• 제목/요약/키워드: Iranian

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Maternal Origin of Turkish and Iranian Native Chickens Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Sequences

  • Meydan, Hasan;Jang, Cafer Pish;Yildiz, Mehmet Ali;Weigend, Steffen
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제29권11호
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    • pp.1547-1554
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    • 2016
  • To assess genetic diversity and maternal origin of Turkish and Iranian native chicken breeds, we analyzed the mtDNA D-loop sequences of 222 chickens from 2 Turkish (Denizli and Gerze) and 7 Iranian (White Marandi, Black Marandi, Naked Neck, Common Breed, Lari, West Azarbaijan, and New Hampshire) native chicken breeds, together with the available reference sequences of G. gallus gallus in GenBank. The haplotype diversity was estimated as $0.24{\pm}0.01$ and $0.36{\pm}0.02$ for Turkish and Iranian populations, respectively. In total, 19 haplotypes were observed from 24 polymorphic sites in Turkish and Iranian native chicken populations. Two different clades or haplogroups (A and E) were found in Turkish and Iranian chickens. Clade A haplotypes were found only in White Marandi, Common Breed and New Hampshire populations. Clade E haplotypes, which are quite common, were observed in Turkish and Iranian populations with 18 different haplotypes, of which Turkish and Iranian chickens, Clade E, haplotype 1 (TRIRE1) was a major haplotype with the frequency of 81.5% (181/222) across all breeds. Compared to red jungle fowl, Turkish and Iranian chicken breeds are closely related to each other. These results suggest that Turkish and Iranian chickens originated from the same region, the Indian subcontinent. Our results will provide reliable basic information for mtDNA haplotypes of Turkish and Iranian chickens and for studying the origin of domestic chickens.

메타포(metaphor)에 틈입한 리얼리티(reality): 이란 여성감독 사미라 마흐말바프(Samira Makhmalbaf) 연구 - <사과(The Apple)>(1998), <칠판(Blackboards)>(2000), <오후 5시(At Five in the Afternoon)>(2003)를 중심으로 (A Study On The Iranian Woman Film Director: Samira Makhmalbaf - Centering on (1998), (2000), (2003))

  • 강내영
    • 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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    • 제20권3호
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    • pp.275-285
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    • 2020
  • 이 글의 목적은 이란의 여성감독 사미라 마흐말바프(Samira Makhmalbaf)의 작품과 영화세계를 분석하는데 있다. 사미라 감독은 총 5편의 영화를 연출했으며, 자신의 여성정체성을 바탕으로 이란의 사회현실에 대한 비판의식을 사실주의 스타일로 재현하며 이란영화의 새로운 흐름을 대표하는 여성감독이다. 이 글에서는 대표작 <사과>, <칠판>, <오후 5시>를 중심으로 그녀의 작품세계와 영화철학을 분석하고 당대 이란 사회현실과의 사회맥락적 의미를 규명한다. 이 연구를 통해 사미라 감독은 여성의 인권, 반전과 평화, 소외받는 사람들에 대한 공감으로 이슬람 사회체제가 가진 모순과 억압을 서구의 민주주의와 휴머니즘의 시선에서 비판하고 있으며, 이란의 사실주의 전통을 계승하면서도 메타포와 리얼리티를 결합하는 독특한 사실주의 미학으로 예술영화의 전통을 초극하고 있는 21세기 이란영화사의 새로운 진보와 변화(progress and change)를 상징하는 여성감독임을 확인할 수 있다.

이란 영화 속에 나타난 어린이 시각에 관한 연구 - 마지드 마지디 감독 작품을 중심으로 (A Study on the Children's Perspective in Iranian Films - Focus on the films by Director Majid Majidi)

