• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.196-202
• /
• 1997

Background: Various pain treatments have been administered to relieve patients suffering from postoperative pain. Among these, epidural or intravenous opiate administration is by far the most widly applied treatment in recent times. However it was our objective to device a more effective and safe means of postoperative analgesia. Methods: We studied 110 healthy pregnant women scheduled for delivery by elective cesarean section. EPI(epidural)-group is administered morphine 1.5 mg and 0.25% bupivacaine 8 ml as bolus dose, then, a mixture of morphine 6 mg and 0.125% bupivacaine 95 ml as continuous dose via epidural route. IV(intravenous)-group is administered nalbuphine 6~7 mg as bolus dose and nalbuphine 60~70 mg with 0.9% normal saline 90 ml as continuous dose via intravenous route, at the rate of 2 ml/hr for 2 days. We compared the analgesic efficacy and side effects of these two groups using VAS pain score and time duration of constant pain level. Results: VAS pain score was similar between the two groups, but pain duration was significantly shorter in EPI-group. Incidence of pruritus was significantly lower with the IV-group, of nausea and vomiting were similar for both groups, no respiratory depression for either groups. Conclusions: Although the EPI-group had better analgesic efficacy, the IV-group had lower incidence of side effects, and simplicity and safety methods of operation. Therefore, We propose further research and consideration of administering the kinds and doses of those medications prescribe to the IV group in conjunction with other drugs for safer and better efficacy of postoperative analgesia.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.7 no.1 s.12
• /
• pp.15-26
• /
• 2004

Background : This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of wild ginseng herbal acupuncture developed for the intravenous use. Healthy male and female volunteers(n=57) went through Randomized Control Trials(RCT). Methods : For those who are under a medication due to common cold or other illnesses were excluded in the primary stage and the subjects with possible abnormalities in the pre-screening process were also excluded in the secondary stage. Then the examination groups were determined by random sampling. Experiment groups were divided into Normal saline injection group(control group), cultivated wild ginseng herbal acupuncture group(experiment group 1) and natural wild ginseng herbal acupuncture group(experiment group 2) Blood tension, body temperature, pulse, and other criteria were measured and analyzed. Results : 1. Intravenous injection of cultivated wild ginseng herbal acupuncture and natural wild ginseng herbal acupuncture didn't cause significant changes in the blood tension, pulse, body temperature, and etc. 2. No significant differences were witnessed in CBC, ESR, biochemistry of blood test and UA between the experiment groups. 3. No significant changes were noted in the thermography before and after the test in the experiment groups. 4. Some of the common physical changes occurring during and after the administration were fatigue, chest distension, and headache in all of the experiment groups. 5. Comparing general condition after one week from the termination of administration, the control group showed worst condition while as the natural wild ginseng herbal acupuncture group displayed best condition. Conclusion : From the above results, we can carefully deduce that the intravenous injection of the wild ginseng herbal acupuncture didn't show significant differences compared to injection of the normal saline. We can infer it is safe on the human body and further studies and reports must be followed.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.71-77
• /
• 2001

We recently developed a high efficiency expression vectors pCK, which drives a high level of gene expression in the skeletal muscles of mice. In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of pCK-VEGF expressing human VEGF165 after intravenous or intramuscular administration. The quantity of pCK-VEGF in the tissues of mice was measured by the PCR method which has a detection limit of approximately 1 pg of the exogenously added plasmid. In the case of intravenous administration, the half life of the pCK-VEGF plasmid in the bloodstream was 1.68 min. After intra-muscular administration, the half life of pCK-VEGF plasmid in the bloodstream was 6.78 min. At 90 min post-administration, 30% of the injected pCK-VEGF was found at the site of injection, where it persisted for up to 8 hours. Less than 1.6% of the injected pCK-VEGF plasmid DNA was detected in highly vascularized tissues such as the lung, kidney; and liver at 90 min post-administration, but the plasmid was undetectable at later time points. These results suggested that intramuscularly administrated pCK-VEGF persisted for longer periods of time in muscles than in other tissues and that direct intra-muscular injection of pCK-VEGF might be useful for local therapeutic angiogenesis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.41 no.5
• /
• pp.568-573
• /
• 1994

