• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2010

수확기 벼의 간장은 모든 처리구에서 비슷하게 생육하였으나 수장은 녹비환원구의 70% 시비구(17.5 cm)에서 관행재배구(16.4 cm)보다 촉진시켰다. 수확기 벼의 지상부 잎과 줄기의 생체중은 유채 잔유물 녹비환원구의 30% 시비구에서 관행재배구와 비슷한 수준이었다. 벼의 건물중에서도 생체중과 비슷하였으며, 녹비환원구의 70% 시비구에서는 이삭중을 19% 증가시켰다. 또한 유채 잔유물의 환원에 따른 벼의 주당수수와 1수영화수는 관행재배구에 비해 녹비환원구의 70% 시비구에서 비슷하거나 오히려 증가하였다. 한편 벼의 등숙율은 관행재배구의 91%와 비교하여 유채 잔유물 환원구에서 낮아지는 것(79-85%)으로 나타났으나, 정조수량은 유채 잔유물 환원구의 70% 시비구에서 496.4 g/pot으로 가장 높았다. 각 처리구별 벼의 수량으로부터 산출한 수량지수는 녹비환원구의 70% 시비구에서 125.4로 관행재배구보다 수량이 증가하였다. 잡초발생량은 관행재배구에서 37본으로 가장 많았으며, 유채 잔유물 환원구에서는 11.7-15.7본으로 관행재배구보다 현저히 감소시켰다. 잡초의 건물중은 관행재배구의 25.1 g/pot에 비해 유채 잔유물 환원구의 시비량이 많은 처리구부터 각각 11.8, 12.2 및 6.0 g/pot으로 현저히 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.5825-5831
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• 2013

Background/Objectives: Maintenance of cellular function in culture is vital for transfer and development following adoptive immunotherapy. Dual properties of IL-21 in activating T cells and reducing activation induced cell death led us to explore the mechanism of action of IL-21 enhanced proliferation and cytotoxic potential of CIK cells. Method: CIK cells cultured from PBMCs of healthy subjects were stimulated with IL-21 and cellular viability and cytotoxicity to K562 cells were measured. To elucidate the mechanism of action of IL-21, mRNA expression of cytotoxic factors was assessed by RT-PCR and protein expression of significantly important cytotoxic factors and cytokine secretion were determined through flow cytometry and ELISA. Western blotting was performed to check the involvement of the JAK/STAT pathway following stimulation. Results: We found that IL-21 did not enhance in vitro proliferation of CIK cells, but did increase the number of cells expressing the CD3+/CD56+ phenotype. Cytotoxic potential was increased with corresponding increase in perforin ($0.9831{\pm}0.1265$ to $0.7592{\pm}0.1457$), granzyme B ($0.4084{\pm}0.1589$ to $0.7319{\pm}0.1639$) and FasL ($0.4015{\pm}0.2842$ to $0.7381{\pm}0.2568$). Interferon gamma and TNF-alpha were noted to increase ($25.8{\pm}6.1ng/L$ to $56.0{\pm}2.3ng/L$; and $5.64{\pm}0.61{\mu}g/L$ to $15.14{\pm}0.93{\mu}g/L$, respectively) while no significant differences were observed in the expression of granzyme A, TNF-alpha and NKG2D, and NKG2D. We further affirmed that IL-21 signals through the STAT-3 and STAT-5b signaling pathway in the CIK cell pool. Conclusion: IL-21 enhances cytotoxic potential of CIK cells through increasing expression of perforin, granzyme B, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. The effect is brought about by the activation of STAT-3 and STAT-5b proteins.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.324-335
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• 1998

