• 한국의류학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.284-293
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to identify men's beauty service markets based on socio-cultural appearance attitude and to compare their satisfaction and intention to revisit beauty service. The study was done by survey method. Data of three hundred men aged from 20's to 40's were collected by on-line survey. Descriptive analyses, factor analyses, cluster analyses, Duncan tests, multiple regressions, and path analyses were applied. The results are as follows: First, five factors were found for men's socio-cultural attitude for their appearance. They were high involvement in appearance, social appearance, appearance satisfaction, appearance comparison and low involvement in appearance. Second, cluster analysis based on socio-cultural attitude produced three customer groups such as high involvement, social concern & satisfaction, and low involvement. Third, customer groups showed significant differences in some demographics and some items of service dimensions, which resulted in significant differences in satisfaction, and intention to revisit beauty shop services. A high involvement group was composed of young and unmarried men with more frequent visit to beauty shop service. In general, both the high involvement and the social concern & satisfaction groups showed higher evaluations than the low concern group in some of service items, level of satisfaction, and intention to revisit. In conclusion, attitude on their appearance could be useful factors in segmenting men's beauty service market. Levels and types of beauty shop service should be differentiated among consumer markets.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2014

The purposes of the study were to explore differences in preference for clothing images according to wearing situations and clothing product involvement. A questionnaire was developed by the researcher and was collected by 101 men and 100 women aged between 40 and 59. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, repeated measure ANOVA, t-test adjusted by Bonferroni, paired sample t-test, and independent sample t-test. The results of the study showed that clothing images were classified into five factors including hard cold image, modern urban image, bold unique image, and heavy luxurious image. There were significant differences in preference among clothing images according to wearing situations and clothing product involvement. While modern urbane image was most preferred, hard cold image was least preferred in both formal and informal wearing situations, and for either high or low involvement clothing products. Also, there were significant differences in clothing image preference according to wearing situations and product involvement. In formal situations, stronger preference for modern urban image and heavy luxurious image showed than in informal situations, and bold unique image and heavy luxurious image were more preferred for high involvement clothing product than for low involvement clothing product. In addition, there were significant differences in preferences for clothing images between groups according to gender and age. In both formal and informal situations, men showed stronger preferences than women for hard cold image, but women for bold unique image. For either high or low involvement clothing products, men preferred hard cold image, modern urban image and heavy luxurious image more than women, but women preferred bold unique image more than men. Lastly, for high involvement clothing product, subjects aged fifties showed stronger preferences than forties for modern urban image and heavy luxurious image, but for low involvement clothing product, modern urban image was more preferred.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2000

