• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.153-158
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• 2011

This study was performed in order to simplify the operation and minimize stress of donor and be readily available in the field with low cost and high quality embryos using the Direct Embryo Collection (DEC). Donors, at random stages of the estrous cycle, received a CIDR. 7 days later, 200 mg FSH was treated with 40, 30, 20, 10 mg FSH levels in declining doses twice daily by intramuscular injection for 4 days. On the 3rd day administration of FSH, 25 mg $PGF_2{\alpha}$ was administered and CIDR was withdrawn. After FSH injections were complete, donors were artificially inseminated twice at 12 hr intervals. The donor cattle received 250 ${\mu}g$ GnRH at time of 1 st insemination and embryos were recovered 8 days after the 1st insemination. Embryo collection from superovulated donors was performed to flushing by non-surgical methods of 3-way, 2-way and DEC (l-way). The average number of recovered embryos were 11.25${\pm}$0.63, 12.5${\pm}$0.65 and 11.75${\pm}$0.48 from operations of 3-way, 2-way and DEC methods, respectively. There were no significant differences among the embryo collection methods. Also, The average number of transferable embryos were 6.25${\pm}$0.48, 7.25${\pm}$0.48 and 7.25${\pm}$0.63 from each embryo collection procedures. The number of transferable embryos was no differences among the 3-way, 2-way and DEC methods, respectively. Meanwhile, the ratio of transferable embryos for all recovered embryos from DEC methods was higher as 61.7 % than 55.6 %, 58 % from methods of 3-way, 2-way. And the flushing solution required for recovering embryos by DEC method was significantly lower as 0.28${\pm}$0.32 1 than 1.8${\pm}$0.12 1, 1.75${\pm}$0.10 1 from 3-way, 2-way methods (p<0.05). Also, the time required for recovering embryos by DEC methods was significantly lower as 27${\pm}$2 min than 51${\pm}$3, 45${\pm}$2 min, respectively (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that DEC method for embryo collection may be effectively used for production of in vivo embryos using less flushing solution and, it might be effectively available in the field compared to conventional embryo recovery methods using 3-way or 2-way balloon catheter.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2011

This study was performed in order to determine optimum flushing solution using the direct embryo collection (DEC). Donors, at random stages of the estrous cycle, received a CIDR. 7 days later, 200 mg FSH was treated with 40, 30, 20, 10 mg FSH levels in declining doses twice daily by intramuscular injection for 4 days. On the 3$^{rd}$ day administration of FSH, 25 mg $PGF_2{\alpha}$ was administered and CIDR was withdrawn. After FSH injections were complete, donors were artificially inseminated twice at 12 hr intervals. The donor cattle received 250 ${\mu}g$ GnRH at time of 1$^{st}$ insemination and embryos were recovered 8 days after the 1$^{st}$ insemination. Embryo collection from superovulated donors were performed to flushing by DEC and conventional method. As a results, the average number of recovered embryos were significantly higher as 19.1${\pm}$1.40 with DEC method than 12.0${\pm}$0.44 with conventional embryo collection method, respectively (p<0.05). Also, The average number of transferable embryos were significantly higher (p<0.05) as 15.8${\pm}$1.72 with DEC method than 6.9${\pm}$0.35 from conventional embryo recovery procedures. Meanwhile, number of recovered embryos and number of recovered transferable embryos following the number of flushing times until 6${dr}$ flushing were significantly higher as 8.6${\pm}$0.53 and 8.6${\pm}$0.53 from 2$^{nd}$ flushing time than other groups (p<0.05). No. of Ear. B stage embryos were significantly higher as 3.9${\pm}$0.90 and 3.9${\pm}$0.90 with 2$^{nd}$ flushing time in total collected embryos and transferable embryos (p<0.05). Com M stage embryos were significantly higher as 3.7${\pm}$1.00 in 2$^{nd}$ flushing time and as 2.2${\pm}$0.76 in 3$^{rd}$ flushing time for recovered embryos (p<0.05). In transferable embryos, Com. M stage embryos were significantly higher (p<0.05) as 3.7${\pm}$1.00 in 2$^{nd}$ flushing time and as 2.2${\pm}$0.76 in 34$^{dr}$ flushing time, also. No. of degradation embryos was significantly higher as 2.2${\pm}$0.72 in 5${rd}$ flushing time, On the other hand, degradation embryos was not observed in transferable embryos (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that DEC method should effective methods for production of in vivo embryos using less flushing solution following perform until 4$^{rd}$ flushing time than conventional embryo collecting method. Also, it might be effectively collection of transferable embryos following more less procedure times compared to conventional embryo recovery methods.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.471-477
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• 2008