This study describes the extent of recognition of problems to the aged in a future society, the recognition and necessity of day care facilities, and the service contents and patterns preferred as a method of mediation for nursing the aged and increasing their quality of life. It also tries to certify the relations between those subjects. The result of the study is as follows: 1. Concerning problems of the aged of social significance the aged of the next generation consider the difficulties in nursing the aged to be the most important at 63.6%. 2. Concerning the nursing of parents, 49.4% of those answered 'children should take care of their parents and live together', while 46.7% answered that 'it is enough for children to provide an economic support, not necessarily living together. 3. Concerning information of day care facilities, 66.9% answered that they have no information. 4. Concerning the use of day care facilities, 54.6% answered that 'they would under certain circumstances', and 21.0% that 'they had better use them in the future'. 5. Concerning the feelings of the aged using day care facilities, 46.6% say 'they do not look poor', and 33.4% said that 'they look a little poor'. 6. Concerning the reasons for using day care facilities, 56.1% answered' because children do not proride care', and 48.5% answered 'because their economic ability is not sufficient'. 7. Concerning the programs potentially needed, food supply, medical services and physical therapy were ranked in that order. 8. Concerning social facilities necessary for the aged, centers that specialize in dementia, free day care facilities, home care services, and fee - based day care centers were ranked in that order. 9. Concerning institutions providing day care, welfare centers for the aged, those centers auxiliary to hospitals, asylums, and individuals were ranked in that order. 10. Concerning the responsibity running day care facilities, social workers, doctors/nursing assistants, nurses, and entrusted visitors were ranked in that order. Based on the results of this study, the study proposes that the study of applied cases of therapy in day care facilities for the aged continue.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.83-94
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• 2003

천문유초(天支類抄)는 조선시대 대표적인 천문서적으로 세종대(世宗代) 천문학자 이순지(李純之 \ulcorner-1465)가 편집하였다. 우리는 이 책의 첫 부분에서 지금까지 잘 알려지지 않은 28수(宿) 별자리를 사신-동물모양(이하 '사신동물천문도')으로 표현한 자료를 찾아 연구하였다. 사신동물천문도(四神動物天文圖)는 사방으로 나누어진 네 개의 별자리를 사신으로 잘 알려진 동-창룡(蒼龍), 서-백호(白虎), 남-주작(朱崔)그리고 북-현무(亥武)의 모습으로 표현하고 있다. 일반적인 사신과 달리 특이한 것은 백호 옆에 동양의 전설 속 동물인 기린(離離)이 같이 표현되어 있다. 각각의 동물들은 동양의 전통적 별자리 표현법인 28윤의 2 ~ 7숙의 별자리를 통해 표현되어 있다. 조선시대의 대표적 천문도인 천상열차분야지도(天象列次分野之圖)의 논설(論說)에도 나와 있듯이 고구려는 조선과 천문학적으로 많은 연관성을 가지고 있는데, 그 대표적인 것이 고구려 무덤 벽화이다. 이 벽화에 많은 별, 별자리와 함께 천문유초에서 설명하고 있는 사신동물들도 그려져 있음은 이미 고구려 시대에도 하늘을 사신동물 별자리로 보았음을 추정할 수 있다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 천상열차분야지도의 28寫와 고구려 무덤 벽화에 그려져 있는 사신과 기린을 이용해 철문유초에서 설명하고 있는 사신동물천문도도 형상화시켜 보았다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.381-391
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• 2009

녹비 작물의 이용은 화학비료의 사용을 대체하고 물질순환에 의한 안전한 농작물 생산을 가능하게 할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 바이오디젤 생산의 원료로 이용되는 유채 종자의 유채의 녹비 환원에 의한 질소무기화 및 옥수수의 질소 흡수 389 수확 후 잔유물의 녹비 이용 가능성을 평가하였다. 유채 수확 후 잔류물의 질소함량은 0.53%로 낮았으며 탄질율은 63으로 나타났다. 유채 잔유물의 부숙기간 없이 환원 직후 파종한 처리구는 옥수수의 질소 흡수를 지연시켰으며, 생육에서도 30일간 부숙기간을 설정한 처리구의 옥수수보다 억제되어 유채 잔유물의 녹비 환원 직후 후작물의 파종은 주의해야 할 것으로 판단되었다. 유채 잔유물의 녹비 환원 90일 후 질소무기화는 암모늄태 질소(24.2mg/kg)보다 질산태 질소(58.4mg/kg)에서 높았으며, 방출된 무기태 질소에 대한 옥수수의 흡수 및 이용량은 부숙기간 없이 환원 직후 파종한 처리구와 30일간 부숙기간을 설정한 처리구에서 각각 86%와 88%로 나타났다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.45-49
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• 2002