목 적 : Henoch-$Sch\ddot{o}nlein$(HS)자반증에서 신증상은 가장 심각한 증상이고 HS자반증의 예후와 관련되어 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 이에 대하여 immunoglobulins, 보체계, interleukin(IL)-1, interleukin(IL)-6 또는 tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-$\alpha$등과 같은 pro-inflammatory cytokines 등의 병인론적 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 HS자반증의 임상 증상들을 신침범 유무에 따라 비교하여 신침범의 임상적 위험인자를 알아보고자 하였고 급성기와 회복기 혈청 및 뇨중 TNF-$\alpha$의 농도를 각각 측정하여 신침범 환아에서 병인론적 역할을 검증해 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1998년 3월부터 1999년 4월까지 충북대학교병원 소아과를 방문한 HS자반증 환아 12명, HS 신염 환아 7명, 연령별 대조군 5명을 대상으로 환아의 연령, 성별, 전구증상, 복통, 관절통, 자반의 정도와 지속기간, 스테로이드의 사용유무 등에 따른 신증상 발현의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 또한 대상 환아들의 혈청은 내원 당시 채혈하여 3,000g, 5분 동안 원심분리하여 $-20^{\circ}C$에 보관하였으며 소변은 내원 당시 채취하여 $-20^{\circ}C$에 보관 후,R & D system(Mineapolis, USA)의 $Quantikine^{TM}$ human TNF-$\alpha$ immunoassay kit를 이용하여 TNF-$\alpha$의 농도를 측정하였다. 결 과 :임상인자 중 자반이 4주 이상 지속되는 지속성 자반증 환아에서 신염 발생율이 의미있게 높았으며 (P=0.0018), 복통이나 관절통 등으로 인하여 급성기에 사용한 스테로이드는 신염의 발생율과는 연관성이 없었고 자반의 지속기간에도 영향을 주지 않았다. 급성기 혈청 TNF-$\alpha$는 신염을 동반한 HS자반증 환아에서 연령별 대조군이나 신염이 없는 HS자반증 환아보다 의미있게 증가하였으나(P=0.027, P=0.012) 뇨중 TNF-$\alpha$농도는 연광성을 발견할 수 없었다. 또한 혈청 TNF-$\alpha$의 상승과 임상적 위험인자와의 연관성을 조사해 보았을 때 지속적 자반군에서 통계적으로 유의한 증가를 보였다(P=0.038). 결 론 :혈청 TNF-$\alpha$농도는 HS자반증에서 신염의 발생과 관련이 있으므로 임상적 위험인자로 자반의 지속기간과 함께 HS자반증 환아의 신침범에 대한 예측인자로 활용할 수 있을 것이며 따라서 HS신염의 예방과 치료에 있어서 TNF-$\alpha$에 대한 생성억제제나 특이항체 등의 이용가능성에 대한 연구가 필요할 것이다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.147-160
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine (1) if sociocultural factors that are known to influence gender gap in mathematics achievement are gender equitable for Singaporean eighth grade students, (2) if there is a higher level of gender equitability in students' attitudes towards mathematics and (3) how sociocultural factors influence mathematics achievement for Singaporean eighth grade students. This study is based on 5,923 Singaporean eighth grade students who participated in TIMSS 2011 assessment. The study found that there were no statistically significant gender differences in 'parental involvement in education' and 'teacher efficacy.' There were no statistically significant gender differences in students' attitudes of 'like learning mathematics,' and 'value learning mathematics'. A significant gender difference was identified for the attitude of 'confident with mathematics.' The boys displayed a higher level of confidence in mathematics than the girls consistent with other study findings for Asian students. The degree of effect from 'parental involvement in education,' 'teacher efficacy,' and 'confident with mathematics' on mathematics achievement are found to be stronger for girls than boys. The finding implies that girls' mathematics achievement can benefit from having more positive encouragement and involvement of parents and teachers and strengthening confidence in mathematics.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.119-129
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• 2018

오늘날 벤처기업을 비롯한 많은 조직들은 훌륭한 인재의 확보 유치와 더불어, 조직구성원의 직무만족에 대한 관심을 집중하고 있다. 그러나 벤처기업을 비롯한 많은 조직에서는 일과 가정간의 상호작용에 대한 이해가 미흡한 상황이다. 이에 본 연구는 일과 가정간의 상호작용을 알아보기 위해 진행되었으며, 구체적으로 맞벌이 기혼남성의 직무자율성이 직무만족에 미치는 영향에서 자녀양육참여의 매개효과를 검증하기 위하여 실시되었다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 맞벌이 기혼남성을 대상으로 2014년 8월 29일부터 9월 22일 까지 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 577명의 설문이 분석되었다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 20.0을 이용하여 빈도 및 기술통계분석을 통하여 각 변인별 특성을 파악하고, 상관관계 분석과 위계적 회귀분석을 통하여 변인 간 상관관계와 인과관계 및 매개효과를 파악하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 맞벌이 기혼남성의 직무만족은 직무자율성과 생활지도, 여가활동공유, 월소득, 직종에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 직무자율성과 직무만족간의 관계에서 양육참여의 하위요인인 생활지도와 여가활동 공유는 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 벤처창업기업을 비롯한 노동현장에서는 남성의 직무만족 향상을 위하여, 직무자율성의 증대뿐만 아니라, 자녀양육참여 방안을 마련함으로써 직무만족을 향상시켜야 할 것이다.

