• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.112-125
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• 2015

Making a model that is an accurate replica of the oral structure requires precision and efficiency. Nowadays, rapid technological advances bring digitalization in dentistry. One of the most important works in digital dentistry is three-dimensional modeling of the oral cavity and digitizing the 3D data. Among the three components of CAD/CAM, (1) data capture component (digitizers), (2) design component (CAD software), (3) manufacturing component (CAM), the basic component that has a significant impact on the other processes is the data capture component, i.e. intra-oral scanners. This literature review discusses the principles and clinical use of intra-oral scanners in dentistry based on recent publications of the past 5 years using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

H.264/AVC video coding standard uses the rate distortion optimization method which determines the best coding mode for macroblock(MB) to improve coding efficiency. Whereas RDO selects the best coding mode, it causes the heavy computational burden comparing with previous standards. To reduce the complexity, in this paper, a fast intra prediction mode decision algorithm using directional gradients is proposed. The proposed algorithm is composed of 2-path structure. In the first path, $16{\times}16$ intra prediction mode is determined using directional gradients. In the second path, 3 modes instead of 9 modes are chosen for RDO to decide the best mode for $4{\times}4$ block. Finally, the two modes determined in the two-path decision process are compared to decide the final block mode. Experimental results show that the computation time of the proposed method is decreased to about 77% of the exhaustive mode decision method with negligible quality loss.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2017

The Future Video Coding (FVC) is a new state of the art video compression standard that is going to standardize, as the next generation of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard. The FVC standard applies newly designed block structure, which is called quadtree plus binary tree (QTBT) to improve the coding efficiency. Also, intra and inter prediction parts were changed to improve the coding performance when comparing to the previous coding standard such as HEVC and H.264/AVC. Experimental results shows that we are able to achieve the average BD-rate reduction of 25.46%, 38.00% and 35.78% for Y, U and V, respectively. In terms of complexity, the FVC takes about 14 times longer than the consumed time of HEVC encoder.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.47-64
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• 2019

We analyze and study competition in differentiated product market using public data source. Understanding competitive market structure is critical for firms to assess how their products compete against other firms in a given market. In this paper, we estimate consumer demand, extend clout and vulnerability framework, and study competition among multi-product manufacturers in differentiated product market. For our empirical analysis, we adopt choice-based aggregate demand model and estimate consumer demand while accounting for unobserved product characteristics. Once we estimate consumer demand, we compute full price elasticity matrix and investigate intra- and inter- manufacturer substitutions among consumers. This research offers a framework for marketers to analyze and understand market structures, leading them to informed decisions.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.32-32
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• 2019

Mutation breeding is the useful tool to improve agronomic traits in various crop species. Soybean is most important crop and is rich in protein and oil contents. Despite of the importance as economic value and various genetic resource of soybean, there have been limited studies of genetic relationship among mutant resources through radiation breeding. In this study, the agronomical phenotype for selecting various genetic resources was evaluated in 528 soybean mutant lines. As a result, 210 soybean mutants with their original cultivars were selected with various traits. We named 210 selected lines as Mutant Diversity Pool (MDP). The genetic diversity and the relationship of the MDP were investigated using TRAP and TE-TRAP markers. In TRAP analysis, sixteen primer combination (PC)s were used and a total of 551 fragments were amplified. The highest (84.00%) and the lowest (32.35%) polymorphism levels were showed in PC MIR157B+Ga5 and B14G14B+Ga3, respectively. The mean of PIC values was 0.15 ranging from 0.07 in B14G14B+Sa12 to 0.23 in MIR157B+Sa4. Phylogenetic and population structure analysis indicated that the 210 MDP lines dispersed to four groups among the wild types and their mutants. The highest genetic diversity among populations was observed between lines Paldal and 523-7 (Fst=0.409), whereas the lowest genetic diversity was between population KAS360-22 and 94seori (Fst=0.065). AMOVA showed 11.583 (21.0%) and 43.532 (79.0%) variations in inter and intra mutant population, respectively. Overall, the genetic similarity of each intra mutant populations was closer than that of inter mutant population. A total of 408 fragments were amplified in the 210 MDP using twelve PCs of TE-TRAP markers that were obtained from a combination of three TIR sequence of transposable elements (MITE-stowaway; M-s, MITE-tourist; M-t, PONG). The highest (77.42%) and the lowest (56.00%) polymorphism levels were showed in PONG+Sa4 and PONG+Sa12, respectively. The mean of PIC values was 0.15 ranging from 0.09 in M-s+Sa4 and M-s+Ga5 to 0.21 in M-t+Ga5. AMOVA of M-s showed 2.209 (20%) and 8.957 (80%) variations in inter and intra mutant population, respectively. AMOVA of M-t showed 2.766 (18%) and 12.385 (82%) variations in inter and intra mutant population, respectively. AMOVA of PONG showed 3.151 (29%) and 7.646 (71%) variations in inter and intra mutant population, respectively. According to our study, the PONG had higher inter mutant population and lower intra mutant population. This mean was that for aspect of radiation sensitivity, M-s and M-t showed higher mobility than that of PONG. Our results suggest that the TRAP and the TE-TRAP markers may be useful for assessing the genetic diversity and relationship among soybean MDP and help to improve our knowledge of soybean mutation/radiation breeding.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.129-138
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• 2014