Development of egg, larvae and juveniles for the Pacific mackerel, Scomber japonicus are described following natural fertilization in the indoor tank of $25^{\circ}C$ water temperature. Following a routine hormone treatment technique for the brood stock, male and female mackerels were artificially matured by intramuscular injections of LHRHa at a dosage of $400{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (BW)+Domperidone at a dosage of $4{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (BW) to induce maturation in a separate aquarium and induced natural spawning. Fertilized eggs were ca. 1.0 mm in diameter; spherical in shape with a single oil globule; pelagic and non-adhesive. Hatching occurs 41 hours after fertilization at $23-24^{\circ}C$. The newly hatched larvae was 3.03 mm in average total length (ATL), the mouth and anus were not open, oil globule located in posterior end of yolk sac, and preanal length was 42.8% of TL. The larvae measuring 2.89 mm ATL, almost absorbed yolk sac and oil globule material in 2 days after hatching, in which the mouth and anus were open. Melanophores, branch or star in shape were observed on the top of head, peritoneal region and along the ventral contour. In 13 days after hatching, the larvae was 6.88 mm ATL, its posterior end of notochord began to flex upward, finfold of caudal fin appeared, jaw teeth were already formed. In 19 days after hatching, the larvae was 7.71 mm ATL completed only caudal fin rays (9+8), and preanal length was 49.4% of TL. In 37 days after hatching, the larvae was 27.4 mm ATL already completed all the fins, and preanal length was 59.9% of TL.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.183-192
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• 2002

Cells infected With equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) Produced both infectious and non-infectious Virus-related particles. Compared to the whole virion, non-infectious particles termed L-particles were deter-mined to lack 150 kDa protein, commonly known as nucleocapsid protein. The potential of L-particles to induce immune responses was studied in mice and foals. Intranasal immunization with L-particles or whole virions induced poor IgG antibody responses in mice. Interestingly, despite the poor antibody response, the conferred immunity protected the host from challenge infections. This was indicated by a significant reduction in virus titers in line with recovery towards normal body weight. Subsequently, the test on the usefulness of L-particles as immunizing agents was extended to foals. Immunization of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) foals resulted in similar results. As determined by a complement-fixing-antibody test (CFT), foals seroconverted when they were immunized either with inactivated L-particles or whole virions via intramuscular (i.m.) injections. The presence of the antibody correlated with the degree of protection. Beyond day 1 post challenge infection (p.i.), there was no virus shedding in the nasal mucus of foals immunized with whole EHV-1 virions. Virus shedding was observed in foals Immunized with L-particles but limited to days 6 to 8 p.i. only. In contrast, extended vim shedding was observed in non-immunized foals and it was well beyond day 14 p.i. Viremia was not detected for more than four days except in non-immunized foals. Immunization in mice via intranasal (i.n.) conferred good protection. However, compared to the i.n. route, a greater degree of protection was obtained in foals following immunization via i.m. route. Despite variation in the degree of protection due to different routes of immunization in the two animal species, our results have established significant evidence that immunization with L-particles confers protection in the natural host. It is suggested that non-infectious L-particles should be used as immunizing agents for vaccination of horses against EHV-1 infection.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2012

