• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.288-295
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• 2017

In order to improve the efficiency and reliability of the machine, the friction should be minimized. The most widely used method to minimize friction is to maintain the fluid lubrication state. However, we can reduce friction only up to a certain limit because of viscosity. As a result of several recent studies, surface texturing has significantly reduced the friction in highly sliding machine elements, such as mechanical seals and thrust bearings. Thus far, theoretical studies have mainly focused on isothermal/iso-viscous conditions and have not taken into account the heat generation, caused by high viscous shear, and the temperature conditions on the bearing surface. In this study, we investigate the effect of dimple depth and film-temperature boundary conditions on the thermohydrodynamic (THD) lubrication of textured parallel slider bearings. We analyzed the continuity equation, the Navier-Stokes equation, the energy equation, and the temperature-viscosity and temperature-density relations using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, FLUENT. We compare the temperature and pressure distributions at various dimple depths. The increase in oil temperature caused by viscous shear was higher in the dimple than in the bearing outlet because of the action of the strong vortex generated in the dimple. The lubrication characteristics significantly change with variations in the dimple depths and film-temperature boundary conditions. We can use the current results as basic data for optimum surface texturing; however, further studies are required for various temperature boundary conditions.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.272-282
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• 1995

Iron-based metal matrix composites have been recently investigated for the use of inexpensive abrasion resistance material. This paper carried out to investigate the in-situ reaction effects on the microstructural characteristics and the formation mechanism of tungsten carbides in a white cast iron matrix. The specimens of Fe-3.2%C-2.8%Si alloy cast-bonded with tungsten wire were cast in the metal mold and isothermally heat treated at $950^{\circ}C$ up to 48 hours. The typical microstructure of heat treated specimens showed the reaction layer of WC at the interface of tungsten wire and the carbon depletion zone between the WC layer and the matrix. During the formation of WC layer, if the carbon supply is insufficient due to the decarburization of matrix or the isolation of matrix by cast-bonded W wires, the reaction layer develops coarse hexagonal crystalline WC. From the microstructural investigation, it was found that the volume of WC layer and the carbon depletion zone increased linearly with the isothermal heat treating time. This results supported that the formation rate of WC in the white cast iron matrix is controlled by the interfacial reaction with a constant reaction rate.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.321-330
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• 2020

지오폴리머의 반응성은 원재료의 구성성분 및 Si/Al비, Na/Al비, 물-결합재비, 비정질 요소 등을 고려하여 명확한 메커니즘을 규명하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 따라서 원재료 및 알칼리 활성화제의 구성성분을 고려한 %Na₂O, M_s는 반응성을 결정하는 중요한 요소가 된다. 하지만 다수의 연구에서는 알칼리 활성화제의 농도와 양생 조건 등의 기본적인 요소만을 고려하는 한계점을 나타내고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 %Na₂O, Ms 및 고로슬래그 미분말의 혼입량에 따른 지오폴리머 페이스트의 강도특성, 반응열, 길이변화, 미세구조 분석을 실시하였다.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2005년도 동계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.353-358
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• 2005

The heat transfer and pressure drop of supercritical $CO_2$ cooled in a helically coiled tube was investigated experimentally. The experiments were conducted without oil in the refrigerant loop. The experimental apparatus of the refrigerant loop consist of receiver, a variable speed pump, a mass flowmeter, a pre-heater, a gas cooler(test section) and an isothermal tank. The test section is a helically coiled tube in tube counter flow heat exchanger with $CO_2$ flowed inside the inner tube and coolant( water) flowed along the outside annular passage, It was made of it copper tube with the inner diameter of 4.55[mm]. the outer diameter of 6.35 [mm] and length of 10000 [mm]. The refrigerant mass fluxes were $200^{\sim}600$ [kg/m2s] and the inlet pressure of gas cooler varied from 7.5 [MPa] to 10.0 [MPa]. The main results are summarized as follows : The heat transfer coefficient of supercritical $CO_2$ increases, as the cooling pressure of gas cooler decreases. And the heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase of the refrigerant mass flux. The pressure drop decreases in increase of the gas cooler pressure and increases with increase the refrigerant mass flux.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.36-36
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• 2014

Apple blotch, caused by Marssonina coronaria, induce early defoliation in apple and leading to critical economic losses in apple orchards in Korea. Since M. coronaria is difficult to culture, we developed isolation and cultural method. We collected M. coronaria isolates from Gyeongbuk Province and then constructed phylogentic tree based on ITS regions. As the results, phylogenetic relationship indicated that all Korean isolates formed a same cluster and closely related to Chinese isolates [1]. Ecological characteristic of M. coronaria have been observed in apple orchards which located in Gyeongbuk Province from 2011 to present. As the results, the typical apple blotch symptoms were observed from July, and then the infected leaves were discolored and formed acervuli on the leaves. After rainfall, severe infection of symptoms such as discoloration and early defoliation were continuously observed until October. Also overwintered conidia were observed in next March on the fallen diseased leaves [2]. In the last 5 years, ascopores of M. coronaria were not observed in apple orchards which were severely infected by M. coronaria in Korea. Thus, it is assumed that overwintered conidia could be a primary inoculum of M. coronaria. Meanwhile, apple blotch has long latent periods compare to other apple disease. During the latent period, early diagnosis of apple blotch is the most important to control the disease by spray fungicide. In this reason, we developed novel diagnostic method to detect M. coronaria during latent period using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method [2, 3]. In this presentation, it will introduce ecological characterization of M. coronaria in Korea and unique detection technique of M. coronaria in apple. It will be helpful to develop new strategies to control apple blotch in Korea.

