• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제2호
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• pp.169-190
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• 2004

The purpose of this article is to delve into the problems of originality of the artwork by examining issues of reproduction within the contemporary art market. In contemporary arts, especially in terms of art production and consumption, we can't overlook society and its economic structure and its connection with of capitalism. As the purity of art creation has turned into an exchange value, art, especially an object as artwork, has fallen into the status of production in an economic marketing system. Walter Benjamin mainly referred to that point in his thesis Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit, which originated the sociology of plastic arts. This thesis, published in 1936, traced how the artistic functions of photograph and movie had been changed through the social development. His main concerns were movie and photograph but what I am concentrating from his point of view, is that even in the field of plastic arts, the manufacture of reproduction has been practiced as a primary method within the social and political contexts and development. Though I am referring to this in the main body of this article, reproduction in contemporary art strongly needs a new definition since it has been spread all over like a newest virus, not only by collector's personal taste or hut also by commercial circulations of these reproductions to the public. This relates to Benjamin's argument about the value of an exhibition at a museum(Ausstellungswert). Since the function of an artwork has been one of cultural industry, the manufacturing of reproduction raises unexpected problems, such as, the originality of the artwork, the value of an exhibition at a museum, its achievement as documentary and as a territory of art criticism. In this point of view, I want to inquire into the value and criteria of an exhibition in contemporary art through the review of the definitions and the intrinsic attributes of reproduction. Somehow in a broad sense, the reproduction is a product coming out of representation or copy (replica) of an original art work or an model. Therefore, the problems it presents differ from the Simulacre, which is an image without an original one. In terms of the Meanings of reproduction, we can distinguish it as reproductions, copies, and productions. These types of reproductions are not the original artworks reflected by the creative intention of the artists. For example, a publishing company reproduced some of lithographs of Salvador Dali in the 1960s. They are commercial copies in the form of representation or reproduction with no artistic and creative intention of the artist. However, In despite of this theoretical basis, reproductions of the famous artists are still displayed without any verification for of the public's quest for the artworks. Moreover, many commercial companies that are planning to exhibit art works of the world-famous artists only for their profits keep trying to speak ill of and judging by the law the honest art critics' articles which discuss the true values of exhibition. If freedom of expression is one of the ideals of democracy, even the judgment of the originality of the artworks should be freely expressed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.965-970
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• 2005

In our previous study [14], we found that heat-shock exposure did not stimulate the neutral trehalase activity in Sacchromyces cerevisiae KNU5377, but did in ATCC24858. Consequently, the trehalose content in KNU5377 became 2.6 times higher than that in ATCC24858. Because trehalose has been shown to stabilize the structure and function of some macromolecules, the present work was focused to elucidate the relationship between trehalose content of these strains and thermal stabilities of whole cells, through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and to predict critical targets calculated from the hyperthermic cell killing rates. These analyses showed that the prominent DSC transition of both strains gave identical $T_m$ (transition temperature) values in exponentially growing cells, and that the $T_m$ values of critical targets was about $3^{\circ}C$ higher in KNU5377 than in ATCC24858. Both heat-shocked KNU5377 and ATCC24858 cells displayed similar shifts in their DSC transition profiles. On the other hand, the $T_m$ value of the critical target of KNU5377 was decreased by $2.1^{\circ}C$, which was still higher than ATCC24858 showing no changes. In view of these results, the intrinsic thermotolerance of KNU5377 did not appear to result from the stability of entire cellular components, but rather possibly from that of particular macromolecules, including critical targets, even though it should be investigated in more details. Although the trehalose levels in heat-shocked cells are significantly different, as described in our previous study [14], the overall pattern of thermal stabilities and their predicted critical targets in two heat-shocked strains seemed to be identical. These data suggest that the trehalose levels examined before and after heat shock of exponentially growing cells are not closely correlated with the stabilities of whole cells and/or critical targets in both yeast strains.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.62-70
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• 2020

