• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.272-279
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• 2010

KNF-1002, a new fungicide candidate, is very effective for protecting crops against plant diseases, but its curative activity against barley powdery mildew is negligible due to its weak penetrability into plant leaf. To select the most efficient activator and, at the same time, spreade-sticker, foliar uptake and deposit of aqueous spray formulations containing non-ionic or anionic surfactants and fatty acid alkyl esters as an adjuvant were assessed by using Congo Red method. In the absence of activator, only 0.1% of the applied active ingredient was absorbed by barley leaves 24 h after spraying with an aqueous acetone containing KNF-1002 100 mg/L. But, non-ionic surfactants (500 mg/L), such as heptaethylene glycol monooctadecenyl ether (OE-7), dodecaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether (CE-12), so facilitated KNF-1002 uptake that the uptake was increased up to 48.5%. To wheat plant, the addition of surfactants in spray solution of KNF-1002 also increased the foliar uptake and deposition of active ingredient, but its efficiency varied according to the kind of fatty alcohol moiety of polyoxyethylene surfactant. KNF-1002 formulations containing nonaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (LE-9) as an activator and spreader-sticker showed remarkable increases of fungicidal activity against barley powdery mildew.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.71-79
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• 2023

In this study, we employed anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants for the hydrophilization of porous substrates used in the fabrication of pore-filling membranes. We investigated the extent of hydrophilization based on the type of surfactant, its concentration, and immersion time. Furthermore, we used the hydrophilized substrates to produce pore-filling anion exchange membranes and compared their ion conductivity to determine the optimal hydrophilization conditions. For the ionic surfactants used in this study, we observed that hydrophilization progressed rapidly from the beginning of immersion when the applied concentration was 3.0 wt%, compared to lower concentrations (0.05, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%). In contrast, for the relatively larger molecular weight non-ionic surfactants, smooth hydrophilization was not observed. There was no apparent correlation between the degree of hydrophilization and the ion conductivity of the anion exchange membrane. This discrepancy suggests that an excessive hydrophilization process during the treatment of porous substrates leads to excessive adsorption of the surfactant on the sparse surfaces of the porous substrate, resulting in a significant reduction in porosity and subsequently decreasing the content of polymer electrolyte capable of ion exchange, thereby greatly increasing the electrical resistance of the membrane.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.207-210
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• 2012

The preparation of $Sm_2O_3$ doped $CeO_2$ in Igepal CO-520/cyclohexane reverse micelle solutions has been studied. In the present work, we synthesized nanosized $Sm_2O_3$ doped $CeO_2$ powders by reverse micelle process using aqueous ammonia as the precipitant; hydroxide precursor was obtained from nitrate solutions dispersed in the nanosized aqueous domains of a micro emulsion consisting of cyclohexane as the oil phase, and poly (xoyethylene) nonylphenylether (Igepal CO-520) as the non-ionic surfactant. The synthesized and calcined powders were characterized by Thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The crystallite size was found to increase with increase in water to surfactant (R) molar ratio. Average particle size and distribution of the synthesized $Sm_2O_3$ doped $CeO_2$ were below 10 nm and narrow, respectively. TG-DTA analysis shows that phase of $Sm_2O_3$ doped $CeO_2$ nanoparticles changed from monoclinic to tetragonal at approximately $560^{\circ}C$. The phase of the synthesized $Sm_2O_3$ doped $CeO_2$ with heating to $600^{\circ}C$ for 30 min was tetragonal $CeO_2$. This study revealed that the particle formation process in reverse micelles is based on a two step model. The rapid first step is the complete reduction of the metal to the zero valence state. The second step is growth, via reagent exchanges between micelles through the inter-micellar exchange.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.94-104
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• 2011

Mesoporous silica was synthesized in a water solvent and in an ethanol solvent with the non and cationic cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) by varying the amount of the amphiphilic acrylic urethane oligomer (AAU) and the pH of the solution. The adsorption of the MX (3-chloro-4 (dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanone) in drinking water was studied using the synthesized mesoporous silica as an adsorbent. The most appropriate silica was synthesized in acidic conditions in the water solvent and in alkali conditions in the ethanol solvent. The average pore sizes of the synthesized mesosilica were 3 nm and more. The mesoporous silica synthesized by the addition of the AAU oligomer showed excellent adsorption characteristics. With respect to the co-surfactant, the best adsorption characteristics were obtained when the P64,a non-ionic surfactant with a high molecular weight, was used to synthesize the silica than when other co-surfactants were used. The adsorption rate decreased as the MX concentration in the water increased. Different adsorption equilibrium conditions were reached depending on the adsorbate MX concentration in the adsorbent and the solution. It was seen that perfect adsorption does not occur due to such equilibrium conditions.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.404-410
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• 2020

In this study, the stability criteria of cosmeceuticals emulsion containing Flos Sophorae Immaturus extracts was established using the Box-Behnken design model (BBD-RSM). As optimization conditions of the emulsification using the BBD-RSM, the amount of surfactant and additive, and emulsification time and speed were used as quantitative factors while mean droplet size (MDS), viscosity and emulsion stability index (ESI) were used as reaction values. According to the result of BBD-RSM, optimum conditions for the emulsification were as follows; the emulsification time and speed of 17.8 min and 5505 rpm, respectively and amounts of the emulsifier and additive of 2.28 and 1.05 wt.%, respectively. Under these conditions, the MDS, viscosity, and ESI after 7 days from the reaction were estimated as 1875.5 nm, 1789.7 cP, and 93.8%, respectively. The average error value from our actual experiments for verifying the conclusions was below 5%, which is mainly due to the fact that the BBD-RSM was applied to the optimized cosmeceuticals emulsification.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2008

