• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.2 s.23
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• pp.81-86
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was conducted to carry out quantitative evaluation and safety of Sweet Bee Venom. Methods : Content analysis was done using HPLC, measurement of LD$^{50}$ was conducted intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular injection to the ICR mice. Results : 1. According to HPLC analysis, removal of the enzymes containing phospholipase A2 was successfully rendered on Sweet Bee Venom. And analyzing melittin content, Sweet Bee Venom contained 12% more melittin than Bee Venom. 2. LD$^{50}$ of ICR mice with Sweet Bee Venom was more than 20mg/kg in subcutaneous injection and intravenous injection, between 15mg/kg and 20mg/kg in muscular injection. 3. LD$^{50}$ of ICR mice with Bee Venom was between 6 and 9mg/kg in subcutaneous injection and intravenous injection, and more than 9mg/kg in muscular injection. Conclusion : Above results indicate that Sweet Bee Venom was more safe than Bee Venom and the process of removing enzymes was well rendered in Sweet Bee Venom.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.67-72
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• 2014

Objectives: This study evaluated the single-dose toxicity of Saeng Maek San (SMS) in rats. Methods: All experiments were conducted at Biotoxtech (Chungwon, Korea), an institute authorized to perform non-clinical studies under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). A single-dose intravenous toxicity study was carried out on 40 6-week-old Sprague-Daley rats. The animals were randomly divided into the following four groups of ten animals each: Group 1 (G1) was the control group, with each animal receiving an intravenous injection of 1.0 mL of saline, and Groups 2, 3 and 4 (G2, G3 and G4) were the experimental groups, with the animals in the groups receiving an injection of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mL of SMS, respectively. Mortality, clinical signs, body-weight changes and gross pathological findings were observed for 14 days following a single administration of SMS or saline. Organ weights, clinical chemistry and hematology were analyzed at 14 days. This study was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Results: No deaths occurred in any of the four groups, indicating that the lethal dose of SMS in rats is greater than 1.0 mL/animal. Some changes in weights of male rats between the control group and the experimental groups were observed, but no significant changes in the weights of female rats were noted. To identify abnormalities in organs and tissues, we stained representative sections of each specified organ with hematoxylin and eosin for examination with a light microscope. No significant abnormalities were observed in any of the organs or tissues. Conclusion: The results suggest that intravenous injection of SMS is a safe method of treatment.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.39-48
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• 2017

Objectives : The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Dokhwaljihwang-tang (DJT) intravenous pharmacopuncture on cisplatin-induced emesis and gastric mobility disorder in Wistar rats. Methods : Thirty rats were randomly divided into six groups and cisplatin was administered to all groups except the normal group. The cisplatin group (n=5) received a cisplatin injection only. The saline group (n=5) was injected with cisplatin followed by 0.4 mL of saline. Groups DJT-1, DJT-2, and DJT-3 were injected with cisplatin, followed by 0.315 g/kg, 0.104 g/kg, and 0.034 g/kg of DJT, respectively. Body weight, food intake, and kaolin intake of rats were measured 12 h, 24 h, and 36 h after cisplatin injection. Residual food in the stomach was measured 48 h after cisplatin injection. Results : There was no significant difference in weight. The food intake was not significantly different 12 h after cisplatin administration. All groups except the normal group showed significantly decreased food intake after 24 h. After 36 h, food intake was not significantly different between groups DJT-1, DJT-2, and DJT-3 and the normal group. The kaolin intake of groups DJT-1 and DJT-2 was significantly decreased at 12 h and 24 h after cisplatin injection. Kaolin intake and residual food in the stomach were significantly decreased in groups DJT-1, DJT-2, and DJT-3. Conclusion : In a Wistar rat model, DJT intravenous pharmacopuncture is suggested to be effective for cisplatin-induced emesis and gastric motility disorder. In the future, it is necessary to study the mechanism and chemical composition of each individual constitutive drug.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.417-424
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• 2000

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Sasim-tang water extract on the cardiovascular systems including changes of blood pressure and regional cerebral blood flow volume (rCBF) in male Sprague-Dawely rats. Methods : The changes of blood pressure were recorded by data acquisition system composed of MacLab and Macintosh computer. The changes of rCBF were observed by Laser-Doppler flowmetry through a opened cranial window. Results : 1. The changes of blood pressure was not affected by Sasim-tang extract intravenous injection in rats. 2. After pretreatment with propranolol(3mg/kg), L-NNA(10mg/kg) and 000(10mg/kg), the changes of blood pressure was not affected by Sasim tang extract intravenous injection in rats. 3. The changes of rCBF was increased in dose-dependent manner by Sasim-tang extract intravenous injection in rats. 4, After pretreatment with propranolol(3mg/kg), ODQ(10mg/kg) and L-NNA(10mg/kg), rCBF was significantly decreased in dose- dependent manner by Sasim-tang extract intravenous injection in rats. Conclusions : These results suggest that Sasim-tang was related to the regulation of the sympathetic nerve system, nitric oxide synthesis and synthesis of cyclic GMP.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.38-44
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• 2015

