• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Disaster Information Conference
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• 2023.11a
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• pp.314-315
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• 2023

군중눌림 사고 형태의 재난은 국내에서 경험과 연구가 미진한 재난의 형태이지만 세계적으로는 선진국이나 후진국을 가리지 않고 꾸준히 발생중이며, 2022년 10월 29일의 이태원 참사에서 보듯이 국가사회에 엄청난 파급력과 영향을 주는 재난이다. 따라서 군중눌림 사고를 이해하고 발전된 학술적 접근 방식을 통하여 최소한의 예방, 대비, 대응 수준에 이르러야 하나 국내에서는 그 연구가 미진하고 용어와 개념 정립도 되어 있지 않다. 군중눌림 사고는 그 본질 상 얼마 안 되는 짧은 골든 타임 내에 해결이 되지 않으면 대처 시간이 거의 없어 인명피해 대처가 매우 어렵다. 즉 질식으로 의식이 저하되는 피해자가 신고되어도 현장 도착 구급대원이 밀집된 군중을 뚫고 피해자에게 신속히 접근하기란 애무 어려워, 선진국들조차도 많은 인명피해를 내지만 뚜렷한 한 가지 해결책을 제시 못하고 있는 형편이다. 이러한 상황에서 군중압박 사고 관련 정립되지 않은 용어를 관련 개념과 같이 조사 정리하고, 과거 있었던 대표적 군중집회의 분류, 특성 등을 알아보며, 이를 기반으로 용어와 개념이 정리 및 표준화되는 기반이 되도록 하였다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.297-304
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• 2017

In this study, we have investigated the relationship between festivals evaluation and the theme of festivals programs by using 'AHP survey of experts' on two festivals in each highest and lowest evaluated festivals. As a result, the musical performance of the opening ceremony of Hwajun Festival, the experimental village program of hansung bakjae festival, the street parade of Itaewon and the prehistoric street parade of Gandong cultural festival were found to have the highest relations with the themes. The result reveals the fact that the representative program of festival has been selected, program name was closely related to festival theme, matrix type program and experiential type program where leads the direct participation of visitors were prerequisite, and the festivals with highly related to the theme were also highly evaluated. Therefore, in order for the festival to receive a good evaluation, the high theme-related programs should be focused as main programs of festivals, and the low theme-related programs should pay more attention on their themes for promoting and branding diverse, thematic festivals.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.140-161
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze 181 papers about brain-based learning appeared in domestic scientific journals from 1989 to May of 2012 and suggest application conditions in elementary science education. The results of this study summarizes as follows; First, learning activity suggested by brain-based learning study is mainly explained by working of brain function. Learning activity explained by brain-based learning study are divided into 'learning according to specialized brain function, learning according to brain function integration and learning beyond specialization and integration of hemispheres'. Second, it searched how increased knowledge of brain structure and function affects learning. Analysis from this point of view suggests that brain-based learning study affects learning in many ways especially emotion, creativity and learning motivation. Third, brain-based learning study suggests various possibilities of learning activity reflecting brain plasticity. Plasticity which is one of most important characteristics of brain supports the validity of learning activity as learning disorder treatment and explains the possibility of selective increment of brain function by leaning activity and the need of whole-brain approach to learning activity. Fourth, brain-based learning brought paradigm shifts in education field. It supports learning sophistication on the understanding of student's learning activity, guides learning method that reflects the characteristics of subject and demands reconstruction of curriculum. Fifth, there are many conditions to apply brain-based learning in elementary science education field, learning environment that fits brain-based learning, change of perspectives on teaching and learning of science educators and development of brain-based learning curriculum are needed.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.41-59
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to analyze consumers' purchase behavior for the counterfeits of fashion luxury brands. The research method of the study used a naturalistic approach. The first participant observation was carried out in the internet sites in order to collect the data on the purchase behavior for counterfeits; and the second participant observation was applied in the Dongdaemun shopping mall, Namdaemun shopping mall and Itaewon shopping mall; finally 6 informants were selected and then an interview was held with them. The results of the study are as follows; 1. The reasons for the first purchase of counterfeits are variously shown according to life stages, and the repetitive purchase behavior is influenced by the degree of satisfaction for the first purchase. The information collection for counterfeits is widely made through various media, and especially the information collection is active and positive in the case of planned purchase but it is passive and negative in the case of unplanned purchase. 2. The most important criteria in purchasing counterfeits is the degree of similarity with luxury brands and other criteria include price, design, utility etc. The majority of purchase items is not clothing but miscellaneous goods which are more similar in terms of design and quality. The purchase of counterfeits is made by impulse purchase but the purchase of luxury brands is made by planned purchase. 3. The rationalization mechanism for the purchase of counterfeits is observed in all informants, which is a sort of defence mechanism for avoiding a guilty conscience to buy illegal goods.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.546-557
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• 2019

