• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.260-263
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• 2009

Internal carotid artery (ICA) trapping can be used for treating intracranial giant aneurysm, blood blister-like aneurysms and ICA rupture during the surgery. We present a novel ICA trapping technique which can be used with insufficient collaterals flow via anterior communicating artery (AcoA) and posterior communicating artery (PcoA). A patient was admitted with severe headache and the cerebral angiography demonstrated a typical blood blister-like aneurysm at the contralateral side of PcoA. For trapping the aneurysm, the first clip was placed at the ICA just proximal to the aneurysm whereas the distal clip was placed obliquely proximal to the origin of the PcoA to preserve blood flow from the PcoA to the distal ICA. The patient was completely recovered with good collaterals filling to the right ICA territories via AcoA and PcoA. This technique may be an effective treatment option for trapping the aneurysm, especially when the PcoA preservation is mandatory.

• Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 2023

The prevalence of aneurysm formation in adults with Moyamoya disease (MMD) is higher than that in the general population. The treatment strategy is often individualized based on the patient's disease characteristics. A 22-year-old man was diagnosed with MMD after presenting a small thalamic intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage in the quadrigeminal cistern. Cerebral angiography revealed a small aneurysm (2.42 mm) in the left anterior choroidal artery. Since the hemodynamics in the left hemisphere was compromised, an indirect bypass surgery was performed. The patient's condition deteriorated postoperatively because of poor perfusion of the internal carotid artery, and massive hydration was required. During neurocritical care, the aneurysm increased in size (5.33 mm). An observation strategy was adopted because of the distal aneurysmal location and the high risk involved. Subsequently, the patient recovered, and newly developed collateral flow appeared from the external carotid artery. Additionally, a dramatic size reduction of the aneurysm (1.51 mm) was noticed. Our case suggests that MMD-related dissecting aneurysms on a distal cerebral artery, which present a high risk of embolization, could be managed by indirectly reducing the hemodynamic burden. Massive hydration in such cases should be avoided or balanced to avoid the risk of rapid growth and aneurysm rupture.

• Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.196-203
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• 2024

Isolated middle cerebral artery dissection (MCAD) is rare but increasingly recognized as a significant clinical entity, particularly in younger adults. Ischemic stroke is the most common manifestation in symptomatic cases but symptoms can vary in severity from headaches to severe neurologic deficits. Due to its rarity and unpredictable clinical course, there is no established treatment strategy for isolated MCAD. Through two case reports, we reviewed the post-operative clinical course of MCAD under different treatment modalities. Case 1 was a 21-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with headaches and left-side hemiparesis. Isolated MCAD was diagnosed and she was successfully treated with the placement of a self-expandable stent and subsequent chemical angioplasty for post-stent vasospasm. Case 2 was a 35-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with left-side hemiparesis and dysarthria. Isolated MCAD was diagnosed and she was successfully treated with superficial temporal artery (STA) to middle cerebral artery (MCA) anastomosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.335-342
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• 2003

Background: The aortic arch replacement in an acute aortic dissection is technically demanding procedure that has a lot of postoperative morbidity and high mortality The authors have applied several techniques of aortic arch replacement to overcome the risks of the procedure. Therefore we analysed the results of these techniques. Material and Method: From March of 1996 to July of 2002, we performed 31 cases of the aortic arch replacement in the Stanford type A acute aortic dissection. There were 12 male and 19 female patient's with 59.6$\pm$9.4 years of mean age. Among them 18 cases were treated with the hemiarch replacement and 13 cases with the total arch replacement. We approached the aortic arch through median sternotomy in all but 3 cases of Clamshell incision and applied the deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with retrograde cerebral perfusion. The associated procedures were 2 Bentall's procedures, an axillobifemoral bypass, a femorofemoral bypass and a carotid artery bypass. Result: The postoperative morbidities were 8 acute renal failures, 3 CNS complications, 2 low cardiac output syndromes, 2 malpefusion syndromes, and 2 deep wound infections. There were 4 cases of early hospital mortality which were from an acute renal failure a postoperative bleeding, a low cardiac output syndrome, and a reperfusion syndrome. There were 3 cases of late hospital mortality which were from an acute renal failure, and 2 multiorgan failures. So the total mortality rate was 22.5%. There were 4 cases of late mortality after the discharge, which were form 2 cases of distal anastomotic rupture and 2 cases of intracranial hemorrhage. Conclusion: The hemiarch replacement has relatively shorter operative time and lower hospital mortality but higher late mortality than the total arch replacement. The total arch replacement needs more technically demanding procedure.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.877-883
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• 1998