Here in this work, a 4-chlorophenol (4-CP)-degrading bacterial strain Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) MF447840.1 was isolated from the drain outside the Hyundai car service center, Agartala, Tripura, India. 16S rDNA technique used carried out for genomic recognition of the bacterial species. Isolated bacterial strain was phylogenetically related with B. subtilis. This strain was capable of breaking down both phenol and 4-CP at the concentration of 1,000 mg/L. Also, the isolated strain can able to metabolize five diverse aromatic molecules such as 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and pentachlorophenol for their growth. An extensive investigation was performed to portray the kinetics of cell growth along with 4-CP degradation in the batch study utilizing 4-CP as substrate. Various unstructured models were applied to evaluate the intrinsic kinetic factors. Levenspiel's model demonstrates a comparatively enhanced R² value (0.997) amongst every analyzed model. The data of specific growth rate (μ), saturation constant (K_S), and Y_X/S were 0.11 h^-1, 39.88 mg/L, along with 0.53 g/g, correspondingly. The isolated strain degrades 1,000 mg/L of 4-CP within 40 h. Therefore, B. subtilis MF447840.1 was considered a potential candidate for 4-CP degradation.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.648-658
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• 2020

본질적으로 뮤지컬은 다매체성을 지니기 때문에 뮤지컬 음악을 감상할 때 복합적인 감각을 통해 체험하게 된다. 그러므로 뮤지컬 음악을 분석하기 위해서는 그 음악과 직접적인 연관을 가진 가사, 무용, 무대와 같은 다양한 매체와의 상호작용에 주안점을 두어야 한다. 본 연구는 텍스트와 음악의 결합 양상, 움직임과 음악의 결합 양상, 시각적 요소와 음악의 결합 양상을 종합적으로 고려할 수 있는 개념적 혼성 이론(Conceptual Blending Theory)을 통해 뮤지컬 <웨스트 사이드 스토리>의 음악을 분석한다. 뮤지컬에서 가사와 음악의 상호작용으로 만들어지는 결과물, 안무와 음악의 상호작용으로 만들어지는 결과물, 무대와 음악의 상호작용으로 만들어지는 결과물을 탐구함으로써 작품의 예술성과 내재되어 있는 가치를 증명할 수 있다. 또한 개념적 혼성 이론을 적용한 음악 분석을 통해 통합적 해석의 과정 및 체계를 발견할 수 있다. 따라서 개념적 혼성 이론은 뮤지컬 음악 분석 방법론으로써 충분한 효용성을 갖게 된다.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.1072-1079
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• 2005

Conceptual design is the first step in the overall process of product design. Its intrinsic uncertainty, imprecision, and lack of information lead to the fact that current conceptual design activities in engineering have not been computerized and very few CAD systems are available to support conceptual design. In most of the current intelligent design systems, approach of principle synthesis, such as morphology matrix, bond graphic, or design catalogues, is usually adopted to deal with the concept generation, in which optional concepts are generally combined and enumerated through function analysis. However, as a large number of concepts are generated, it is difficult to evaluate and optimize these design candidates using regular algorithm. It is necessary to develop a new approach or a tool to solve the concept generation. Generally speaking, concept generation is a problem of concept synthesis. In substance, this process of developing design candidate is a combinatorial optimization process, viz., the process of concept generation can be regarded as a solution for a state-place composed of multi-concepts. In this paper, genetic algorithm is utilized as a feasible tool to solve the problem of combinatorial optimization in concept generation, in which the encoding method of morphology matrix based on function analysis is applied, and a sequence of optimal concepts are generated through the search and iterative process which is controlled by genetic operators, including selection, crossover, mutation, and reproduction in GA. Several crucial problems on GA are discussed in this paper, such as the calculation of fitness value and the criteria for heredity termination, which have a heavy effect on selection of better concepts. The feasibility and intellectualization of the proposed approach are demonstrated with an engineering case. In this work concept generation is implemented using GA, which can facilitate not only generating several better concepts, but also selecting the best concept. Thus optimal concepts can be conveniently developed and design efficiency can be greatly improved.

