• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.3485-3491
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• 2015

Background: Nodal invasion by colorectal cancer is a critical determinant in estimating patient survival and in choosing appropriate preoperative treatment. The present meta-analysis was designed to evaluate the diagnostic value of endorectal ultrasound (EUS) in preoperative assessment of lymph node involvement in colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases for relevant studies published on or before December 10th, 2014. The sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and area under the summary receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) were assessed to estimate the diagnostic value of EUS. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were performed to explore heterogeneity across studies. Results: Thirty-three studies covering 3,016 subjects were included. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.69 (95%CI: 0.63-0.75) and 0.77 (95%CI: 0.73-0.82), respectively. The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 3.09 (95%CI: 2.52-3.78) and 0.39 (95%CI: 0.32-0.48), respectively. The DOR was 7.84 (95%CI: 5.56-11.08), and AUC was 0.80 (95%CI: 0.77-0.84). Conclusions: This meta-analysis indicated that EUS has moderate diagnostic value in preoperative assessment of lymph node involvement in colorectal cancer. Further refinements in technology and diagnostic criteria are necessary to improve the diagnostic accuracy of EUS.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.4363-4368
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• 2015

Background: The tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) represents the percentage of neoplastic cell components compared to the combined area of neoplastic cells and the surrounding tumor-induced stroma. A low TSR (predomination of stromal component) has been demonstrated to be an independent adverse prognostic factor in cancers of several organs. In cervical carcinoma patients, TSR has been evaluated in only one previous study with different histological types. The present study aimed to assess the prognostic value of TSR in early stage cervical cancer patients with adenocarcinoma histology only. Materials and Methods: Histological slides of patients with early stage (IB-IIA) cervical adenocarcinoma who underwent surgical treatment between January 2003 and December 2011 were reviewed. Patients who had received preoperative chemotherapy were excluded. TSR was categorized as low (<50%) and high (${\geq}50%$). Correlations between TSR and clinicopathological variables were evaluated. Prognostic values of TSR and other variables were estimated using Cox's regression. Results: Of 131 patients; 38 (29.0%) had low TSR and 93 (71.0%) had high TSR. The patients with low TSR had significantly higher proportions of deep cervical stromal invasion (outer third of wall, p=0.011; residual stroma less than 3 mm, p=0.008) and parametrial involvement (p=0.026). Compared to the patients with high TSR, those with low TSR tended to have lower 5-year disease-free survival rate (83.8% versus 88.9%) and overall survival rate (85.6% versus 90.3%), although the differences were not statistically significant. Low TSR was significantly associated with decreased overall survival in univariate analysis (HR 2.7; 95% CI 1.0-7.0; p=0.041), but not in multivariate analysis. TSR was not significantly associated with decreased disease-free survival. Conclusions: Low TSR is associated with decreased overall survival in patients with early stage cervical adenocarcinoma treated by surgery. However, it was not found to be an independent prognostic predictor in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.120-131
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• 2014

Sajikdan(a sort of national shrine in Korea) built at the time of foundation of Joseon was entrenched into Sajik Park going through Japanese colonial era and recently the efforts to restore it is in progress. The details of change in Sajikdan in terms of diachronic analysis are as follows: Firstly, the first period refers to one prior to Japanese colonial era from the first king (also named as "Taejo" in Korean) of the Joseon Dynasty, during which it secured and strengthened the presence as a place for performing important national rites in a nation. It was built on the foot of Inwangsan Mt. at the time of the first king in Joseon Dynasty at first, was destroyed fully by fire during a Japanese Invasion period to Korea(1592-98) and afterward its ancestral ritual facilities were completed under the regime of Youngjo. However, as Japanese intervention coming to the fore, its place was destroyed and then ancestral rites were also abolished in 1908. Secondly, next period falls on 1910 to 1944 when it was transformed and entrenched into a park by the Japanese Empire. While facilities related to a park and an heterogeneous building around the part of boundary were set up, the area of altar, a ritual house and d door of Sajikdan were also designated as historical remains and treasures. Thirdly, this period refers to one from Korea's liberation year from Japanese colony(1945) to the year of 1984 when it had a mixed placeness with the statues, monuments and buildings with heterogeneous nature built. Furthermore, a door of Sajikdan was removed and reconstructed over twice due to opening of Sajik Tunnel. Fourthly, a final period falls on 1985 to the present when efforts are in progress to restore the historicity and symbolism of Sajikdan. A plan for restoration is promoted but now is a difficult time suffering from troubles caused by residents' resistance. Scrutinized historical researches through excavation investigation and residents' understanding are required altogether for restoration of Sajikdan.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2018