  • 만가의;변혁
    • 트랜스-
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    • 제14권
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    • pp.93-122
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    • 2023
  • 세계 모든 나라들에 '어린이를 위한' 혹은 '어린이가 주인공인' 영화들이 있다. 하지만 각각의 문화권마다 어린이 영화를 다루는 방식이나 시각의 차이가 존재한다. 예를 들어 미국의 어린이 영화를 대표하는 디즈니는 주로 어린이와 가족의 오락성과 즐거움을 만족시키는 것이 목적인 반면 중국에서의 어린이 영화는 아동의 교육적 역할을 더 중시하는 편이다. 문화권마다의 특색과는 관계없이 일반적 의미에서의 어린이 영화는 수용 대상이 어린이이며 어린이를 위해 창작되는 영화를 일컫는다. 하지만, 이란 영화에서 어린이를 소재, 주제 혹은 수용자로 상정하여 접근하는 방식은 또다른 특색이 있다. 주로 극중의 주요인물로서 어린이가 등장하여 그만의 독특한 시각으로 배경이 되는 사회현상과 영화를 관통하는 서사에 대한 해석과 관점을 제시한다. 어린이의 눈을 통해 어른의 세계를 바라보고 현실을 반영하고 창작자의 의도를 간접적으로 표현하며 어린이의 시각적 언어를 통해 창작자의 사상을 간접적으로 전달하는 것이다. 어린이 시각의 활용은 일종의 특별한 전략으로 이란 영화가 특수한 창작 환경 속에서 생존할 수 있는 길을 열어주었으며, 이란 영화만의 주요한 특징으로 자리매김하였다. 이러한 어린이 사각을 보여주는 이란 영화들 중에 대표적으로 마지드 마지디의 영화들이 있다. 그의 영화에서 어린이 시각은 그만의 연출양식으로 주목할만한 것인데 단편영화, 다큐멘터리와 해외 제작 영화 제외한 9편의 영화 중 어린이 영화가 5편으로 중요한 비중을 차지한다. 본 연구는 마지드 마지디의 영화들에서 보여지는 어린이 시각에 대해 고찰한다. 마지드 마지디의 영화 속 어린이 시각의 활용을 살펴보면서 이것이 어떻게 이란영화의 일반성으로 확대되어 이란 영화의 중요한 한 흐름을 자리잡게 되었는지 살펴본다.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE IRANIAN TOWERS OF THE SALJUQS AND THE CHINESE PAGODAS OF THE SONG DYNASTY

  • KAMALI, MARYAM
    • Acta Via Serica
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.69-93
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    • 2016
  • This article compares two Iranian towers (burj) of the Saljuq period (c.1037-1194) with two Chinese Pagodas (t'a) of the Song dynasty (c.960-1279) in order to identify common cultural trends in medieval Iranian and Chinese architecture. To this end, the Iranian towers of Tuqrul in Rayy and Chihil Dukhtar in Damghan are compared with their Chinese counterparts of the Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng and the Pizhi Pagoda in Changqing. The two Iranian towers have much simpler architectural decorations compared to the splendid Song pagodas, which are decorated with statues and colorful paintings. The similarities in form, however, suggest common functions provided by the architecture. Both the Saljuq and Song towers had astronomical and military functions, position identification for travelers, and symbolic meanings, as well as their main functions as tombs. By applying comparative studies on the forms and functions of the Tuqrul and Chihil Dukhtar towers on the one hand, and the Iron and Pizhi Pagodas, on the other hand, this article aims to contribute new insights regarding common social trends shared by the medieval Iranian and Chinese and illustrated by their architecture. Extensive and distinguished publications on the general subject of art and architecture during the reign of the two dynasties under discussion already exist, as fully referenced below, but the specific comparative themes regarding the individual sites discussed here are the first in any study of this kind.

Identification of Bovine Lymphocyte Antigen DRB3.2 Alleles in Iranian Golpayegani Cattle by DNA Test

  • Mosafer, J.;Nassiry, M.R.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제18권12호
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    • pp.1691-1695
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    • 2005
  • The bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 gene encodes cell surface glycoproteins that initiate immune responses by presenting processed antigenic peptides to CD4 T helper cells. DRB3 is the most polymorphic bovine MHC class II gene which encodes the peptide-binding groove. Since different alleles favour the binding of different peptides, DRB3 has been extensively evaluated as a candidate marker for associations with various bovine diseases and immunological traits. For that reason, the genetic diversity of the bovine class II DRB3 locus was investigated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP). This study describes genetic variability in the BoLA-DRB3 in Iranian Golpayegani Cattle. Iranian Golpayegani Cows (n = 50) were genotyped for bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3.2 allele by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Bovine DNA was isolated from aliquots of whole blood. A two-step polymerase chain reaction followed by digestion with restriction endonucleases RsaI, HaeIII and BstYI was conducted on the DNA from Iranian Golpayegani Cattle. In the Iranian Golpayegani herd studied, we identified 19 alleles.DRB3.2${\times}$16 had the highest allelic frequency (14%), followed by DRB3.2${\times}$7 (11%). Six alleles (DRB3.2${\times}$25, ${\times}$24, ${\times}$22, ${\times}$20, ${\times}$15, ${\times}$3) had frequencies = 2%. Although additional studies are required to confirm the present findings, our results indicate that exon 2 of the BoLA-DRB3 gene is highly polymorphic in Iranian Golpayegani Cattle.

