• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.1698-1710
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• 2022

Objective: Raw potato starch (RPS) is resistant to digestion, escapes absorption, and is metabolized by intestinal microflora in the large intestine and acts as their energy source. In this study, we compared the effect of different concentrations of RPS on the intestinal bacterial community of weaned piglets. Methods: Male weaned piglets (25-days-old, 7.03±0.49 kg) were either fed a corn/soybean-based control diet (CON, n = 6) or two treatment diets supplemented with 5% RPS (RPS5, n = 4) or 10% RPS (RPS10, n = 4) for 20 days and their fecal samples were collected. The day 0 and 20 samples were analyzed using a 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology, followed by total genomic DNA extraction, library construction, and high-throughput sequencing. After statistical analysis, five phyla and 45 genera accounting for over 0.5% of the reads in any of the three groups were further analyzed. Furthermore, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the day 20 fecal samples were analyzed using gas chromatography. Results: Significant changes were not observed in the bacterial composition at the phylum level even after 20 d post feeding (dpf); however, the abundance of Intestinimonas and Barnesiella decreased in both RPS treatment groups compared to the CON group. Consumption of 5% RPS increased the abundance of Roseburia (p<0.05) and decreased the abundance of Clostridium (p<0.01) and Mediterraneibacter (p< 0.05). In contrast, consumption of 10% RPS increased the abundance of Olsenella (p<0.05) and decreased the abundance of Campylobacter (p<0.05), Kineothrix (p<0.05), Paraprevotella (p<0.05), and Vallitalea (p<0.05). Additionally, acetate (p<0.01), butyrate (p<0.05), valerate (p = 0.01), and total SCFAs (p = 0.01) were upregulated in the RPS5 treatment group Conclusion: Feeding 5% RPS altered bacterial community composition and promoted gut health in weaned piglets. Thus, resistant starch as a feed additive may prevent diarrhea in piglets during weaning.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2022

다양한 건강기능식품 중 프로바이오틱스는 전 세계적으로 가장 방대한 시장을 이루고 있으며, 장 건강이 우리 몸의 전반적인 면역작용을 조절하며 질병을 예방하고, 나아가 치료에 도움을 줄 수 있다는 연구결과에 따라 지속적으로 프로바이오틱스에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 무화과식초가 가진 항균능을 이용하여 유제품과 드레싱 소스를 개발하여 그 선호도를 조사하고 대장세포에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 일반우유에 5% 무화과식초를 첨가하였을 때 마시는 요거트와 리코타치즈에 대한 가장 만족도가 높았다. 제조된 유제품에서 분리한 균은 Leuconostoc lactis이며 1.0×10⁷~1.0×10⁸ CFU/mL 이상의 세균수가 측정되어 식품의 기준 및 규격의 기준치를 만족하였다. 인체의 소장 상피세포와 흡사하게 증식되는 Caco-2 세포주에서 세포생존율을 관찰한 결과, 유청을 10% 농도로 처리하였을 때 세포생존율이 19% 가량 유의적으로 증가하였다. 농도별로 유청을 처리하였을 때 최대 58%의 항산화능을 보였다. 또한 유청에서 분리된 Leuconostoc lactis는 우수한 부착능이 관찰됨에 따라 장건강에 도움을 주는 유제품임을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.487-494
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• 2024

Recently, the term metabiotics has emerged as a new concept of probiotics. This concept entails combining existing probiotic components with metabolic by-products improve specific physiological functionalities. Representative ingredients of these metabiotics include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bacteriocins, polysaccharides, and peptides. The new concept is highly regarded as it complements the side effects of existing probiotics and is safe and easy to administer. Known health functions of metabiotics are mainly immune regulation, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and brain-neurological health. Research has been actively conducted on the health benefits related to the composition of intestinal microorganisms. Among them, the focus has been on brain neurological health, which requires extensive research. This study showed that neurological disorders, such as depression, anxiety, autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, can be treated and prevented according to the gut-brain axis theory by changing the intestinal microflora. In addition, various studies are being conducted on the immunomodulatory and anticancer effects of substances related to metabiotics of the microbiome. In particular, its efficacy is expected to be confirmed through human studies on various cancers. Therefore, developing various health functional effects of the next-generation probiotics such as metabiotics to prevent or treatment of various diseases is anticipated.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.171-185
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• 2023