Purpose: IBTR! 2.0 nomogram is web-based nomogram that predicts ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR). We aimed to validate the IBTR! 2.0 using an external data set. Materials and Methods: The cohort consisted of 2,206 patients, who received breast conserving surgery and radiation therapy from 1992 to 2012 at our institution, where wide surgical excision is been routinely performed. Discrimination and calibration were used for assessing model performance. Patients with predicted 10-year IBTR risk based on an IBTR! 2.0 nomogram score of <3%, 3%-5%, 5%-10%, and >10% were assigned to groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. We also plotted calibration values to observe the actual IBTR rate against the nomogram-derived 10-year IBTR probabilities. Results: The median follow-up period was 73 months (range, 6 to 277 months). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.607, showing poor accordance between the estimated and observed recurrence rate. Calibration plot confirmed that the IBTR! 2.0 nomogram predicted the 10-year IBTR risk higher than the observed IBTR rates in all groups. High discrepancies between nomogram IBTR predictions and observed IBTR rates were observed in overall risk groups. Compared with the original development dataset, our patients had fewer high grade tumors, less margin positivity, and less lymphovascular invasion, and more use of modern systemic therapies. Conclusions: IBTR! 2.0 nomogram seems to have the moderate discriminative ability with a tendency to over-estimating risk rate. Continued efforts are needed to ensure external applicability of published nomograms by validating the program using an external patient population.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.223-237
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of bone graft materials including deproteinized bovine bone(DBB), demineralized freeze-dried bone(DFDB), freeze-dried bone(FDB) on bone formation in guided bone regeneration using perforated titanium membrane(TM). 16 adult male rabbits(mean BW 2kg) were used in this study and 4 rabbits allotted to each test group. Intramarrow penetration(diameter 6.5mm) was done with round carbide bur on calvaria to promote blood supply and clot formation in the wound area. The test groups were devided into 4 groups as follows: TM only(test 1), TM +DBB(test 2), TM +DFDB(test 3), TM +FDB(test 4). Perforated titanium membrane was contoured in rectangular parallelepiped shape(0.5mm pore diameter, 10mm in one side, 2mm in inner height), filled the each graft material and placed on the decorticated carvaria. Perforated titanium membrane was fixed with resorbable suture materials. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 8 weeks after the surgery. Non-decalcified preparations were routinely processed for histologic analysis. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Perforated titanium membrane was biocompatible. 2. Perforated titanium membrane had capability of maintaining the space during the healing period but invasion of soft tissue through the perforations of titanium membrane decreased the space available for bone formation. 3. In test 1 group without bone graft material, the amount of bone formation and bone maturation was better than other test groups. 4. Among the graft materials, the effect of freeze-dried bone on bone formation was best. 5. In the test groups using deproteinized bovine bone, demineralized freeze-dried bone, bone formation was a little. The spacemaking capability of the membrane may be crucial for bone formation. The combined treatment with the perforated titanium membrane and deproteinized bovine bone or demineralized freeze-dried bone failed to demonstrate any added effect in the bone formation. Minimization of size and numbers of perforations of titanium membrane or use of occlusive titanium membrane might be effective to acquire predictable results in the vertical bone formation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.23 no.2 s.59
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• pp.109-115
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• 1984

This study was conducted to investigate the bionomics, host range and damage aspect of Japanese juniperus bark borer, Semanotus bifasciatus M., which shoves the severe damage for the Juniperace in Chonnam province, recently. Host plants were Juniperus virginiana, J. chinensis var. kaizuka, J. chinensis, Biata orientalis var. nepalensis, Chamaccyparis ostus and Thujopsis dolabrata. Out of those, J. chinensis var. kaizuka is newly investigated in this study. Damage rate in each area was $16.5\%$ in Kwangju, $4.25\%$ in Damyang ana $6.5\%$ in Hwasoon. Adults appear once a year, with a peak at late March to early April. Adults emergence during the day showed the peak at 13 to 15 hours and were influenced in the maximum temperature in a day. Attack direction of larva after invasion in the stem was $62\%$ toward base, $22\%$ toward tip and $16\%$ toward horizon, and the damage in each DBH (Diameter of breast height) was the greatest at $30\~40mm$. At period of each stage, egg was $15.8\~19.7$ days, larva was $l12\~126$ days and pupa was $15\~21$ days. Longevity of adult was 19 days for female and 16 days for male.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.733-742
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• 2007