• 아동학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.135-145
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• 1999

Little is known about the relationship between fathers and their preadolescent children in Korea or about variations in fathering by SES and sex role orientation. The purpose of this exploratory research was to examine variation in contemporary Korean fathering (e.g., warmth of fathering, frequency of father involvement, and task share of father involvement) and its influence on children's sex role development. One hundred and twenty-nine fathers, mothers, and their 11-13-year-old children completed standardized survey questionnaires addressing their childrearing practices, parental role involvement, spousal support, and sex role orientations. Data were analyzed using MANOVAs, t-test, correlational analyses, and multiple regression analyses. Mothers reported more warmth in parenting than did fathers. Regardless of sex of child middle class fathers reported more warmth than lower class fathers and lower frequency of task share than lower class fathers. Regardless of SES, fathers with working wives reported higher levels of task share of involvement relative to their spouse. Fathers who were more frequently involved with their children tended to receive greater support from their wives for paternal involvement. There were no differences in parenting by sex of child nor was fathering associated with children's sex role orientation. Girls' femininity was related to fathers' masculinity. SES, maternal support, fathers' femininity, parents' education level, and maternal work status had predictive ability for the ecological view that fathering is a dynamic process predicted by personal characteristics as well as contextual factors.

• 복식
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• 제60권8호
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• pp.15-28
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate how gender role attitudes affect clothing involvement and clothing consumption behaviors in young female generation by changing the traditional sex role stereotype. For the research, the survey was conducted for a month from June 15 to July 15, 2009. Data was collected a total of 368 questionnaires from 20's female university students and analyzed 301 questionnaires with SPSS 12.0. The results were as follows. First, the results of factor analysis on gender role attitudes confirmed the multifactorial theory of gender schema: modern masculinity, conservative gender roles, modern feminity based on emotion, gender role openness, and traditional feminity. Second, gender role attitude of female university students was a little conservative but flexible to accommodate masculinity and active in the emotion expression. Third, gender role attitudes had important effects on clothing involvement which was identified into 4 different factors; fashion involvement, clothing interest, performance risk, and social psychological risk. Fourth, gender role attitudes were related with clothing consumption behaviors as like shopping orientation, on-going information search behavior and brand loyalty because of needs for innovation, exhibition and differentiation. Therefore, it was concluded that not only 'androgynous' from modern feminity based on emotion but also 'masculinity' was applied to important fashion marketing strategic tools by statically affecting female consumer's clothing involvement and clothing behaviors.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.265-280
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• 2016

The study examined the effects of fathers' parenting involvement and parenting behaviors on child happiness. A total of 270 elementary school students in 4th, 5th, and 6th grades (139 boys and 131 girls) participated in the study and completed the questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analyses of variances, correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. Fathers' parenting involvement and parenting behaviors did not differ by gender and grades, but child happiness partially differed in response to those factors. Additionally, child happiness was significantly positively correlated with fathers' parenting involvement and parenting behaviors. Moreover, fathers involvement in leisure activities, daily-life guidance, and study guidance, as well as their being warm receptive and rejective restrictive parenting behaviors were found to be significant variables influencing child happiness. Overall, the results of this study suggest fathers' play important roles in child happiness and that development of an education program for fathers is warranted.

• 지식경영연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.105-127
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• 2016

There is a growing awareness about the role of the board of directors in decision making, which is crucial to vitalize board activities in Korean firms. Given the academic and social needs, the current study is designed to identify the relationship between board independence and the board involvement of directors, highlighting the important aspects of information provision from diverse channels and information sharing among external directors. In this study, I include not only traditional variables to address the structural independence of the board but also the information provision and information sharing variables to explain how external directors, on average, are involved in board decisions. The research results from 136 Korean business samples show positive relationships between board independence and board involvement, but the influence of information provision and sharing proves to be significant in increasing the level of the board involvement of external directors. These findings suggest that active communication and information sharing among external directors, as well as an independent structural design for the board of directors, are important factors to improve the level of board involvement. Based on these results, the current paper provides theoretical and practical implications for corporate governance and knowledge management. Future research directions and limitations are also discussed.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.156-161
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of use of clothing advertisements in magazines as an information source to clothing involvement. Questionnaires were administered to 131 women living in Sangju City during April of 2000. Data were analyzed by using factor analysis, t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test. Attitude toward clothing advertisements in magazines was factor analyzed resulting three factors such as quality information & degree of use, fashion & brand information, and communication. Clothing advertisement was not considered as a useful information source and was not understood the message of advertisement clearly. There were significant differences between high involvement group and low involvement group in attitude toward clothing advertisements as information sources. High involvement group considered clothing advertisements as information sources more positively and used advertisements to search information about fashion and product quality. Also, significant differences were shown according to marriage state, age, and education level.