This study applied the Q methodology to customers using the Ethnick restaurant in Itaewon to understand subjective perceptions of customers using the restaurant. The purpose of the study is to characterize the subjective structure of the restaurant and to describe and analyze the characteristics of the types of subjective. As a result of type analysis, a total of five were derived. Type 1 (N=4) : Ethnic Food Preferred Type, Type 2 (N=5): Mainland flavour Seeking Type, Type 3 (N=3) : Food Material Sanitary Conditions Type 4 (N=6): The restaurant's Restaurant Service Preference Type, and Type 5 (N=2) : The mood sensibility type were analyzed to have various characteristics of each type. In future studies on Ethnick restaurants, we intend to modify and supplement the detailed Q methodological questions and analysis methods based on many literature and empirical studies to analyze the various opinions of the respondents in a specific and in-depth manner.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 2024

In this paper, the purpose of this paper is to predict and prevent the risk of crowd concentration in advance for possible future crowd accidents based on the Itaewon crush accident in Korea on October 29, 2022. In the case of a single CCTV, the administrator can determine the current situation in real time, but since the screen cannot be seen throughout the day, objects are detected using YOLOv4, which learns images taken with CCTV angle, and safety accidents due to crowd concentration are prevented by notification when the number of clusters exceeds. The reason for using the YOLO v4 model is that it improves with higher accuracy and faster speed than the previous YOLO model, making object detection techniques easier. This service will go through the process of testing with CCTV image data registered on the AI-Hub site. Currently, CCTVs have increased exponentially in Korea, and if they are applied to actual CCTVs, it is expected that various accidents, including accidents caused by crowd concentration in the future, can be prevented.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 2016