Objectives: Radix Ginseng has been used for thousands of years to treat a wide variety of diseases. Radix ginseng has also been used as a traditional medicine for boosting Qi energy and tonifying the spleen and lungs. Traditionally, its effect could be obtained orally. Nowadays, a new method, the injection of herbal medicine, is being used. This study was performed to investigate the single-dose intravenous toxicity of water-soluble ginseng pharmacopuncture (WSGP) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: All experiments were carried out at Biotoxtech, an institute authorized to perform non-clinical studies under the regulation of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). At the age of six weeks, 40 SD rats, 20 male rats and 20 female rats, were allocated into one of 4 groups according to the dosages they would receive. The WSGP was prepared in the Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute under the regulation of Korea-Good Manufacturing Practice (K-GMP). Dosages of WSGP were 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mL/animal for the experimental groups, and normal saline was administered to the control group. The rat's general conditions and body weights, the results of their hematological and biochemistry tests, and their necropsy and histopathological findings were investigated to identify the toxicological effect of WSGP injected intravenously. The effect was examined for 14 days after the WSGP injection. This study was performed under the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Biotoxtech. Results: No deaths were found in this single-dose toxicity test on the intravenous injection of WSGP, and no significant changes in the rat's general conditions and body weights, the results on their hematological and biochemistry test, and their necropsy findings were observed during the test. The local area of the injection site showed minial change. The lethal dose was assumed to be over 1.0 mL/animal in both sexes. Conclusion: These results indicate that WSGP is safe at dosages up to 1 mL/animal.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.243-250
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• 2014

Generalized anaphylaxis is a most dramatic and acutely life-threatening allergic reaction and may cause death within a few minutes. Differential diagnosis of anaphylaxis is made by clinical signs, such as, mental change, respiratory distress, hypotension, hypoglycemia, urticaria and angioedema. Especially, insulin reaction, myocardial infarction and vasovagal syncope are considered as differential diagnosis. In cases of fatal anaphylaxis, respiratory and cardiovascular disturbances predominate and are evident early in the reaction. This is a case report of the intensive care of anaphylactic shock after intravenous injection of the penicillin in a old medically compromised patient with the maxillary osteonecrosis. The anaphylactic shock symptoms, such as, unconsciousness, respiratory disorder, no pulsation on carotid artery and cardiopulmonary arrest are occurred in intravenous injection of augmentin 1.2 g after the skin test. In spite of immediate emergency cares, such as intravenous injection of epinephrine, endotracheal intubation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and continuous intensive care, the patient is expired in 58 hours after anaphylactic shock attack.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.299-302
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• 1994

Prostaglandin E1(PGE1) is a potent vasodilator and is a useful drug for the treatment of occlusive peripheral vascular disease. It has been used systemically via intravenous route or regionally via intraarterial route. We tried intravenous regional administration of PGE1 for the treatment of a patient with occlusive arterial disease involving left fingers. During the 13th injection, the patient complained of severe pain at the injection site during the drug administration. Thereafter, the patient developed painful and severe swelling with blebs on his left hand. Systemic antibiotics were given together with stellate ganglion block of the affected left side. PGE1 was substituted to reserpine, which is subcutaneously injectable, for the second term treatment.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.23-37
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• 2001

Objective: The purpose of this study is to develop and activate anti-tumor herbal acupuncture for cancer patients in South Korea. Methods: We investigated some literatures on anti-tumor herbal acupuncture which is used in South Korea and China, and made diagrams. Results: The results are summarized as follows. Anti-tumor herbal acupuncture is one of the traditional oriental medical method which is effective for cancer patients. In domestic studies, most of herb materials are belong to action of cooling&detoxification(25.0%) and strengthening body resistance(46.4%) which are proved to have effects of anti-tumor, immune activation and preventing tumor. In China, point injection therapy are used for improving symptoms of cancer patients and hea1ing tumor. Also herbal intravenous injection is used for combination of chinese traditional and western cancer therapy and treating cancer patients variously. Conclusions: From the above results. it is expected that anti-tumor herbal acupuncture is useful to improve clinical symptoms and quality of life(QOL) of cancer patients. Also we must develop new progressive methods of point injection and herbal intravenous injection for treating cancer patients, and advance clinical studies and trials.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.215-221
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• 2012

The loss of consciousness in the dental office have many causes, such as, vasodepressor syncope, drug administration, orthostatic hypotension, epilepsy, hypoglycemic reaction, acute adrenal insufficiency, acute allergic reaction, acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, hyperglycemic reaction and hyperventilation. Patients have fainted during all phases of dental care: during tooth extraction and other surgical procedures, during local anesthetic injections, or during procedures such as venipuncture, on being seated in the dental chair, and even on first entering the dental office. If an elderly patient with known cardiovascular or cerebrovascular problems experiences a syncopal episode, differentiation from cerebrovascular insufficiency of more serious etiology, such as cerebrovascular accident, must be considered. And anaphylactic shock is also suggested during intravenous drug administration. This is a case report of syncope care during venous injection of cephalosporin in patient with cerebrovascular accident.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.190-196
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• 2010

Difficult airway management including difficult intubation, difficult ventilation and difficult mask ventilation is a life threatening issue during anesthesia care. A 23-year-old woman with Treacher Collins syndrome was scheduled for distraction osteogenesis. She had hypoplasia of mandible and malar bone, bilateral deformities of auricles with partial deafness and antimongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures. A 56-year-old woman with mandibular hypoplasia due to childhood trauma was scheduled for distraction osteogenesis. She had a history of difficult intubation. We anticipated a difficult intubation and ventilation. Fiberoptic bronchoscopic guided awake intubation was selected for anesthesia induction. After intravenous injection of midazolam and remifentanil, 10% lidocaine pump spray on the pharyngolarynx with a direct laryngoscope and on the nasal canal. However fiberoptic bronchoscopic guided awake intubation was failed due to severe gag reflex. After intravenous injection of propofol and remifentanil using the target controlled infusion (TCI), mask ventilation was easily performed and, after intravenous injection of vecuronium, fiberoptic bronchoscopic guided intubation was easily performed using a wire reinforced endotracheal tube. The operation was completed successfully without any adverse events.