• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study is to provide more whiplash injury-specific measurement tools for Korean patients by measuring the validity and reliability of Korean version of Whiplash Disability Questionnaire (WDQ). Methods Bilingual clinicians translated the original WDQ into Korean. After consensus conference between researchers, it was back-translated into English. The pre-final version was completed and administered to 71 hospitalized patients diagnosed with whiplash injury. Validity was evaluated by concurrent validity. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ and intraclass correlation coefficient. Results The Korean WDQ showed good reliability with high internal consistency and intra-class correlation coefficient (Cronbach's ${\alpha}=0.96$, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=0.82). Concurrent validity demonstrated positive correlations between Neck Disability Index, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey and WDQ. Conclusions The Korean version of WDQ is a valid and reliable tool for use as a measurement of whiplash injury in Korean patients, and it will be a very useful evaluation tool for both clinicians and researchers.

• 대한감각통합치료학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.11-21
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• 2022

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 국내에서 개발된 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale-Children; SPS-C)의 안정성 확립을 위해 감각처리에 어려움을 가진 만 3~5세 아동의 보호자를 대상으로 검사-재검사 신뢰도와 검사자간 신뢰도를 검증하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 본 연구의 대상자는 감각처리에 어려움을 가진 3~5세 아동 70명이었다. 검사-재검사 신뢰도 검증은 감각처리에 어려움을 가진 아동의 주 양육자 20명이 대상이었다. 초기평가 후 7~14일 내로 재평가를 실시하였고, 두 시점 간 관련성은 피어슨 상관계수를, 일치도는 급내상관계수를 사용하였다. 검사자 간 신뢰도 검증은 감각처리에 어려움을 가진 아동의 주 양육자, 부 양육자 각각 18명을 대상으로 하였다. 두 검사자 간의 일치도 확인은 급내상관계수를 사용하였다. 결과 : 검사-재검사 신뢰도는 피어슨 상관계수 r=.914, 급내상관계수 ICC=.939로 높은 수준의 관련성과 일치도를 나타냈다. 검사자간 신뢰도는 급내상관계수 ICC=.727로 좋은 일치도를 나타냈으나 촉각 영역(ICC=.455)과 고유감각 영역(ICC=.439)은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았지만, 보통의 일치도를 보였다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 아동감각처리척도(SPS-C)는 검사-재검사 신뢰도와 검사자간 신뢰도가 검증되어 안정성 있는 평가도구임을 확인하였으며, 추후 임상적 사용을 위한 표준화 연구에 도움을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.497-510
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• 2010

신뢰도 연구는 한 명의 평가자가 연구 대상을 반복 측정하거나 여러 명의 평가자가 한 대상을 평가할 때 평가자 내, 평가자 간 일치도를 알아보는 연구로 임상 의학 분야에서 빈번하게 쓰이고 있다. 이 같은 신뢰도 연구에서 적절한 표본수, 평가자수 및 반복수를 결정하는 것은 비용과 시간 측면에서 보다 더 효율적인 연구를 할 수 있게 해주는 중요한 요인이다. 본 연구의 목적은 신뢰도 연구에서 측정치가 정량적일 때 쓰이는 신뢰도 계수인 급내상관계수(ICC)와 관련한 기존의 표본수 산출 방법들을 비교분석하여 적절한 표본수나 반복수를 결정할 때 그 지침을 제공하는데 있다. 기존 논문에서 제시한 Walter 등 (1998), Giraudeau와 Mary (2001), Saito 등 (2006) 그리고 Bonett (2002)의 방법들을 비교하였다. 임의효과 일원배치 모형일 때 같은 조건에서 가장 적은 양의 정보를 필요로 하는 방법을 찾는 목적으로 요인을 변화시켜 가면서 표본수, 반복수, 신뢰구간 폭을 비교한다. 비교해 본 결과, 가장 작은 수의 표본을 필요로 하는 방법은 Giraudeau의 방법, 가장 작은 수의 반복을 필요로 하는 방법은 Saito의 방법으로 나타났다. 가장 많은 수의 표본과 반복을 필요로 한 방법은 Bonett의 방법이었다. 정도는 Giraudeau의 방법이 가장 높았고 Walter, Saito, Bonett 순으로 정도가 떨어졌다.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제31A권9호
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• pp.64-71
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• 1994