Corticosteroids are widely used in the treatment of various diseases because of its potent antiinflammatory effect. According to recent knowledge, bronchial asthma is also chronic inflammatory disease. Therefore antiinflammtory agent such as cromoyln sodium and corticosteroid is highly recommended for treament of chronic bronchial asthma. Especially hydrocortisone succinate (Solu-Cortef) is commonly used for treament to acute asthmatic attack via intravenous injection due to have rapid therapeutic onset and short duration. Since Sunaga et al. reported acute asthma attack after hydrocortisone injection in 1973, several cases of bronchospam with or without angioedema and urticaria after intravenous injection of hydrocortisone have been reported. We experienced a case of severe bronchospasm and acute respiratory failure after intraveous injection of hydrocortisone succinate in 64 year-old female asthmatic patient who visited to emergency room for acute asthmatic attack. About 5 minites after Solu-Cortef injection, a severe bronchospasm with arterial hypoxemia was developed. In order to confirm the suspected relationship between the offending drug(Solu-Cortef) and acute bronchospasm, we examed intravenous and inhalation provocation test by hydrocortisone succinate and methylprednisolone(control). After administration of hydrocortisone succinate via intravenous and inhalation route, severe asthmatic attack occurred. But administration of intravenous methylprednisolone and orall triamcinolone and saline were not provoke bronchospasm. Skin test using hydrocortisone sodium succinate was also positive. Administration of hydrocortisone is very serious to asthmatic patient with hydrocortisone hypersensitivity. Therefore, the clinician must be have history taking about previous adverse reaction of steroid before its clinical use. And methylprednisone may be useful and safe drug to the treatment of acute asthmatic patient with hydrocortisone hypersensitivity.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.170-172
• /
• 2013

The pyrimidine nucleoside uridine has recently been reported to have a protective effect on cultured human corneal epithelial cells, in an animal model of dry eye and in patients. In this study, we investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of uridine in rabbits, following topical ocular (8 mg/eye), oral (450 mg/kg) and intravenous (100 mg/kg) administration. Blood and urine samples were serially taken, and uridine was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. No symptoms were noted in the animals after uridine treatment. Uridine was not detected in either plasma or urine after topical ocular administration, indicating no systemic exposure to uridine with this treatment route. Following a single intravenous dose, the plasma concentration of uridine showed a bi-exponential decay, with a rapid decline over 10 min, followed by a slow decay with a terminal half-life of $0.36{\pm}0.05$ h. Clearance and volume of distribution were $1.8{\pm}0.6$ L/h/kg and $0.58{\pm}0.32$ L/kg, respectively. The area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) was $59.7{\pm}18.2{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/ml$, and urinary excretion up to 12 hr was ~7.7% of the dose. Plasma uridine reached a peak of $25.8{\pm}4.1{\mu}g/ml$ at $2.3{\pm}0.8$ hr after oral administration. The AUC was $79.0{\pm}13.9{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/ml$, representing ~29.4% of absolute bioavailability. About 1% of the oral dose was excreted in the urine. These results should prove useful in the design of future clinical and nonclinical studies conducted with uridine.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1997

Recently prostaglandin $E_1(PGE_1)$ has been shown to ensure flap survival by producing vasodilation of the peripheral vessels and platelet disaggreation. However, direct observation and detailed quantitative studies of the effects of $PGE_1$ on the cutaneous microcirculation have not been reported. In the present study, we investigated cutaneous microcirculatory changes in the rabbit ear chamber(REC) with an intravital microscope following intravenous administration of $PGE_1$. The results obtained in this study indicate that $PGE_1$ administered intravenously at a rate of 200ng/kg/min might act directly on the vessels and cause dilatation of metarterioles and capillaries without affecting vasomotion and systemic blood pressure. Clinically in order to evaluate the effect of an intravenous administration of $PGE_1$ on the cutaneous microcirculation, cutaneous blood flow, skin temperature and transcutaneous $Po_2$ in the pedicle or free flap of operated patients were evaluated by the combination of several measurements following the administration of $PGE_1$. The present study suggests that improvement of cutaneous microcirculation by $PGE_1$ may enhance the survival rate of flap or replantation. Both vessel arterial ischemia and venous congestion are main factors of tissue necrosis in the flap surgery. Vasodilatory or antithrombotic agents have been used in salvage of flap necrosis. However, the therapeutic effects of those drugs are still not well elucidated. Recently prostaglandin $E_1(PGE_1)$ has been shown to ensure flap survival by producing vasodilatation of the peripheral vessels and platelet disaggregation[1-3]. Emerson and sykes[4] have obtained significant improvement in the flap survival in the rat using $PGI_2$. Suzuki et al.[5] have reported prolonged flap survival length by using $PGE_1$ in the rabbit and concluded that $PGE_1$ improved the microcircuration in the flap. However, direct observation and detailed quantitative studies of the effects of $PGE_1$ on the cutaneous microcirculation have not been reported. In the present study, we investigated microcirculatory changes in the rabbit ear chamber[6,7] with an intravital microscope following intravenous administration of $PGE_1$.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.215-221
• /
• 2012