• 복식
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• 제57권7호
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• pp.70-83
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• 2007

Contemporary fashion design has been made a new attempt to extend restricted expressions through fusion with other genres in art. The recognition of fashion has recently been changed not only product but as a piece of work in specific value, concept and meaning created by fashion designer. It is observed that the contemporary fashion design has a notion to persue formative intentions and manners of Conceptual Art in Post-modern era. This study is to define this region of fashion design represented in cultural phenomena as 'Conceptual Fashion', also analyze the formative feature of this from a point of view in Conceptual art. The results which are analyzed according to outward techniques and forms, meanings and elements immanent in aesthetic contemplation of conceptual fashion lead to four distinctive things in such as anti-form, intervention and appropriation, metaphor and detour, process and series. The intrinsic values in conceptual fashion through aesthetic contemplation are indicated the four significant values in the following: the pluralistic interpretation, the parody and amusement, the pursuit of essence and truth and the participation and interaction. Conceptual fashion design is appeared complex not doing separate through classified formative features previously. And It has been evolved as a indeterminate concept which is able to variable elucidation by a non-player, as a instrument for communication on fashion culture which is aggrandized. The purpose of this study is to present of theoretical foundation about Conceptual fashion design and also to make proper understanding about interrelationship between contemporary fashion and art.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제45회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.297.2-297.2
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• 2013

Scavenging electricity from wasteful energy resources is currently an important issue and piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs) based on zinc oxide (ZnO) are promising energy harvesters that can be adapted to various portable, wearable, self-powered electronic devices. Although ZnO has several advantages for NGs, the piezoelectric semiconductor material ZnO generate an intrinsic piezoelectric potential of a few volts as a result of its mechanical deformation. As grown, ZnO is usually n-type, a property that was historically ascribed to native defects. Oxygen vacancies (Vo) that work as donors exist in ZnO thin film and usually screen some parts of the piezoelectric potential. Consequently, the ZnO NGs' piezoelectric power cannot reach to its theoretical value, and thus decreasing the effect from Vo is essential. In the present study, c-axis oriented insulator-like sputtered ZnO thin films were grown in various temperatures to fabricate an optimized nanogenerator (NGs). The purity and crystalinity of ZnO were investigated with photoluminescence (PL). Moreover, by introducing a p-type polymer usually used in organic solar cell, it was discussed how piezoelectric passivation effect works in ZnO thin films having different types of defects. Prepared ZnO thin films have both Zn vacancies (accepter like) and oxygen vacancies (donor like). It generates output voltage 20 time lager than n-type dominant semiconducting ZnO thin film without p-type polymer conjugating. The enhancement is due to the internal accepter like point defects, zinc vacancies (VZn). When the more VZn concentration increases, the more chances to prevent piezoelectric potential screening effects are occurred, consequently, the output voltage is enhanced. Moreover, by passivating remained effective oxygen vacancies by p-type polymers, we demonstrated further power enhancement.

• 철학연구
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• 제147권
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• pp.1-28
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• 2018

이 글은 니체의 정의론의 차별성을 드러내기 위해 '힘에의 의지'라는 근본개념을 매개로 타자와 사회적 계약을 맺는 정치적 행위에 대한 내재적 분석을 시도하고 공리주의, 자유주의, 민주주의를 포함한 근대 국가의 정치 이념에 대한 비판을 다룰 것이다. 즉 '덕'이라는 보편적 진리의 이름 뒤에 감추어진 심리적인 층위들을 벗겨내는 '계보심리학'으로 정의의 자명한 가치의 지반을 파헤쳐 허구성과 오류를 밝히는 작업이 될 것이다. '덕'에 근거한 자명한 정의 개념의 의미를 '비도덕적'일 뿐만 아니라 '도덕 바깥'에서 해체함으로써 보복이 아닌 사랑에 근거해 새로운 정서적 차원을 밝히려는 것이다. 니체가 정의를 권력관계의 역동성에서 분석하면서 그 가치의 개념을 복수, 보복, 원한과 같은 부정적인 감정이 아니라 '자비'와 '용서'라는 긍정적인 감정에 근거지을 때, 법의 집행에서 예외규정을 허용함으로써 보편성과 일관성을 상실하지 않는지 비판적으로 분석할 것이다.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2013