The Diversity of BoLA-DRB3 Gene in Iranian Native Cattle

  • Nassiry, M.R.;Eftekhari Shahroudi, F.;Tahmoorespur, M.;Javadmanesh, A.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제21권4호
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    • pp.465-470
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    • 2008
  • This study describes genetic variability in the BoLA-DRB3 gene in Iranian native cattle (Bos Indicus and Taurus) and relationships between these breeds. This is the first study of genetic polymorphism of the BoLA-DRB3 gene in Iranian native cattle. We examined exon 2 of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II DRB3 gene from 203 individuals in four populations of Iranian native cattle (52 Sarabi, 52 Najdi, 49 Sistani, 50 Golpayegani cattle) using the hemi-nested PCR-RFLP method. We identified the 36 previously reported alleles and one novel pattern (*eac). Analysis of the frequencies of the various BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles in each breed indicated that DRB3.2*52 in Sarabi cattle (23%), DRB3.2 *14 and *24 alleles in Najdi cattle (13%), DRB3.2 *8 allele in Sistani cattle (22%) and DRB3.2*16 allele in Golpayegani cattle (14%), were the most frequent alleles. Allelic frequencies ranged from 1 to 23% among the 36 alleles and there were some alleles that were found only in Iranian cattle. Effective number of alleles in the four breeds was estimated to be 7.86, 11.68, 7.08 and 3.37 in Sarabi, Najdi, Sistani and Golpayegani, respectively. Observed heterozygosities were the highest in Sarabi (94%) and Najdi (94%). A population tree based on the frequency of BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles in each breed suggested that Najdi, Sarabi and Golpayegani cattle clustered together and Najdi and Sarabi were the closest breeds. Sistani cattle differed more from these three breeds. These new data suggest that allele frequencies differ between Iranian cattle breeds.

Comparison of linkage disequilibrium levels in Iranian indigenous cattle using whole genome SNPs data

  • Karimi, Karim;Koshkoiyeh, Ali Esmailizadeh;Gondro, Cedric
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제57권12호
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    • pp.47.1-47.10
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    • 2015
  • Background: Knowledge of linkage disequilibrium (LD) levels among different populations can be used to detect genetic diversity and to investigate the historical changes in population sizes. Availability of large numbers of SNP through new sequencing technologies has provided opportunities for extensive researches in quantifying LD patterns in cattle breeds. The aim of this study was to compare the extent of linkage disequilibrium among Iranian cattle breeds using high density SNP genotyping data. Results: A total of 70 samples, representing seven Iranian indigenous cattle breeds, were genotyped for 777962 SNPs. The average values of LD based on the $r^2$ criterion were computed by grouping all syntenic SNP pairwises for intermarker distances from 0 Kb up to 1 Mb using three distance sets. Average $r^2$ above 0.3 was observed at distances less than 30 Kb for Sistani and Kermani, 20 Kb for Najdi, Taleshi, Kurdi and Sarabi, and 10 Kb for Mazandarani. The LD levels were considerably different among the Iranian cattle breeds and the difference in LD extent was more detectable between the studied breeds at longer distances. Lower level of LD was observed for Mazandarani breed as compared to other breeds indicating larger ancestral population size in this breed. Kermani breed continued to have more slowly LD decay than all of the other breeds after 3 Kb distances. More slowly LD decay was observed in Kurdi and Sarabi breeds at larger distances (>100 Kb) showing that population decline has been more intense in more recent generations for these populations. Conclusions: A wide genetic diversity and different historical background were well reflected in the LD levels among Iranian cattle breeds. More LD fluctuation was observed in the shorter distances (less than 10 Kb) in different cattle populations. Despite of the sample size effects, High LD levels found in this study were in accordance with the presence of inbreeding and population decline in Iranian cattle breeds.