The loss of consciousness in the dental office have many causes, such as, vasodepressor syncope, drug administration, orthostatic hypotension, epilepsy, hypoglycemic reaction, acute adrenal insufficiency, acute allergic reaction, acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, hyperglycemic reaction and hyperventilation. Patients have fainted during all phases of dental care: during tooth extraction and other surgical procedures, during local anesthetic injections, or during procedures such as venipuncture, on being seated in the dental chair, and even on first entering the dental office. If an elderly patient with known cardiovascular or cerebrovascular problems experiences a syncopal episode, differentiation from cerebrovascular insufficiency of more serious etiology, such as cerebrovascular accident, must be considered. And anaphylactic shock is also suggested during intravenous drug administration. This is a case report of syncope care during venous injection of cephalosporin in patient with cerebrovascular accident.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.223-230
• /
• 1995

The phannacokinetics and tissue distribution of DWQ-013, a new quinolone, were examined in rats and mice following a single intravenous and oral administration. DWQ-013 in plasma and urine was determined by both HPLC and microbiological assay. The plasma concentration of the drug declined biexponentially. The terminal half life of the drug was 11.11$\pm$0.14 hour after intravenous dosing. The volume of distribution at terminal elimination phase(Vd$_\beta$) and total clearance of the drug were 1.29$\pm$0.15 l/kg and 0.78$\pm$0.09 l/h/kg. The bioavailability of DWQ-013 after oral administration was 56.0% (HPLC) and 77.2%(bioassay), respectively. Twelve-hour urinary recovery of drug was measured by HPLC and bioassay to 0.035$\pm$0009% and 4.71$\pm$066% after oral dosing, to 0.055$\pm$0.014% and 7.65$\pm$1.53% after intravenous dosing, which may indicate the presence of biologically active metabolites. Binding of the drug to plasma proteins ranged from 97%~99% at various concentrations. The drug was highly distributed in order of liver, kidney and lung after 1.5 hours in mice.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.65-67
• /
• 2004

Dehydroevodiamine (DHED) is one of the bioactive components of the Chinese herbal medicine Wu-chu-yu-tang that has been shown to produce various pharmacological effects. In the present study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of DHED after intravenous administration of two doses (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) in anesthetized rats. The plasma concentration of DHED was measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The mean area under the curve of the time-concentration profile was $21.9\;and\;53.9\;{\mu}g{\cdot}min/ml$ after the 2.5- and 5-mg/kg doses, respectively, and the volume of distribution was 1584.9 and 1580.6 ml following 2.5- and 5-mg/kg doses, respectively. Plasma concentration profiles versus time were compatible with a two-compartment model and first-order kinetics. The terminal elimination half-life was $91.8{\pm}16.6\;min$ and $78.7{\pm}11.9\;min$ in the dose of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. This is the first report to study the pharmacokinetics of DHED in animals.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.92-97
• /
• 2004

Background: There were several studies comparing prognostic factors in Guillain-Barre syndrome treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis. However, there were controversies in what were significant factors and there were few studies so far comparing the therapeutic outcomes in patients treated with immunoglobulin. This study was aimed to determine the prognostic factors which affected the therapeutic outcome of Guillain-Barre syndrome treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. Method: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome admitted to our hospital between January 1999 and March 2004. All patients were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. Outcome and prognosis were followed up after four weeks using the overall disability sum score. Results: Thirty-six patients were enrolled in this study. According to the clinical and electrophysiological findings, 17 patients were AIDP, 10 were axonal forms, two were mixed and seven had electrophysiologically no evidence of abnormalities. At a follow-up of four weeks, disabilities at the nadir (p<0.001) and admission (P<0.012), initial manifestations of bulbar symptom (P<0.024) and electrodiagnostic features (P<0.013) were significantly correlated with outcome in patients treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. But only disabilities at the nadir (P<0.033) and electrodiagnostic features (P<0.018) were significant in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Among the patient treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, the outcomes were significantly different according to the neurological status at the nadir. Therefore early diagnosis, administration of intravenous immunoglobulin and preventing complications during acute stages are essential to minimize neurological deficit and shorten the periods of recovery.