본 논문은 최근 세계문화유산 등재 추진 중에 있는 서원의 조경 공간 및 그 공간을 구성하고 있는 요소들을 도출한 후 새롭게 도입된 수목에 대한 실태와 유형변화를 규명하고, 등재에 있어서 중요가치인 진정성과 완전성 측면으로 조명하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같이 요약될 수 있다. 각종 고문헌에서 나타난 수목으로는 복사나무, 매실나무, 버드나무 등 10종이었다. 공간별 식재현황으로는 수종에 따라 어느 정도의 규칙성을 보였는데, 향나무, 배롱나무, 대나무(오죽) 등 3종류는 주로 서원의 본질적 공간(경내)에 위치하고, 느티나무, 버드나무는 주로 서비스 공간(경외)에 위치했다. 공간 구분 없이 위치하는 수종으로는 향나무, 은행나무 등 5종류로 이 수종은 전국 서원에서 가장 많이 나타나는 서원의 대표적 수목이라고 할 수 있다. 유한한 생장력을 가진 식물은 서원의 역사를 증명하는 요소이며, 배향인물(配享人物)이 선호했다는 상징적인 의미가 부여되므로 진정성 측면에 부합한다. 수년간에 걸쳐 수행된 정비사업은 원형을 훼손시켰으며, 철저한 고증을 거치지 않고 무분별하게 식재된 수목으로 인하여 본질적 공간의 존재감을 약화시키는 결과를 낳았다. 따라서 본래 가지고 있던 기능이 변화된 현재의 시점을 반영한 사적의 본 모습을 갖추어 나가 다양한 장소의 역사성을 잘 드러낼 수 있도록 보존해야 할 것이다. 이는 식물을 대상으로 한정된 것으로 향후 건축물 등 공간적 차원에서의 연구가 이루어져 총체적인 공간구성에 대하여 본질적 가치를 판단하는 연구가 계속되어야 할 것이다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제35호
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• pp.101-133
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• 2009

청초(淸初)의 시인(詩人), 시론가(詩論家)로서 청(淸) 사대(四大) 시학(詩學) 중 하나인 신운설(神韻說)의 창도자(唱導者)로 알려진 왕사정(王士禎)은 50년 넘게 청초(淸初) 시단(詩壇)의 영수(領袖)로 활약한 인물이다. 그는 통시적(統時的)으로는 종영(鍾嶸)의 "시품(詩品)", 엄우(嚴羽)의 "시화(詩話)", 서정경(徐禎卿) 의 "담예록(談藝錄)" 등 위진(魏晉)부터 명(明)에 이르는 주요 시학(詩學)들의 성과를 통합하고 공시적(共時的)으로는 청원(淸遠)/호건(豪健), 종당(宗唐)/종송(宗宋), 완약(婉約)/호방(豪放), 북송사(北宋詞)/남송사(南宋詞)와 같은 당대(當代) 문단(文壇)의 쟁점들을 통합함으로써 자신의 통합적 시학(詩學)을 완성하였다. 이 과정에서 그의 변함없는 목표는 역시 특정한 가치에 함몰되지 않고 절대적이며 객관적인 기준 위에서 문학 본연의 가치를 구현하는 것이었다. 그 기준과 가치의 제공은 역시 신운설(神韻說)이 그 원천이 되었고 구체적으로는 '불저일자(不著一字), 진득풍류(盡得風流)', 미외지미(味外之味), 흥회(興會), 자연(自然), 아정(雅正) 등이 각각 역할을 담당했다. 또한 그의 신운설(神韻說)은 몇 가지 시품(詩品)만을 편파적으로 추켜세우는 대신, 각 시품(詩品)이 적절하고 완벽한 경지에 이르면 보편적으로 얻는 본연(本然)의 정신적 특성으로 '신운(神韻)'을 귀결지음으로써 객관적, 보편적 차원에서 그 통합성을 강화하였다. 아울러 신운설(神韻說)은 그의 시론(詩論)과 사론(詞論)을 통합하는 작용도 했다. 왕사정(王士禎)이 미학 이론으로서의 신운설(神韻說)을 성립, 발전시키는 과정에서 그의 시론(詩論)과 사론(詞論)이 상호독립적으로 윤곽을 갖추는 동시에 상호영향을 주고받았으며, 나아가 거꾸로 양자(兩者)가 신운설(神韻說)을 심화시킨 것이다. 이상과 같이 성립된 왕사정(王士禎)의 통합적 시학(詩學)은 시(詩)와 사(詞)에 대한 실제 비평에서도 특정 작가나 조대(朝代), 유파(流派)에 대한 편견에 빠지지 않고 각각의 장점을 보고 취사선택하는 객관적 감식안을 발휘하였다. 이로써 왕사정(王士禎)의 통합적 시학(詩學)은 거의 반 세기 동안 청초(淸初) 문단(文壇)을 주도하고 청(淸) 사대시학(四大詩學)의 선성(先聲)이 될 수 있었다.