Bone morphogenetic proteins have been shown to possess significant osteoinSductive potential, but in order to take advantage of this effect for tissue engineering, carrier systems are essential. Successful carrier systems must enable vascular and cellular invasion, allowing BMP to act as a differentiation factor. The carrier should be reproducible, non-immunogenic, moldable, and space-providing, to define the contours of the resulting bone. The purpose of this study was to review available literature, in comparing various carriers of BMP on rat calvarial defect model. The following conclusions were deduced. 1. Bone regeneration of ACS/BMP, ${\beta}-TCP/BMP$, FFSS/BMP, $FFSS/{\beta}-TCP/BMP$, MBCP/BMP group were significantly greater than the control groups. 2. Bone density in the ACS/BMP group was greater than that in ${\beta}-TCP$, FFSS, $FFSS/{\beta}-TCP$ carrier group. 3. Bone regeneration in FFSS/BMP group was less than in ACS/BMP, ${\beta}-TCP/BMP$, MBCP/BMP group. However, New bone area of $FFSS/{\beta}-TCP/BMP$ carrier group were more greater than that of FFSS/BMP group. ACS, ${\beta}-TCP$, FFSS, $FFSS/{\beta}-TCP$, MBCP were used for carrier of BMP. However, an ideal carrier which was reproducible, non-immunogenic, moldable, and space-providing did not exist. Therefore, further investigation are required in developing a new carrier system.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.206-215
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• 2015

Predicting the changes in the potential distribution of invasive alien plants under climate change is an important and challenging task for the conservation of biodiversity and management of the ecosystems in streams and reservoirs. This study explored the effects of climate change on the potential future distribution of Paspalum distichum var. indutum in the Korean Peninsula. P. distichum var. indutum is an invasive grass species that has a profound economic and environmental impact in the waterfronts of freshwater ecosystems. The Maxent model was used to estimate the potential distribution of P. distichum var. indutum under current and future climates. A total of nineteen climatic variables of Worldclim 1.4 were used as current climatic data and future climatic data predicted by HadGEM2-AO with both RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios for 2050. The predicted current distribution of P. distichum var. indutum was almost matched with actual positioning data. Major environmental variables contributing to the potential distribution were precipitation of the warmest quarter, annual mean temperature and mean temperature of the coldest quarter. Our prediction results for 2050 showed an overall reduction in climatic suitability for P. distichum var. indutum in the current distribution area and its expansion to further inland and in a northerly direction. The predictive model used in this study appeared to be powerful for understanding the potential distribution, exploring the effects of climate change on the habitat changes and providing the effective management of the risk of biological invasion by alien plants.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.155-162
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• 2013

Routing protocol in ad hoc mobile networking has been an active research area in recent years. However, the environments of ad hoc network tend to have vulnerable points from attacks, because ad hoc mobile network is a kind of wireless network without centralized authentication or fixed network infrastructure such as base stations. Also, existing routing protocols that are effective in a wired network become inapplicable in ad hoc mobile networks. To address these issues, several secure routing protocols have been proposed: SAODV and SRPTES. Even though our protocols are intensified security of networks than existing protocols, they can not deal fluidly with frequent changing of wireless environment. Moreover, demerits in energy efficiency are detected because they concentrated only safety routing. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient secure routing protocol for various ad hoc mobile environment. First of all, we provide that the nodes distribute security information to reliable nodes for secure routing. The nodes constitute tree-structured with around nodes for token escrow, this action will protect invasion of malicious node through hiding security information. Next, we propose multi-path routing based security level for protection from dropping attack of malicious node, then networks will prevent data from unexpected packet loss. As a result, this algorithm enhances packet delivery ratio in network environment which has some malicious nodes, and a life time of entire network is extended through consuming energy evenly.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 2007

Marjolin's ulcer is a rare and often-aggressive cutaneous malignancy that arises in previously traumatized or chronically inflamed skin, particularly after burns. We experienced two cases after burns. Case I involved a forty eight year-old man who had suffered from a flame burn at the parietal scalp area, where had been initially described three years earlier as a full-thickness wound including the pericranium. The man consulted us for a persistent ulcerative and infected wound on the burned lesion during the last 24 months, which turned out on the contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to be the squamous cell carcinoma with involving the skull and the dura mater. Although the posterior auricular lymph node was enlarged on the ipsilateral side, recent positron emission tomography (PET) CT did not show any metastatic lesion. It was impossible for us to resect the intracranial involvement of the tumor radically, and the postoperative PET CT still showed a focal fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake around the wall of the superior sagittal sinus. We think that an aggressive combined approach is essential for treatment in early stages for a high success rate, before the intracranial structures are involved because there is no consensus on the treatment for advanced disease, and the results are generally poor. Case 1 also did not involve a radical resection because of the intracranial invasion to the wall of superior sagittal sinus and the possibility of damage to the major cortical veins. He received adjuvant radiotherapy and must be followed periodically. Case 2 involved an eighty six year-old women who suffered from a painful scalp ulcer lesion after flame burns three years earlier. Unlike case 1, neither tumor infiltration into the dura nor lymph node enlargement was observed on the contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET) CT. We did a radical resection of the tumor, including the involved bone, and a cranioplasty with bone cement.