In this study, optimizing BPOFs are encoded by Simulated Annealing algorithm that is widely used among the optimization algorithms. Two BPOFs are trained by digit patterns, 0~9, and the digits each having 4 intraclass patterns are multiplexed. When each digit is encoded by four bit binary code, from the results of computer simulation, the correlation pezk is shown at binary value 1 position among the spatially separated four positions at the correlation plane And then, the designed BPOFs are implemented by CGH technique. Through the optical correlation experiment, satisactory results are achieved, inspite of some experimental errors and information loss owing to the amplitude type CGH filter.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1021-1027
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• 1996

This study examined the patterns of nutrient intakes measured by 1-, 3-, 7-day recalls and records as well as food frequency questionnaire among 59 females volunteers enrolled in the university in Seoul, Korea. Over a 4 month period, a modified Willett food frequency questionnaire was administered once, and a 24-hour dietary recall was conducted 12 times and a weighted dietary record 14 times. From these 12 recalls and 14 records, 1-, 3-, 7-day data were randomly selected. For energy and 11 nutrients, group mean intakes derived from food frequency questionnaire were higher than from recalls and records. Group mean intakes from recalls and records showed little differences depending on days of dietary studies and dietary methods. Measures of agreement were calculated by weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient values calculated for quintile categories while comparing to the results of 26 days recalls and records. Weighted kappa values ranged from 0.11 for riboflavin to 0.36 for vitamin C for and 1-day recall, and from 0.21 for iron to 0.31 for energy for the 1-day record. Weighted kappa values were increased as the number of days of dietary studies increased (0.34-0.57 for the 3-day recalls, 0.27-0.50 for the 3-day records, 0.50-0.68 for the 7-day recalls, and 0.50-0.65 for the 7-day records). Weighted kappa values for food frequency questionnaire were higher than the 1-day data, but lower than the 3-and-7day data(0.34 for energy, 0.31 for iron and 0.22 for vitamin C). Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.21 for vitamin A to 0.57 for calcium. The degrees of agreement by different methods and days of dietary study are lower in our study compared to agreement by different methods and days of dietary study are lower in our study compared to those in previously published studies for Western populations, partly due to the differences of data analysis methods as well as of dietary patterns between those samples and ours.

• 대한감각통합치료학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동을 대상으로 놀이의 질적수준을 평가하는 놀이다움 평정척도(Test of Playfulness: ToP)의 신뢰도를 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 연구대상은 G시에 거주하는 초등학교 2학년~3학년의 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동 20명이다. 놀이다움 평정척도의 신뢰도를 알아보기 위하여 측정자간 일치율과 Kappa계수로 제시하였고, 측정자간 신뢰도 분석은 급간내 상관계수(Intraclass Correlation Coefficient: ICC)를 사용하여 제시하였다. 결과 : 놀이다움 평정척도의 각 항목간 측정자간 일치율은 75~95%이었다. 각 항목의 Kappa계수의 범위는 .45~1.00이었다. 각 요소에 대한 측정자간 신뢰도를 급간내 상관계수로 분석한 결과 내적동기는 .96, 통제지각은 .98, 현실감 부재는 .90, 참조체계는 .98, 총점은 .99로 매우 높은 신뢰도를 보였다. 결론 : 연구결과를 통하여 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동의 놀이다움 평정척도의 측정자간 신뢰도는 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이를 근거로 하여 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동의 임상적인 평가의 유용성을 제공하고, 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동의 놀이연구에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.140-143
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• 2018