• Composites Research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 촉매지지체의 내구성과 내산화성을 향상시키기 위해 활성탄소에 SiC층을 형성하는 것에 관한 수치모사가 수행되었다. 이염화이메틸규소(DDS)로부터 탄화규소를 활성탄소 기공의 내부에 침투 증착시켜 기공성 구조를 유지하면서 활성탄소에 SiC층이 형성된다. 여러 다른 증착 조건에서 모사된 탄화규소의 물성을 연구함으로써 지지체 제조의 최적 증착 조건을 결정하였다. 정상상태하의 등온 반응기 안에서 대류, 확산 및 반응을 모사하여 시간의 경과에 따른 증착량, 기공 반경, 표면적의 변화 등을 구하였다. DDS의 농도가 낮고 반응압력이 작을수록 시료 기공내에 고른 증착이 얻어졌다. 또한 기공내부 증착에서 입자외부 표면 증착으로 바뀌므로 기공직경과 표면적들이 어느 시점에서 변곡점을 갖는 것이 관찰되었다.

• E2M - 전기 전자와 첨단 소재
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 1996

Previously, crystallization of a-Si:H films on glass substrates were limited to anneal temperature below 600.deg. C, over 10 hours to avoid glass shrinkage. Our study indicates that the crystallization is strongly influenced by anneal temperature and weakly affected by anneal duration time. Because of the high temperature process and nonconducting substrate requirements for poly-Si TFTs, the employed substrates were limited to quartz, sapphire, and oxidized Si wafer. We report on poly-Si TFT's using high temperature anneal on a Si:H/Mo structures. The metal Mo substrate was stable enough to allow 1000.deg. C anneal. A novel TFT fabrication was achieved by using part of the Mo substrate as drain and source ohmic contact electrode. The as-grown a-Si:H TFT was compared to anneal treated poly-Si TFT'S. Defect induced trap states of TFT's were examined using the thermally stimulated current (TSC) method. In some case, the poly-Si grain boundaries were passivated by hydrogen. A-SI:H and poly-Si TFT characteristics were investigated using an inverted staggered type TFT. The poly -Si films were achieved by various anneal techniques; isothermal, RTA, and excimer laser anneal. The TFT on as grown a-Si:H exhibited a low field effect mobility, transconductance, and high gate threshold voltage. Some films were annealed at temperatures from 200 to >$1000^{\circ}C$ The TFT on poly-Si showed an improved $I_on$$I_off$ ratio of $10_6$, reduced gate threshold voltage, and increased field effect mobility by three orders. Inverter operation was examined to verify logic circuit application using the poly Si TFTs.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1063-1072
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 열중량 분석법을 이용하여 희분식 반응기에서 승온속도를 0.5, 1.0 및 $2.0^{\circ}C/min$로 변화시키면서 폐용활유와 polystyrene 혼합물의 열분해반응 속도실험을 수행하였다. 미분법을 이용하여 폐윤활유/polystyrene 혼합물의 열분해 전환율이 1%에서부터 100%일때까지의 활성화에너지 및 반응차수를 구하였다. 폐윤활유와 polystyrene을 혼합하여 열분해할 경우 각각을 열분해할 때보다 낮은 온도에서 열분해반응이 진행되었으며 열중량 변화곡선의 기울기변화는 크게 두 부분으로 구분되었다. 폐윤활유/polystyrene 혼합물의 열분해 생성 오일의 탄소수를 분석했을 때 styrene 단량체와 이량체에 해당하는 탄화수소화합물의 선택성이 매우 높게 나타났다.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2019

붕소-질산칼륨($BKNO_3$)의 열분해특성을 비등온방식의 TGA(열중량분석법)를 사용하여 평가하였다. 상온과 $600^{\circ}C$의 온도범위에서 2단계에 걸쳐 질량감소가 발생하는 것이 관찰되었다. 열분해특성에 대한 속도론적 파라메타값들은 TGA로부터의 데이터를 AKTS Thermokinetics 소프트웨어를 사용하여 분석되었다. $200^{\circ}C$에서 $360^{\circ}C$의 온도범위에서 발생하는 1차 무게감소는 바인더 (Laminac/Lupersol)의 열분해에 해당하며, Friedman의 등전환법으로 분석되는 경우 활성화에너지는 120에서 270 kJ/mol 사이의 값을 가진 반면에 2차감소 영역($360-550^{\circ}C$)에서의 활성화에너지 값은 150에서 400 kJ/mol의 범위 내에 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.2207-2219
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• 2018

Activated carbon (AC) was synthesized from Phoenix dactylifera stones and then modified by $CoFe_2O_4$ magnetic nanocomposite for use as a Cr(VI) adsorbent. Both $AC/CoFe_2O_4$ composite and AC were fully characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, TEM, TGA, and VSM techniques. Based on the surface analyses, the addition of $CoFe_2O_4$ nanoparticles had a significant effect on the thermal stability and crystalline structure of AC. Factors affecting chromium removal efficiency like pH, dosage, contact time, temperature, and initial Cr(VI) concentration were investigated. The best pH was found 2 and 3 for Cr adsorption by AC and $AC/CoFe_2O_4$ composite, respectively. The presence of ion sulfate had a greater effect on the chromium sorption efficiency than nitrate and chlorine ions. The results illustrated that both adsorbents can be used up to seven times to adsorb chromium. The adsorption process was examined by three isothermal models, and Freundlich was chosen as the best one. The experimental data were well fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The half-life ($t_{1/2}$) of hexavalent chromium using AC and $AC/CoFe_2O_4$ magnetic composite was obtained as 5.18 min and 1.52 min, respectively. Cr(VI) adsorption by AC and $AC/CoFe_2O_4$ magnetic composite was spontaneous and exothermic. In general, our study showed that the composition of $CoFe_2O_4$ magnetic nanoparticles with AC can increase the adsorption capacity of AC from 36 mg/L to 70 mg/L.