Population Analysis of Iranian Potato virus Y Isolates Using Complete Genome Sequence

  • Pourrahim, Reza;Farzadfar, Shirin
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • 제32권1호
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    • pp.33-46
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    • 2016
  • In this study, the full-length nucleotide sequences of four Iranian PVY isolates belonging to $PVY^N$ strain were determined. The genome of Iranian PVY isolates were 9,703-9,707 nucleotides long encoding all potyviral cistrons including P1, HC-Pro, P3, 6K1, CI, 6K2, VPg, NIa-Pro, NIb and CP with coding regions of 825, 1,395, 1,095, 156, 1,902, 156, 564, 732, 1,557 and 801 nucleotides in length, respectively. The length of pipo, embedded in the P3 cistron, was 231 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Iranian isolates clustered with European recombinant NTN isolates in the N lineage. Recombination analysis demonstrated that Iranian $PVY^N$ isolates had a typical European $PVY^{NTN}$ genome having three recombinant junctions while $PVY^N$ and $PVY^O$ were identified as the parents. We used dN/dS methods to detect candidate amino acid positions for positive selection in viral proteins. The mean ${\omega}$ ratio differed among different genes. Using model M0, ${\omega}$ values were 0.267 (P1), 0.085 (HC-Pro), 0.153 (P3), 0.050 (CI), 0.078 (VPg), 0.087 (NIa-pro), 0.079 (NIb) and 0.165 (CP). The analysis showed different sites within P1, P3 and CP were under positive selection pressure, however, the sites varied among PVY populations. To the best of our knowledge, our analysis provides the first demonstration of population structure of $PVY^N$ strain in mid-Eurasia Iran using complete genome sequences and highlights the importance of recombination and selection pressure in the evolution of PVY.

Inequality in Private Health Care Expenditures: A 36-Year Trend Study of Iranian Households

  • Aghapour, Ehsan;Basakha, Mehdi;Kamal, Seyed Hossein Mohaqeqi;Pourreza, Abolghasem
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • 제55권4호
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    • pp.379-388
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    • 2022
  • Objectives: Throughout history, societies have been impacted by inequality. Many studies have been conducted on the topic more broadly, but only a few have investigated inequalities in out-of-pocket health payments (OHP). This study measures OHP inequality trends among the Iranian households. Methods: This study used data from the Iranian Statistics Center on Iranian household income and expenditures. The analysis included a total of 995 300 households during the 36 years from 1984 to 2019. The Gini coefficient, Atkinson index, and Theil index were calculated for Iranian OHP. Results: Average Iranian household OHP increased from 33 US dollar (USD) in 1984 to 47 USD in 2019. During this 36-year span, the average±standard deviation Gini coefficient for OHP was 0.73±0.04, and the Atkinson and Theil indexes were 0.68±0.05 and 1.14±0.29, respectively. The Gini coefficients for the subcategories of OHP of outpatient diagnostic services, medical assistant accessories, hospital inpatient services, and addiction cessation were 0.70, 0.61, 0.84, and 0.64, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, we scrutinized trends of inequality in the OHP of Iranian households. Inequality in OHP decreased slightly over the past four decades. An analysis of trends among different subgroups revealed that affluent households, such as households with insurance coverage and households in higher income deciles, experienced higher inequality. Therefore, lower inequality in health care expenditures may be related to restricted access to health care services in Iran.

Spiritual/Religious Coping Strategies and their Relationship with Illness Adjustment among Iranian Breast Cancer Patients

  • Khodaveirdyzadeh, Roghieh;Rahimi, Rabee;Rahmani, Azad;Ghahramanian, Akram;Kodayari, Naser;Eivazi, Jamal
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제17권8호
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    • pp.4095-4099
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    • 2016
  • Background: Use of spiritual/ religious resources is one important coping strategy for breast cancer patients. However, the relationship between spiritual coping and adjustment to cancer diagnosis has not been well investigated among Iranian breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was undertaken among 266 breast cancer patients referred to two educational centers in north-western Iran. They were selected using a convenience sampling method. The Iranian Religious Coping Scale and Iranian Coping Operations Preference Enquiry were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 13.0. Results: The study findings showed that Iranian cancer patients had a high level of spiritual coping. Also, positive religious coping strategies were used more frequently than negative approaches. In addition, there was a positive and significant correlation between spiritual coping and adjustment to cancer among study participants. Conclusions: Using spiritual coping strategies may play a vital role in adjustment process in patients with breast cancer. Therefore, having spiritual counseling and incorporating coping strategies into the treatment regimen may be effective for enhancing illness adjustment in such patients.