This paper proposes a fast intra prediction method to reduce encoding time for the HEVC(high-efficiency video coding) encoder. The proposed fast Intra prediction method uses quadtree structure and SATD(Sum of Absolute Transformed Differences). In HEVC, a $8{\times}8$ SATD value using $8{\times}8$ hadamard transform is used to calculate a SATD value for $8{\times}8$ or larger blocks. The proposed method calculates the best SATD value by using each $8{\times}8$ SATD result in $16{\times}16$ or larger blocks. After that, the proposed method removes a candidate mode for RDO(Rate-Distortion Optimization) based on comparing SATD of the candidate mode and the best SATD. By removing candidate modes, the proposed method reduces the operation of RDO and reduces total encoding time. In $8{\times}8$ block, the proposed method uses additional $4{\times}4$ SATD to calculat the best SATD. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieved 5.08% reduction in encoding time compared to the HEVC test model 12.1 encoder with almost no loss in compression performance.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.408-416
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• 2012

As increasing interests for cultural content, 3D restoration about the valuable traditional architectures is in progress, nowadays. Digital restoration is generally performed with using new IT technology and equipments such as 3D scanner. From the view points of making better use of the 3D data, the methodology for 3D restoration leaves much room for improvement. When using 3D scanner, it is possible to get precise 3D data for exterior of the building but huge data size and insufficient information for the wooden intra structure might be obstacles for using them as a source of various digital contents. In traditional wooden structure, the binding rules for corresponding architectural components are important factor for realizing the architectural culture at that times. In this paper, we develop a design tool and architectural components reflecting the wooden intra structure. Moreover, we propose a new 3D restoration method from the design tool, which is good for making contents offering useful information for processes of construction and binding rule in a real time just at a glance.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.255-260
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• 2016

The crystal structure of the saliciline derivatives N,N'-bis(3-chloro-2-methylsalicylidene)-1,4-butanediamine ($C_{20}H_{22}Cl_2N_2O_2$) has been determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. In the title compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group $P{\bar{i}}$ with unit cell dimension $a=4.6085(3){\AA}$, $b=5.9747(3){\AA}$ and $c=5.9747(3){\AA}$ [${\alpha}=83.889(4)^{\circ}$, ${\beta}=86.744(5)^{\circ}$ and ${\gamma}=82.085(5)^{\circ}$]. The title compound is essentially planar conformation. The compound lies across a crystallographic inversion centre and adopts E configurations with respect to the C-N bonds. The crystal packing of the molecules of compound is stabilized through weak O-H...N intra molecular interactions

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.29-37
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• 2010

Previous studies have investigated a between-category relationship of multiple acoustic cues for a laryngeal contrast by examining the distributions of VOT, f0 and H1-H2. The current study examined within-category correlations between cues comprising stops by Korean- and English-speaking adults and children to understand how children master the internal structure of stop phonation types in two languages. Word-initial stops were collected from about 70 children and 15 adults speaking English and Korean, and were analyzed in terms of VOT, f0 and H1-H2 to compute correlation coefficients. Findings in adults' productions included a gender-differentiated cue-correlation pattern associated with H1-H2 in Korean tense stops and a trading relationship between f0 and VOT in Korean lax and aspirated stops and English voiced and voiceless stops. Children did not necessarily have adult-like cue-correlation patterns even in early-acquired categories, suggesting that the mastery of intra-category structure of phonation type might occur later than inter-category structure.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1640-1644
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• 2011

Water-soluble mutant of intrinsically insoluble protein, crambin, was produced by mutagenesis based on the sequence analysis with homologous proteins. Thr1, Phe13, and Lys33 of crambin were substituted for Lys, Tyr, and Lys, respectively. The resultant mutant was soluble in aqueous buffer as well as in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelle solution. The $^1H-^{15}N$ spectrum of the mutant crambin showed spectral similarity to that of the wild-type protein except for local regions proximal to the sites of mutation. Solution structure of water-soluble mutant crambin was determined in aqueous buffer by NMR spectroscopy. The structure was almost identical to the wild-type structure determined in non-aqueous solvent. Subtle difference in structure was very local and related to the change of the intra- and inter-protein hydrophobic interaction of crambin. The structural details for the enhanced solubility of crambin in aqueous solvent by the mutation were provided and discussed.