• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.405-412
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• 2008

Six ester analogues of Ketorolac were synthesized as potential enhancer prodrugs for transdermal delivery. Solubility of these esters was determined in 10% propylene glycol (PG)/isotonic phosphate buffer (IPB) at room temperature while lipophilicity was obtained as partition coefficients (log P) and capacity factors (k') using HPLC. Stability of the prodrugs in skin extract and in plasma was investigated at $37^{\circ}C$. The lipophilicity of the potential prodrugs increased in proportion to their alkyl chain length. Good linear relationship between partition coefficients (log P) and capacity factors (log k') was observed ($R^2=0.9961$). All of the analogues were fairly stable but slowly degraded in IPB over a 12 hour period. However, their stability in skin extract and in plasma varied with most compounds gradually decomposing over a 12 hour period. Although unsaturation of the alkyl ester chain did not alter the over all lipophilicity of the compound, the half-life was significantly affected. In plasma, degradation of the esters was slower than in the skin extract, which is a desirable trait for enhancer-prodrugs. However, the overall hydrolysis in the skin extract needs to be facilitated for the development of an effective enhancer prodrug. The analogue with the shortest half life in the skin extract was the unsaturated C-12 analogue of 0.96 hr.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.630-635
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• 1996

Blood plasma proteins dissolved in isotonic phosphate-buffered saline were found to be adsorbed to red blood cell ghosts suspended in the solution. This was evidenced by concentration reduction of the plasma proteins in the bulk solution. For initial concentration of 0.1mg/mL immuno globulin, concentration reduction increased from 14% to 45% as the volume fraction of red blood cell ghosts in the solution increased from 5% to 45%. For initial concentration of 0.075mg/mL albumin, the concentration reduction increased from 12% to 47% as the volume fraction of red blood cell ghosts in the solution increased from 5% to 70%. The concentration reduction of plasma proteins in hardened red blood cell ghosts was higher than that in red blood cell ghosts. The number of adsorbed protein molecules per a red blood cell ghost were reduced as volume fraction of the ghosts in the solution increased.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.83-89
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• 1993

To evaluate an effect of methanethiol on a cause of erythrocyte membrane damage in rats, methanethiol was given at 11.25 rag/100 g body weight, and after 4 hr, the animals were sacrifled, the activities of Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase, protein contents in partial purified erythrocyte membrane and erythrocyte indices were determined Concomitantly, in vitro, effect of methanethiol on the erythrocyte fragility, Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase activity and its kinetics in various concentration of substrate from the preincubated erythrocyte membrane with methanethiol were demonstrated. The spleen weight per body weight (%) and MCV of erythrocyte in methanethiol-treated rats were more increased than those in the control group. The Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase activities in erythrocyte membrane were more decreased in methanethiol-treated rats than those in the control group. The apply of 0.05 ng rat whole blood to the 0.24 mg/ng of methanethiol solution in isotonic condition showed the complete hemolysis. The Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase activity in preincubated erythrocyte membrane with methanethiol at 37$\circ$C showed the dual effect and the K$_m$ value of Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase was higher in the preincubated erythrocyte membrane with methanethiol than that in the preincubated erythrocyte membrane omitted the methanethiol. These results suggest that the methanethiol may induce the damage of rat's erythrocyte membrane due to a change in substrate binding affinity of Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1986

The influences of sodium chloride, polyethylene glycol 4000 and 20000 on 5-fluorouracil release from disk type silicone polymer devices were examined in isotonic phosphate buffer. These water soluble cosolvent and sodium chloride caused devices to swell in aqueous media. Sodium chloride exerted the greatest influence on drug release. The addition of water soluble cosolvent or sodium chloride to silicone polymeric devices permitted controlled release of 5-fluorouracil, presumably due to the change of the physical microstructure of silicone network, and the solubility and diffusivity of 5-fluorouracil. It seemed that the water soluble drug was released through the hydrophilic pores or pathways formed in the device by the incorporation of a water soluble cosolvent or sodium chloride.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.333-336
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• 2002

This experiment was carried out to investigate the optimal dose of intravitreal gentamicin that decreases intraocular pressure effectively and minimizes complications in dog. After inhalation anesthesia, gentamicin was injected intravitreally into the left eyes at doses of 10, 15 and 20 mg with 1 mg dexamethasone, respectively. Sterilized isotonic saline and dexamethasone mixture into the right eyes for control. Six dogs were used in each group. Intraocular pressures were measured using applanation tonometer(Mentore, Tono-Pen) until 5 months after injection of gentamicin. Ocular examinations were performed using direct ophthalmoscopy. The ocular volumes of both eyes were measured. Intraocular pressures of eyes injected with 10. 15 and 20 mg of gentamicin were decreased significantly compared with control eyes. Severe corneal opacity and neovascularization occurred in 20 mg treated group. Intraocular hemorrhage was observed in 3 dogs of 20 mg treated group. Ocular volume was significantly decreased(p <0.05) in 20 mg treated group, compared with 10 and 15 mg treated group. It is considered that intravitreal gentamicin injection at dose of 10 mg or 15 mg decrease intraocular pressure effectively and minimize complications such as corneal opacity, hyphema and phthisis bulbus.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.1602-1607
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• 2018