In this study, six historical parks in Seoul is analyzed. Based on the analysis, the representative values of the historical parks in Seoul draw three criteria such as historicity, educational attributes, and sociality, and also the type of historic and cultural resources, spatial functions and arrangements, circulation and accessibility, and the type and usage of introduced facilities. Consequently the current status and improvement plan is suggested as follows. First, cultural assets oriented historical parks such as Sayuksin Bongeun and Seonnongdan historical Park focus on the management based on the preservation of historic and cultural resources. Non designated cultural heritages oriented historic parks such as Shingye Yanghwajin Itaewon-bugundang historic park should focus on the usages the symbolize and commemorate historic and cultural resources. Second, Careful attitudes on the historicity of the park are needed in the mixed type of historic and cultural resources that determine the identity such as Yanghwajin Itaewon-bugundang historic park. Third, the rate of facilities in Bongeun and Shingye historical park is increased due to the renovation of religion facilities, rather than the neighborhood parks. The autonomy of regulations that does not have the limits of the area of park facilities weaken the publicity of the historical parks. Fourth, Shingye historical park suggest changing its name into Danggogae martyrs' shrine historical park. because its historic and cultural resources are included as the historic park is named. Fifth, the current problems such as numerous uncontrolled entrances, mixed uses in circulation, and accessible failure due to the closure are recognized. Therefore, the entrances and circulations should be articulated clearly in order to increase opportunities of experience for visitors in the historic and cultural resources, and also neighborhood facility should be suitably divided. Sixth, the park facilities in the neighborhood parks are introduced equally in Seoul historical parks. The uses and arrangements that considered the circumstance of the historical parks should be determined in the cultural facilities such as outdoor music hall and sporting facilities. Seventh, historic facilities that named historic hall, culture hall, memorial hall, and promotion hall in the historic parks are utilized for convenience and religion facilities. Institutional framework should be examined to keep publicity in the historic parks by spatial privatization of the specific group.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.42-55
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to figure out the place characteristics of preferable city tourist attractions through the contents analysis of non-academic literatures such as tourist guidebooks and web materials. The most preferable Seoul tourist attractions were selected by their frequency in literatures including Namsan and Hangang as 'natural' places, Dugsu Palace and Gyungbok Palace as 'historical' places, Itaewon and Daehak-ro as 'lively-cultural' places that were classified by their relativistic character. The main findings of the research are as follows. The essential place characteristics of tourist attractions were synthesized in urban, regional and place scale respectively. While 'contrast' was found to be the most distinguished character of the tourist attractions in the urban context, 'connectivity' was found to be the most distinguished character of the tourist attractions in the regional context. In addition, both 'visibility' and 'experience' were found to be the most distinguished characters of the tourist attractions in the place context. The characteristics of these places seem to be the universal fascination factors of city tourist attractions currently recognized by ordinary citizens. We expect to further strengthen the city identity and the city tourism effect by adopting those research results systematically to the urban environment. Therefore, it is needed to vitalize the urban tourist attractions that we make them to be more 'contrasting' with urban areas surrounding them, more 'connective' with vicinity areas and more 'visibly fascinating' and 'experienced actively and meaningfully' in each place of tourist attractions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.96-103
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• 2023

Generally, human stampedes and crowd collapses occur when people press against each other, causing falls that may result in death or injury. Particularly, crowd accidents have become increasingly common since the 1990s, with an average of 380 deaths annually. For instance, in Korea, a stampede occurred during the Itaewon Halloween festival on October 29, 2022, when several people crowded onto a narrow, downhill road, which was 45 meters long and between 3.2 and 4 meters wide. Precisely, this stampede was primarily due to the excessive number of people relative to the road size. Essentially, stampedes can occur anywhere and at any time, not just at events, but also in other places where large crowds gather. More specifically, the likelihood of accidents increases when the crowd density exceeds a turbulence threshold of 5-6 /m². Meanwhile, festivals and events, which have become more frequent and are promoted through social media, garner people from near and far to a specific location. Besides, as cities grow, the number of people gathering in one place increases. While stampedes are rare, their impact is significant, and the uncertainty associated with them is high. Currently, there is no scientific system to analyze the risk of stampedes due to crowd concentration. Consequently, to prevent such accidents, it is essential to prepare for crowd disasters that reflect social changes and regional characteristics. Hence, this study proposes using digital topographic maps and crowd-density risk simulations to develop a 3D model of the region. Specifically, the crowd density simulation allows for an analysis of the density of people walking along specific paths, which enables the prediction of danger areas and the risk of crowding. By using the simulation method in this study, it is anticipated that safety measures can be rationally established for specific situations, such as local festivals, and preparations may be made for crowd accidents in downtown areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2023

As interest in urban safety has increased since COVID-19, various institutions have developed and used indicators that evaluate the safety city model. Yongsan-gu was ranked No. 1 in 2021 by Social Safety Index evaluation and was selected as the safest city in Korea. However, the Itaewon disaster in Yongsan-gu in 2022 caused many casualties. The study of indicators for evaluating cities' safety was necessary. This study aims to examine domestic and foreign safe city models and review the differences between each model and the indicators used to evaluate safe cities. As a result of collecting 11 safe city models and analyzing each evaluation index, safe city models can be classified into program-based safe city models, such as the World Health Organization's International safe community and the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction's International Safe city. Considering the diversification of threats to safety, it is reasonable to comprehensively consider digital security, health safety, infrastructure safety, personal safety, environmental safety, traffic safety, fire safety, crime safety, life safety, suicide, and infectious diseases when evaluating safe cities as evaluation parameters.