Background: The Occupational Safety and Health Monitoring and Assessment Tool (OSH-MAT) is a practical instrument that is currently used in the German woodworking and metalworking industries to monitor safety conditions at workplaces. The 12-item scoring system has three subscales rating technical, organizational, and personnel-related conditions in a company. Each item has a rating value ranging from 1 to 9, with higher values indicating higher standard of safety conditions. Methods: The reliability of this instrument was evaluated in a cross-sectional survey among 128 companies and its validity among 30,514 companies. The inter-rater reliability of the instrument was examined independently and simultaneously by two well-trained safety engineers. Agreement between the double ratings was quantified by the intraclass correlation coefficient and absolute agreement of the rating values. The content validity of the OSH-MAT was evaluated by quantifying the association between OSH-MAT values and 5-year average injury rates by Poisson regression analysis adjusted for the size of the companies and industrial sectors. The construct validity of OSH-MAT was examined by principle component factor analysis. Results: Our analysis indicated good to very good inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.64-0.74) of OSH-MAT values with an absolute agreement of between 72% and 81%. Factor analysis identified three component subscales that met exactly the structure theory of this instrument. The Poisson regression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant exposure-response relationship between OSH-MAT values and the 5-year average injury rates. Conclusion: These analyses indicate that OSH-MAT is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used effectively to monitor safety conditions at workplaces.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2016

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of varying resolutions of cone-beam computed tomography images on the accuracy of linear measurements of edentulous areas in human cadaver heads. Intact cadaver heads were used to simulate a clinical situation. Materials and Methods: Fiduciary markers were placed in the edentulous areas of 4 intact embalmed cadaver heads. The heads were scanned with two different CBCT units using a large field of view ($13cm{\times}16cm$) and small field of view ($5cm{\times}8cm$) at varying voxel sizes (0.3 mm, 0.2 mm, and 0.16 mm). The ground truth was established with digital caliper measurements. The imaging measurements were then compared with caliper measurements to determine accuracy. Results: The Wilcoxon signed rank test revealed no statistically significant difference between the medians of the physical measurements obtained with calipers and the medians of the CBCT measurements. A comparison of accuracy among the different imaging protocols revealed no significant differences as determined by the Friedman test. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.961, indicating excellent reproducibility. Inter-observer variability was determined graphically with a Bland-Altman plot and by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient. The Bland-Altman plot indicated very good reproducibility for smaller measurements but larger discrepancies with larger measurements. Conclusion: The CBCT-based linear measurements in the edentulous sites using different voxel sizes and FOVs are accurate compared with the direct caliper measurements of these sites. Higher resolution CBCT images with smaller voxel size did not result in greater accuracy of the linear measurements.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2019

Objectives The purpose of this study is to provide Korean version of mild traumatic brain injury assessment tool. Methods The original version of acute concussion evaluation (ACE) was translated into Korean, and it was then back-translated into English without any prior knowledge of ACE. Finally, the pre-final version of Korean version of acute concussion evaluation (K-ACE) was derived. 49 Korean patients who had been diagnosed with mild traumatic brain injury participated in the study and completed K-ACE. Overall, 44 data were used to analyze findings. Validity of the study was assessed based on Concurrent validity. Reliability was also evaluated using Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ and the intraclass correlation coefficient. Results The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ value for each item presented a proper level of internal consistency with results of 0.711 to 0.893 in two evaluations, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the retest reliability was marked as 0.892 (95% CI 0.840~0.933). Concurrent validity demonstrated positive correlations between K-ACE and Korean version of postconcussional syndrome questionnaire. Conclusions The K-ACE is concluded as a valid and reliable tool for measuring mild traumatic brain injury and post-concussion symptoms. Upon completion of the follow-up study, the K-ACE will be well-utilized by both clinicians and researchers.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.146-155
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• 2014

Objectives In Sasang Constitutional medicine(SCM), it is an important factor to assess the degree of cold/heat and healthy status. We purposed to check the agreement among the experts on the assessment of cold/heat and healthy status. Methods Six SCM experts and 10 healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. The SCM experts had an interviewed with each volunteer in the similar condition like that of the actual clinic. And then the expert evaluated each volunteer's cold/heat and healthy status. Intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC) was used to measure the interrater reliability and interrater agreement among the experts. Results Two volunteers are excluded due to the missing data, therefore eight persons' data (3 males and 5 females) were included in our analysis. The mean of age and BMI are 21.73(${\pm}2.32$) and 29.63(${\pm}4.66$), respectively. In health status, cold status and heat status, the ICC was 0.789, 0.904, 0.925, respectively. Conclusions We found that the assessment of cold/heat and healthy status was continued reliable among SCM experts. The assessment of cold/heat status was more consistent than the assessment of healthy status.