We investigated the effects of fadrozol, an aromatase inhibitor (AI), and $17{\alpha}$-methyltestosterone (MT) on the induction of sex change in juvenile longtooth grouper $Epinephelus$ $bruneus$, via histological observation of gonads. Changes in the mRNA expression of GtH subunits (FSH-${\beta}$ and LH-${\beta}$) in the pituitary, and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) levels in the blood were also surveyed after AI and MT treatment. Juvenile longtooth groupers ($113{\pm}17g\;body\;weight$; $16.2{\pm}1.2cm\;body\;length$) received intramuscular injections of AI at 3 (3-AI) and 5 (5-AI) mg/kg BWdoses and MT at a 5 mg/kg BW (5-MT) dose. At week 7 post-injection, 3-AI and 5-MT oocytes were degenerated, and gonads of the 5-AI group initiated spermatogenesis. At week 21 post-injection, 3-AI- and 5-MT-treated gonads contained spermatogonia and spermatocytes, while 5-AI treatment induced advanced stages of spermatogenesis. The serum E2 level showed no significant differences throughout the experimental period, whereas that of 11-KT was significantly elevated in the 5-AI group at weeks 7 and 21 post-injection. A significant increase in the expression of FSH-${\beta}$ mRNA was evident in the 5-AI group at week 21 post-injection. In contrast, LH-${\beta}$ mRNA expression did not significantly differ among groups during the experimental period. These results imply that sex change has two stages in the longtooth grouper. In the first stage, oocytes are degenerated by the stimulation by 11-KT, and in the second stage spermatogenesis occurs, owing to the co-effects of 11-KT and FSH-${\beta}$.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.195-203
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• 2022

This study was performed to delineate pharmacokinetic residue characteristics of lincomycin (LM) in olive flounder at low water temperature (13℃), and to examine whether LM is effective against main Gram-negative pathogens. It was observed that the times for residue declined below the maximal residue limit (0.1 mg/kg) in the muscle was, respectively, 32, 33 and 55 days following 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg intramuscular LM injections. The in vitro MIC value of LM against Edwardsiella piscida was higher than 256 ㎍/mL and against Vibrio harveyi 32 ㎍/mL when examined with several clinical isolates. These results suggest that the withdrawal time of LM should be more than 30 days in consideration of the 10 mg/kg employed as the regular clinical dose. It was also found that LM administered to treat streptococosis in olive flounder is not likely to be effective against some pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.159-166
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• 2023

This study investigates the current situation of medical technologists for blood collection, which is considered the most important step for diagnosis. The survey enrolled 650 medical technologists working in hospitals and medical check centers in Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam. We found that each medical technologist performed blood collection for about 100 patients. There was more than one blood collection failure per day, with more than one case of pain and filing of civil complaints per year. Hence, there was a high work burden on the medical technologists. Cases where a medical technologist was stabbed with a used needle occurred more than once a year, and about 15% of them received infection control and treatment because of stab wounds. Additionally, more than half of the participants suffered from musculoskeletal disorders and mental stress due to blood collection work. Unlike administering intravenous and intramuscular injections using the same needle, no fee is charged for blood collection. Based on the results of this study, it will be possible to improve the safety and rights of medical technologists by calculating the actual fee for blood collection work and assigning a relative value score.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.111-122
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• 2024