하수슬러지 중에 존재하는 HEM에 대해 분석하고, 이를 토양에 사용할 때 발생하는 연간 오염부하량에 대해 추정하였다. 전국의 하수처리장에서부터 수집된 하수슬러지 시료 84점에 대해 분석한 HEM의 평균함량은 27.7$\pm$26.5 g/kg이었고, 최소 1.05에서 최대 194 g/kg을 나타내어 분석시료간에 큰 편차를 보였다. 하수처리장이 위치한 도시의 규모에 따라 5단계로 나누었을 때 HEM의 함량은 광역시, 대도시, 중도시, 소도시, 농촌지역에 각각 22.7$\pm$6.7, 33.3$\pm$25.8, 22.0$\pm$8.7, 31.0$\pm$38.8, 27.7$\pm$25.1 g/kg을 나타내었다. 미국 EPA의 하수슬러지 토양시용량 기준을 적용하여 농경지, 산림, 공공용지, 개량용지로 분류하고 각각 7,000, 26,000, 18,000, 74,000 kg/ha (건물량 기준)를 하수슬러지 최대 사용량으로 가정하여 HEM의 연간 오염부하량을 계산하였다. 건물량 기준으로 시용량이 7,000 kg/ha인 농경지의 경우 최대 1,032 kg/ha의 HEM 부하량을 나타내었고, 개량용지 시용기준인 74,000 kg/ha를 적용한 경우 HEM의 연간 오염부하량은 10,908 kg/ha으로 추정되었다. 그 외 산림기준을 적용할 때는 최대 3,832 kg/ha, 공공용지 기준을 적용할 때는 최대 2,653 kg/ha의 연간 오염부하량이 추정되었다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 음식물 쓰레기, 종이류 및 나무류 쓰레기, 음식물 폐수, 도축폐기물이 포함된 폐기물 발생량 분포지도를 국가 및 지역단위로 작성하였다. 환경부의 음식물류 폐기물, 종이류, 나무류, 음식물 폐수발생량, 도축폐기물 폐수발생량 등 폐기물통계자료를 수집하여 데이터베이스를 구축하고 GIS를 이용하여 발생원별 분포도를 작성하였다. 음식물류 폐기물 매립, 소각, 재활용 등의 자료를 이용하여 시군단위 음식물 폐기물 매립 및 재활용 분포도를 작성하였고, 나무류 및 종이류도 시군단위로 소각 및 재활용 분포도를 작성하였다. 음식물류 폐기물의 경우 시설지역 자료를 이용하여 공공시설과 민간시설로 나누어 폐수발생량 분포도를 작성하였다. 또한 도축 폐기물 폐수 발생량 분포도를 광역 시도단위로 작성하였는데 도축 돼지의 폐수 발생량은 경기도지역에서 특히 높게 나타났다. 이들 결과를 통해 폐기물 발생원별 분포도는 정책입안자, 농민, 일반인에게 폐기물자원에 대한 정보를 가시적으로 전달 할 수 있고, 친환경농업정책 추진과 바이오에너지 이용에 정책 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.4555-4561
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• 2014

Background: Silencing due to methylation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3), a negative regulator gene for the JAK/STAT signaling pathway has been reported to play important roles in leukemogenesis. Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that specifically targets the BCR-ABL protein and induces hematological remission in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Unfortunately, the majority of CML patients treated with imatinib develop resistance under prolonged therapy. We here investigated the methylation profile of SOCS-3 gene and its downstream effects in a BCR-ABL positive CML cells resistant to imatinib. Materials and Methods: BCR-ABL positive CML cells resistant to imatinib (K562-R) were developed by overexposure of K562 cell lines to the drug. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTS assays and $IC_{50}$ values calculated. Apoptosis assays were performed using annexin V-FITC binding assays and analyzed by flow cytometry. Methylation profiles were investigated using methylation specific PCR and sequencing analysis of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 genes. Gene expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, and protein expression and phosphorylation of STAT1, 2 and 3 were examined by Western blotting. Results: The $IC_{50}$ for imatinib on K562 was 362nM compared to 3,952nM for K562-R (p=0.001). Percentage of apoptotic cells in K562 increased upto 50% by increasing the concentration of imatinib, in contrast to only 20% in K562-R (p<0.001). A change from non-methylation of the SOCS-3 gene in K562 to complete methylation in K562-R was observed. Gene expression revealed down-regulation of both SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 genes in resistant cells. STAT3 was phosphorylated in K562-R but not K562. Conclusions: Development of cells resistant to imatinib is feasible by overexposure of the drug to the cells. Activation of STAT3 protein leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation in imatinib resistant BCR-ABL due to DNA methylation of the SOCS-3 gene. Thus SOCS-3 provides a suitable candidate for mechanisms underlying the development of imatinib resistant in CML patients.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.91-108
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• 2010

