they admired pines and camelias which represent fidelity and strength and valued Japanese Apricot with cranes which remind themselves of solitary scholars. Fourth, they appreciated the images of Japanese Apricot reflected on the water, and the poetically inspiring atmosphere where the trees are planted by the window. Fifth, the moon and snow were crucial weather conditions for appreciating. cold weather and time from night to dawn were ideally suited for enjoying. Sixth, they enjoyed blossoms in various fashions like bottling(甁梅), potting(盆梅), green-housing(龕梅), searching(龕梅) and black-and-white painting(墨梅) with a view to seeing blossoms earlier than the usual flowering time. Moreover, they used paper drapes, bead curtains, mirrors and ice lamps for active appreciation. They also listened to the sound of Piri(wind) and Geomungo(string), played go and drew tea with noble and elegant beauties when they enjoyed Japanese Apricot. The scholars influenced by the neo-Confucianism, which contemplates the objects, attached the specific sentiments like memories, grieves, dreams and farewells to Japanese Apricot and appreciated them. As stated above the scholars enjoyed the landscape including the picturesque scene like climate-weather, time-season and human behaviors not to mention the physical beauty of Japanese Apricot themselves and objects in company with Japanese Apricot including animals and plants.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3 s.131
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• pp.64-71
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• 2005

In this study, we attempted to apply ultrasonic treatment for the preservative treatment of two softwood species, Korean pine and Japanese red pines to evaluate its effectiveness. Wood samples were submerged in oilborne preservative, copper naphthenate (NCU) and waterborne preservative, alkyl ammonium compound (AAC) and then treated with ultrasonic wave of 40 kHz, 400 W. After the treatment, the retention and penetration depth of these preservatives in the specimens were measured as a function of treatment time. Both the retention and penetration depth were continuously increased with increasing the treatment time up to 120 hours, where the retention reached about 95% by the application of AAC and the penetrating depth of 95% and 83% by the application of NCU, respectively for both species. The results of electronic microscopic observation showed that the improved retention capacity could be attributed to air deflation, wood extractive deflation working of ultrasonic wavelength, and destruction of wood pits which served as the pathway of preservatives. The results suggested that the use of ultrasonic treatment could be applied to thick wood veneers for the production of laminated wood products.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.2
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• pp.119-127
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• 1997

Japanese red pines growing along the Taebaek mountains have been called "Kangsong" and considered to be superior in growth and wood quality. An attempt was made to determine whether their boundaries for planting may be expanded by testing their early growth at eight experimental plantations of the Republic of Korea. Seeds were collected from the six different natural populations including Uljin in Kyongbuk province. For the provenance test, they were planted in eight different regions including Taean in the spring of 1987. Experimental planting was a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Height growth was measured at the ages of 2, 4, and 6 after planting, and the diameter at root collar at the age of 6 after planting. Significant variation in height growth was observed among the plantations. The height growth measured at the age of 6 after planting showed a positive correlation with the latitude of the test plantation, and the contents of phosphate, potassium and calcium in the soil. A negative correlation, however, was observed between the longitude of the test plantation and height growth. Ponghwa provenance appeared to be the best among the provenances in that the trees from the area grew 16% better in volume growth than the average of all the trees tested in the study, while the worst one was Kyongju from which trees grew 11% less than the average.