This study assessed the impact of the toltrazuril derivative N-(4-(4-Fluorophenoxy)-3-methylphenyl) acetamide on natural cytotoxic cell (NCC) activity of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus spleen. Five groups of fifteen olive flounder, comprising non-treatment and vehicle control groups, were randomly assigned. N-(4-(4-Fluorophenoxy)-3-methylphenyl) acetamide was injected intramuscularly at doses of 120, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight; a total of ten injections were given over the course of 30 days. The NK activity of flounder splenic cells was evaluated against YAC-1, mouse lymphoma cells or HINAE cells with a choice of co-cultivation times of 4 or 18 hrs. In case of YAC-1 co-culture we observed a significant increase in cytotoxicity at a dose of 200 mg/kg, up to 3.06 times more than that of the control group. Only the trial with the 4 hrs co-culture produced a significant difference in the HINAE cell experiment; the experimental group at the 200 mg/kg dose exhibited the maximum cytotoxicity, demonstrating 2.3 times more cytotoxicity than the control group. Furthermore, the expression level of IL-12b was markedly induced in the group with 200 mg/kg, which was 6.62 times greater than that of the control group. In terms of the altered NK cell activity, the repeated high doses of N-(4-(4-Fluorophenoxy)-3-methylphenyl) acetamide can cause changes in the normal performance of immune function.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2004

This study was designed to determine whether repeated superovulation is beneficial for recovery and quality of oocytes in Korean native goats. Seventy-six mature goats, maintained in a pen under natural day length and fed hay ad libitum, were pretreated with progestagen impregnated CIDR for 10 days and then the goats were divided into two groups. One group of the goats received a single intramuscular injection of 1,000 IU PMSG on Day 8 of CIDR insertion. The other group of the goats received twice daily intramuscular injections of a total of 70 mg FSH for 3 days from Day 8 of CIDR. All the gonadotropin treated goats were injected with 10 mg $PGF2{\alpha}on$ Day 8 and 400 IU hCG in the afternoon on Day 10. For oocyte recovery, donor goats were fasted 24 h before operation. Anesthesia was induced by intravenous injection of 2% xylazine(0.2 mg/kg body weight) and ketamin(11 mg/kg body weight). In vivo oocytes were recovered by follicle aspiration or oviduct flushing at 35 to 40 hours after hCG injection through mid-ventral incision. The mean number of CL and oocytes recovered and recovery rate of oocytes by oviduct flushing were greater(P<0.05) in the first treatment than those in the second treatment. Contrary to our assumption, PMSG treatment significantly (P<0.05) increased the number of CL formed and recovery rate of oocytes compared to FSH. However, the same effect was not observed in recovery of follicular oocytes. There was no significant difference in oocyte quality between FSH and PMSG or first and second treatments. The present results indicate that repeated superovulation and repeated use of donor animals may be inefficient for obtaining oocytes in good qualities.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2004

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether collection time affects results of oocyte recovery from superovulated goats. Fiftyty-one mature Korean native goats, maintained in a pen under natural day length and fed hay ad libitum, were pretreated with progestagen impregnated CIDR for 10 days and then the goats were divided into two groups. One group of the goats received a single intramuscular injection of 1,000 IU PMSG on Day 8 of CIDR insertion. The other group of the goats received twice daily intramuscular injections of a total of 70 mg FSH for 3 days from Day 8 of CIDR. All the gonadotropin treated goats were injected with 10 mg $PGF_{2\alpha}$ on Day 8 and 400 IU hCG in the afternoon on Day 10. For oocyte recovery, donor goats were fasted 24 h before operation. Anesthesia was induced by intravenous injection of 2% xylazine(0.2 mg/kg body weight) and ketamin(11 mg/kg body weight). In vivo oocytes were recovered by follicle aspiration or oviduct flushing at 29 to 34, 35 to 40 and 41 to 50 h after hCG injection through mid-ventral incision. There was no significant difference in the mean number of CL and oocytes recovered. Oocyte collection at 29 to 40 h after hCG increased(P<0.05) the recovery rate of ovulated oocytes in oviducts compared to 41 to 50 h. The same results were also observed in the recovery of follicular oocytes. Oocyte grade was not affected by collection time. When oocytes were collected from follicular oocytes at 41 to 50 h after hCG, the recovery rate of Grade II oocytes was the lowest(P<0.05). From these results, it is suggested that oocyte recovery at 35 to 40 h after hCG will be successful for further use.