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antimetabolic of the pyrimidine derivatives that is used in chemotherapy for the treatment of several types of cancer. 5-FU have poor oral absorption and short biological half-time and strong side effects. Microneedle introduced to find a solution of problems. Microneedle device with roll was manufactured for transdermal delivery of various drugs. 5-FU was mixed in non-ionic surfactant such as tween 20 and tween 80. Camscope was used to analysis the permeation magnitude of treated skin by microneedle and trypan blue staining. The 5-FU solution with surfactant measured by ZETA-potential analysis system for stability of solution. The skin permeation rate of 5-FU determined by HPLC. We confirmed that cross treated skin was dyed more deeply than parallel treated skin through trypan blue staining. The results indicate that skin permeation rate of 5-FU was increased with the treatment types and treatment times.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.337-342
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• 2004

A non-ionic surfactant, Tween 80 has been known to exert a number of positive effects on degradative enzymes in in vitro aerobic and anaerobic microbial cultures. An experiment was conducted to examine effects of supplementation of Tween 80 on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility of Hanwoo steers. The experiment was designed as a $3{\times}3$ Latin square with duplication and six Hanwoo steers with rumen cannulae, average weight 497 (SE 61.1) kg. For the experiment the animals were given a basal diet consisting of rice straw and compound feed mixed at 4:6 ratio. The three experimental treatments were (1) the basal diet, supplemented with (2) 5 g/d Tween 80 and (3) 10 g/d Tween 80. Ruminal pH was significantly (p<0.05) affected by Tween 80 supplementation at 6 h after feeding. Increasing supplementation levels of Tween 80 linearly increased the total VFA concentration. CMCase activity by the 10g/d supplementation of Tween 80 were significantly increased (p<0.05) by 24.4% compared with that of control. Digestibility of crude fiber was significantly increased (p<0.05) in Hanwoo steers fed the diet supplemented with 10 g/d Tween 80 compared with those of control, whilst digestibility of ether extract (EE) was linearly increased by increasing Tween 80 supplementation level (p<0.05). In other nutrient components, their digestibilities of Hanwoo fed diets supplemented with Tween 80 tended to increase. It is concluded that Tween 80 has a potential for industrial application as a feed additive to improve ruminant production.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.63-70
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• 2023

Underground carbon dioxide (CO₂) storage emerges as a pivotal strategy for mitigating atmospheric CO₂ emissions and addressing global warming concerns. This study investigates techniques to optimize storage efficiency in aquifers, which stand out for their superior capacity compared to other geological layers. The focus is on the application of nonionic and anionic surfactants to enhance CO₂ storage efficiency within confined spaces. A specialized micromodel facilitating fluid flow observation was employed for the evaluation. Experimental results revealed a noteworthy minimum 40% increase in storage efficiency at the lowest injection rate when utilizing nonionic and anionic surfactants, in comparison to pure water injection. Interestingly, no significant variations in storage efficiency were observed based on the ionicity and concentration of the surfactants under investigation. These findings have implications for guiding the selection and concentration determination of surfactants in future underground CO₂ storage endeavors.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.593-600
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• 2024

The nanoemulgel was prepared to induce a synergistic effect along with higher efficacy. Nine sets of macroemulsion were made in which liquid paraffin was stabilized by the two non-ionic surfactants, Tween® 80 and Span® 80. Comparative stability analysis of the macroemulsions was used to determine the effective surfactant concentrations that gave the most stable systems (NE 2, NE3, NE4, NE5). High-speed homogenization was then applied. The final formulation was evaluated for globule size and polydispersablity index, physical properties (color, homogeneity, consistency, syneresis), pH, viscosity, spreadability with 200 g and 500 g weight, conductivity, drug content, stability, skin irritation, antifungal efficacy. Zeta size analysis confirmed the nanosize of the droplets in NE2 (284.8 nm), NE3 (79.89 nm), NE4 (194 nm) but not NE5 (632.8 nm), which was outside the nanoemulsion range. The antifungal assay exhibited zone of inhibition for NE3 (43±1.0 mm) and NE4 (42±1.7 mm), a marketed cream (33±1 mm), fluconazole alone (35±1 mm) and terbinafine alone (35.0±1.7 mm). The zone of inhibition of nanoemulgels increased compared with the drugs when used individually and when compared a placebo.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.51-59
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• 2001

Column and box tests were performed to investigate the removal efficiency of NAPL using the surfactant enhanced flushing In heterogeneous medium. Homogeneous Ottawa sand and heterogeneous soil were used to verify the increase of remediation efficiency for the surfactant enhanced flushing in column test. Box tests with two different heterogeneous sub-structure were performed to quantify the capability of the surfactant enhanced flushing as a remediation method to remove NAPL from the heterogeneous medium. Two different grain size sand layers were repeated in the box to simulate the heterogeneous layer formation and the modified fault structure was built to simulate the fault system in the box. O-xylene as a LNAPL and PCE as a DNAPL were used and oleamide as a non-ionic surfactant. The maximum NAPL effluent concentration with 1% oleamide flushing in the homogeneous column test increased about 460 times compared to that with only water flushing and about 250 times increased in the real soil column test. In heterogeneous medium, the maximum effluent concentration increased about 150 times in 1% oleamide flushing and most of NAPL were removed from the box within 8 pore volume flushing, suggesting that the removal efficiency increased very much compared to in only water flushing. Results investigated the capability of the surfactant enhanced remediation method to remove NAPL even in heterogeneous medium.