This study examined the correlation between power error (PE) and velocity error (VE) according to the condition and frequency of self-controlled feedback (SCF) during knee extension. One hundred participants were randomly assigned to 30% SCF, 70% SCF, 30% yoked feedback (YF), 70% YF and control group, respectively. The SCF group was provided with feedback when they requested it, whereas the YF group did not influence the feedback schedule. Participants in the control group were not given any visual feedback during the experiment. The isotonic, isometric, and isokinetic dynamometer (PRIMUS RS, BTE, USA) was used to measure the power and velocity error during knee extension. The collected data was analyzed using a Pearson test and SPSS 21.0. The correlation between PE and VE according to the condition and frequency of feedback on each phase during knee extension was significant. Both PE and VE were significantly higher when the feedback was provided with high frequency, passive, and no feedback. Our study suggests that application of SCF can help to improve the proprioception of the healthy person while reducing errors through low frequency and active feedback.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2003

Objectives : The purpose of this study was conducted to find change and development of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation(PNF). Methods: This is a literature study with books, seminar and book for the international courses. Results: Combination of isotonic has been started by Mr and Mrs Johnson after Miss Knott passed away. It is that the terms of maximum resistance changed into optimal or appropriate resistance. It is focus on activities. Maximum resistance focus not only activities but also irradiation have to fit with normal functions. PNF has enough for the motor control concepts and international classification of functioning(ICF)of WHO. Conclusions: PNF has changed and developed with giving resistance method. It is that changed from maximal resistance to optimal resistance. But it is smaller concept than maximum resistance. Even though PNF founded 60 years ago, it is enough for new concepts that is motor control and learning.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2014

Purpose: The study aimed to examine the influence of PNF direct and indirect breathing treatments for patients with cervical spinal cord injuries who had breathing problems. Methods: For each cervical spinal cord patient, force vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow, maximum phonation time (MPT), rib cage width, and VAS were measured pre-intervention and four weeks after post-intervention. The indirect method and the direct method were used for interventions. We treated patients with the indirect method using scapular anterior depression pattern, bilateral extensor pattern with rhythmic initiation, and a combination of isotonic. We treated patients with the direct method, applying pressure on the sternum and using rhythmic initiation (hold relax and stretch reflex) for the rib cage. Training occurred for 50 minutes a day and three days per week for four weeks. Results: FVC, MPT, peak expiratory flow, and rib cage width were increased and decreased at the VAS point for rolling after treatment. Conclusion: Patients with cervical spinal cord injuries who had breathing problems felt uncomfortable when they had conversations on a couch. We found that PNF direct and indirect treatments improved rib cage width and breathing functions of patients with cervical spinal cord injuries.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.2788-2808
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• 2023

Brain tumors are one of the most threatening malignancies for humans. Misdiagnosis of brain tumors can result in false medical intervention, which ultimately reduces a patient's chance of survival. Manual identification and segmentation of brain tumors from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans can be difficult and error-prone because of the great range of tumor tissues that exist in various individuals and the similarity of normal tissues. To overcome this limitation, the Amended Convolutional Neural Network (ACNN) model has been introduced, a unique combination of three techniques that have not been previously explored for brain tumor detection. The three techniques integrated into the ACNN model are image tissue preprocessing using the Kalman Bucy Smoothing Filter to remove noisy pixels from the input, image tissue segmentation using the Isotonic Regressive Image Tissue Segmentation Process, and feature extraction using the Marr Wavelet Transformation. The extracted features are compared with the testing features using a sigmoid activation function in the output layer. The experimental findings show that the suggested model outperforms existing techniques concerning accuracy, precision, sensitivity, dice score, Jaccard index, specificity, Positive Predictive Value, Hausdorff distance, recall, and F1 score. The proposed ACNN model achieved a maximum accuracy of 98.8%, which is higher than other existing models, according to the experimental results.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.650-657
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• 2013

This study uses a muscle activation sensor and elbow joint model to develop an estimation algorithm for human elbow joint torque for use in a human-robot interface. A modular-type MVS (Muscle Volume Sensor) and calibration algorithm are developed to measure the muscle activation signal, which is represented through the normalization of the calibrated signal of the MVS. A Hill-type model is applied to the muscle activation signal and the kinematic model of the muscle can be used to estimate the joint torques. Experiments were performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm by isotonic contraction motion using the KIN-COM$^{(R)}$ equipment at 5, 10, and 15Nm. The algorithm and its feasibility for use as a human-robot interface are verified by comparing the joint load condition and the torque estimated by the algorithm.