Background & Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of P. radix on the inflammatory related gene expression in IL-$1{\beta}$-stimulated primary human gingival fibroblast using Whole Transcript Sense Target (WT-ST). Method: Human gingival fibroblast was incubated with P. radix [100 or $200\;{\mu}g/ml$], and IL-$1{\beta}$ [$1ng/m{\ell}$] added an hour later. After 24h, total RNA was extracted using RNeasy Mini Kit and the whole gene expression patterns were performed using WT-ST Labeling $Assay^{(R)}$. Result: In the DEG results, 782 genes were up-regulated in the IL-$1{\beta}$-treated group as compared to control and among those, 43 genes were associated with inflammation. 981 genes were down-regulated after treatment with IL-$1{\beta}$ and of those 7 genes were associated with inflammation. 1439 genes were up-regulated after treatment with P. radix plus IL-$1{\beta}$-treated when compared to IL-$1{\beta}$-treated alone group and 1225 genes were down-regulated in the same condition. Among the down-regulated genes, 5 were associated with inflammation- and inhibitor genes such as GDF15 and LIF. In the analysis of the P. radix plus IL-$1{\beta}$-treated group, the most significant pathways were the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, toll-like receptor signaling, JAK-STAT signaling and tyrosine metabolism. The gene expression patterns in the P. radix $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ plus IL-$1{\beta}$-treated group appear to be more involved in the metabolism-related pathways than in the $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ plus IL-$1{\beta}$-treated group. Conclusion & Discussion: By microarray analysis of gene expression data, we are able to identify gene expression patterns associated with not only anti-inflammation effect but also transcription function of P. radix.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.492-501
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• 2019

Nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as quinoline, quinazolinones and indole are scaffolds of natural products and have broad biological effects. During the last years those structures have been intensively synthesized and modified to yield new synthetic molecules that can specifically inhibit the activity of dysregulated protein kinases in cancer cells. Herein, a series of newly synthesized isoquinolinamine (FX-1 to 8) and isoindoloquinazolinone (FX-9, FX-42, FX-43) compounds were evaluated in regards to their anti-leukemic potential on human B- and T- acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Several biological effects were observed. B-ALL cells (SEM, RS4;11) were more sensitive against isoquinolinamine compounds than T-ALL cells (Jurkat, CEM). In SEM cells, metabolic activity decreased with $10{\mu}M$ up to 26.7% (FX-3), 25.2% (FX-7) and 14.5% (FX-8). The 3-(p-Tolyl) isoquinolin-1-amine FX-9 was the most effective agent against B- and T-ALL cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.54 to $1.94{\mu}M$. None of the tested compounds displayed hemolysis on erythrocytes or cytotoxicity against healthy leukocytes. Anti-proliferative effect of FX-9 was associated with changes in cell morphology and apoptosis induction. Further, influence of FX-9 on PI3K/AKT, MAPK and JAK/STAT signaling was detected but was heterogeneous. Functional inhibition testing of 58 kinases revealed no specific inhibitory activity among cancer-related kinases. In conclusion, FX-9 displays significant antileukemic activity in B- and T-ALL cells and should be further evaluated in regards to the mechanisms of action. Further compounds of the current series might serve as templates for the design of new compounds and as basic structures for modification approaches.