Background: Cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB), a standard adjunct for open heart surgery, can also play an important role in treating patients with noncardiac diseases. Material and Method: We report a collective analysis of noncardiac applications of cardiopulmonary bypass experienced at Seoul National University Hospital from 1969 to 1996. Out of a total of 20 patients, 8 were treated for membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava(MOVC), 5 for malignant melanoma, 3 for pulmonary embolism, 1 for double lung transplantation, 1 for intracranial giant aneurysm(GA), 1 for renal cell carcinoma(RC), and 1 for liposarcoma. CPB was used to induce profound hypothermia with circulatory arrest in 6 patients(MOVC 4, GA 1, RC 1). Result: CPB time was 113 mins on average for MOVC, 161 mins for GA, and 156 mins for RC, while the lowest rectal temperature was 26$^{\circ}C$ on average in MOVC, and 19$^{\circ}C$ in GA and RC. Postoperative recovery was good in all MOVC patients. The patient with GA, who underwent reoperation for the removal of hematoma, died 14 days postoperatively. The patient with RC recovered from the operation in a good condition but died from metastatic spread 6 months later. CPB was instituted for pulmonary embolectomy in 3 patients, in whom postoperative courses were uneventful, except in 1 patient who showed transient neurologic symptoms. CPB was used in a patient with double-lung transplantation for hemodynamic and ventilatory support. The patient was weaned successfully from CPB but died from low output and septicemia 19 days postoperatively. CPB without circulatory arrest was used to treat in 4 patients with MOVC. These patients showed good postoperative courses. CPB was used to administer high concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents to the extremities in 6 patients(malignant melanoma 5, recurrent liposarcoma 1). CPB time was 153 mins on average. No complications such as edema and neurologic disability were found. Conclusion: Although CPB has a limited indication in noncardiac diseases, if properly applied, it can be a very useful adjunct in a variety of surgical cases.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.175-183
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• 2015

Objective : Intracranial ruptured vertebral artery dissecting aneurysms (VADAns) are associated with high morbidity and mortality when left untreated due to the high likelihood of rebleeding. The present study aimed to establish an endovascular therapeutic strategy that focuses specifically on the angioarchitecture of ruptured VADAns. Methods : Twenty-three patients with ruptured VADAn received endovascular treatment (EVT) over 7 years. The patient group included 14 women (60.9%) and 9 men (39.1%) between the ages of 39 and 72 years (mean age 54.2 years). Clinical data and radiologic findings were retrospectively analyzed. Results : Four patients had aneurysms on the dominant vertebral artery. Fourteen (61%) aneurysms were located distal to the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). Six (26%) patients had an extracranial origin of the PICA on the ruptured VA, and 2 patients (9%) had bilateral VADAns. Eighteen patients (78%) were treated with internal coil trapping. Two patients (9%) required an adjunctive bypass procedure. Seven patients (30%) required stent-supported endovascular procedures. Two patients experienced intra-procedural rupture during EVT, one of which was associated with a focal medullary infarction. Two patients (9%) exhibited recanalization of the VADAn during follow-up, which required additional coiling. No recurrent hemorrhage was observed during the follow-up period. Conclusion : EVT of ruptured VADAns based on angioarchitecture is a feasible and effective armamentarium to prevent fatal hemorrhage recurrence with an acceptable low risk of procedural complications. Clinical outcomes depend mainly on the pre-procedural clinical state of the patient. Radiologic follow-up is necessary to prevent hemorrhage recurrence after EVT.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.158-165
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• 2024

Objective : Superficial temporal artery (STA)-middle cerebral artery (MCA) anastomosis is conducted for flow augmentation. In this study, we measured the STA cut flow of a Korean population and evaluated the relationship between STA cut flow and long-term patency of the bypass. Methods : A retrospective study was conducted. Intraoperative measurement of STA flow was conducted using a microvascular flow meter on patients who underwent STA-MCA. After cutting the distal end, the STA flow rate was measured with no resistance and recorded. After finishing anastomosis, STA flow was measured and recorded. The cut flow index was calculated by dividing post anastomosis flow by cut flow in intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis patients. Results : The median STA cut flow was 35.0 mL/min and the post anastomosis flow was 24.0 mL/min. The cut flow of STA decreased with aging (p=0.027) and increased with diameter (p=0.004). The cut flow showed no correlation with history of hypertension or diabetes mellitus (p=0.713 and p=0.786), but did correlate a positively with history of hyperlipidemia (p=0.004). There were no statistical differences in cut flow, STA diameter, and post anastomosis flow between the frontal and parietal branches (p=0.081, p=0.853, and p=0.990, respectively). Conclusion : The median STA cut flow of a Korean population was 35 mL/min. Upon reviewing previous articles, it appears that there are differences in the STA cut flow between Western and Asian patients.

• Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2024

Objective: To review the characteristics of distal middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm treated by microsurgery, the detailed surgical options, and the clinical result. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed cerebral aneurysm in the M2 and M3 segments of the MCA surgically treated between January 2015 and December 2022. The demographic data, aneurysm-related findings, type of surgical approach, surgical technique, and clinical outcomes of the enrolled patients were analyzed. Results: Sixteen distal MCA aneurysms were treated with microneurosurgery (incidence, 1.0%; female, 12; mean age, 58.1 years; ruptured, three). Twelve aneurysms were in the M2 segment (insular segment), two aneurysms at the M2-M3 junction, and two aneurysms in the M3 segment (opercular segment). Twelve aneurysms were saccular (average size, 4.9 mm; multiplicity, 50%; average aneurysms, 3.0; partially thrombosed, 1; sidewall aneurysm, 2). Three aneurysms were fusiform, of which two were ruptured. Of the ruptured aneurysms, one was a ruptured dissecting aneurysm. The trans-sylvian and trans-sulcal approaches were used in fourteen and two patients, respectively. Neck clipping, wrap clipping, and surgical trapping were performed in twelve, one, and one patient, respectively. Proximal occlusion was performed in one patient. Bypass technique was required in two patients (neck clipping and proximal occlusion). The modified Rankin Score was 6 in the two patients with ruptured aneurysms. The remaining patients did not show further neurological deterioration after microneurosurgery. Conclusions: Distal MCA aneurysms had a high incidence of being diagnosed with multiple other aneurysms and were relatively non-saccular.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.805-812
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• 2001

Objectives : The goal of the surgical management of large and giant aneurysm is complete extirpation of the aneurysms with preservation or reconstruction of the parent artery. To improve the surgical management results of those aneurysms in the future, we review our experience and discuss technical maneuvers and strategies used to avoid potential complications of those aneurysm surgery. Material and Methods : During the past 12 years, thirty six cases of large and giant aneurysms(diameter>19mm) were managed by surgery. The clinical characteristics, treatment methods, surgical complications and outcome of those cases were analyzed and, based on the review of the literatures, the preventive methods of surgical complication related to the clipping of those aneurysms were discussed. Results : The locations of those aneurysms were anterior circulation in 34 cases and posterior circulation in 2 cases. The most frequent site of aneurysmal location was a paraclinoidal region of the anterior circulation. The aneurysms were managed surgically by direct clipping of aneurysmal neck in 31 cases, aneurysmal trapping followed by extracranial-intracranial bypass in 2 cases, proximal clipping of parent artery, aneurysmorrhaphy, and excision of aneurysm followed by end to end anastomosis of parent artery in each one case. Surgical complications occurred in 13 cases. A parent vessel occlusion by thrombus formation and parent vessel stenosis after clipping of aneurysm were the main complications. We obtained good outcome in 27, fair 5, poor 1 and dead in 3 case(s). Conclusion : We conclude that selection of suitable management method for each case, high quality of surgical technique and prevention of complication during operation are important key points for the successful treatment of large and giant aneurysm. The heparinization prior to application of temporary clip on parent vessels, aneurysmal decompression during dissection and clipping of aneurysm, complete closing of the aneurysmal neck and avoiding the narrowing of parent vessel after clipping of aneurysm were the main technical maneuvers used to avoid complications of those aneurysm surgery.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2008

Purpose: Transient neurological deterioration (TND) is one of the complications after extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery, and it has been assumed to be caused by postoperative transient hyperperfusion. This study was performed to evaluate the relationship between TND and preoperative and postoperative cerebral perfusion status on brain perfusion SPECT following superficial temporal artery - middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis surgery. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 STA-MCA anastomosis surgeries of 56 patients (mean age: $50{\pm}16$ yrs; M:F=29:27; atherosclerotic disease: 33, moyamoya disease: 27) which were done between September 2003 and July 2006 were enrolled. The resting cerebral perfusion and cerebral vascular reserve (CVR) after acetazolamide challenge were measured before and 10 days after surgery using 99mTc-ethylcysteinate dimer (ECD) SPECT. Moreover, the cerebral perfusion was measured on the third postoperative day. With the use of the statistical parametric mapping and probabilistic brain atlas, the counts for the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory were calculated for each image, and statistical analyses were performed. Results: In 6 of 60 cases (10%), TND occurred after surgery. In all patients, the preoperative cerebral perfusion of affected MCA territory was significantly lower than that of contralateral side (p=0.002). The cerebral perfusion on the third and tenth day after surgery was significantly higher than preoperative cerebral perfusion (p=0.001, p=0.02). In TND patients, basal cerebral perfusion and CVR on preoperative SPECT were significantly lower than those of non-TND patients (p=0.01, p=0.05). Further, the increases in cerebral perfusion on the third day after surgery were significant higher than those in other patients (p=0.008). In patients with TND, the cerebral perfusion ratio of affected side to contralateral side on third postoperative day was significantly higher than that of other patients (p=0.002). However, there was no significant difference of the cerebral perfusion ratio on preoperative and tenth postoperative day between patients with TND and other patients. Conclusion: In patients with TND, relative and moderate hyperperfusion was observed in affected side after bypass surgery. These finding may help to understand the pathophysiology of TND.