본 연구는 부화 후 10일부터 28일까지 사료내 삼채뿌리분말 첨가가 장내 미생물 균총, 장관면역, 및 장건강에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 수행하였다. 10일령 Ross 308 육계 총 60수를 공시하여 체중을 측정한 후 난괴법을 이용하여 6반복으로 2처리구에 할당하였다. 실험사료는 옥수수-대두박 기반의 대조사료와 대조사료에서 옥수수 0.3% 대신 삼채뿌리분말 0.3%를 첨가한 처리사료로 구성하였고, 18일간 사료와 물을 무제한 급이하였다. 부화 후 28일째에 각 케이지마다 체중 중앙값에 근접한 2수를 선발하여 맹장내 분변 및 장관조직 샘플을 수집하였다. 사료내 삼채뿌리분말 첨가가 Enterococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Limosilactobacillus, Cuneatibacter 및 Ruminococcoides와 같은 생균제 후보 미생물을 증가시킴을 확인하였다. 장관면역의 경우, 삼채뿌리분말 첨가가 helper T cell의 한 종류인 CD3+CD4+ T cell의 유의미한 감소(P=0.049)를 야기하였다. 또한 삼채뿌리분말 첨가가 사이토카인 및 항산화기능 관련 유전자 발현 분석에서 IL1b, IL6, 및 IL10과 같은 사이토카인에는 유의미한 차이가 관찰되지 않았으나 항산화기능 관련 유전자 GPX2 발현이 증가하는 경향이 확인되었다 (P=0.060). 따라서 본 연구의 결과를 종합해보면, 삼채뿌리분말을 첨가한 육계사료를 부화 후 10일부터 28일까지 급이 시 육계 장내미생물에 긍정적인 영향을 주고, 장건강을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.84-99
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• 2019

Dietary fiber is defined as soluble and insoluble polysaccharide consisted in the plant cell wall-associated fibers naturally occurring in fruits, vegetables, and cereal products, and of isolated fibers that are added to processed foods which are also artificially modified. There are so many difference types of dietary fibers as arabinoxylan, polydextrose chicory, oligosccharide. inulin, pectin, bran, cellulose, ${\beta}$-glucan, resistant starch and some seaweed polymers as alginate. Most of them provide many biological benefits in the intestine, as lower risk for developing coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and some of the gastrointestinal disease like as colon cancer. And also lowering cholesterol levels, improves glycemic and insulin sensitivity to non-diabetic and diabetic persons including immune system. Beside of many benefits, average consumers in developed and under developing countries take far less amounts of dietary fiber that international organization recommended. Adequate intake of dietary fiber is 14g/1,000kcal base using the energy guide line of 2,000kcal/day for women and 26,000 kcal/day for men, dietary intake is 28g/day of adult women and 36g/day for adult men. The mechanisms behind the reported effects of dietary fiber on metabolic health are not fully well established. It is suggested that changes in intestinal viscosity resulting mucus increasing, macro-nutrients absorption, rate of passage of large intestinal, production of short chain fatty acids by fermentation. Production of gut hormones and changes of microbiota in intestine. It is necessary to do more research in this field in the future and combined interdisciplinary works together.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.417-424
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• 2023

Parkinson's disease (PD) which has various pathological mechanisms, recently, it is attracting attention to the mechanism via microbiome-gut-brain axis. 6-Shogaol, a representative compound of ginger, have been known for improving PD phenotypes by reducing neuroinflammatory responses. In the present study, we investigated whether 6-shogaol and ginger attenuate degeneration induced by Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) on the intestine and brain, simultaneously. C57BL/6J mice received P. mirabilis for 5 days. Ginger (300 mg/kg) and 6-shogaol (10 mg/kg) were treated by gavage feeding for 22 days including the period of P. mirabilis treatment. Results showed that 6-shogaol and ginger improved motor dysfunction and dopaminergic neuronal death induced by P. mirabilis treatment. In addition, they suppressed P. mirabilis-induced intestinal barrier disruption, pro-inflammatory signals such as toll-like receptor and TNF-α, and intestinal α-synuclein aggregation. Moreover, ginger and 6-shogaol significantly inhibited neuroinflammation and α-synuclein in the brain. Taken together, 6-shogaol and ginger have the potential to ameliorate PD-like motor behavior and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons induced by P. mirabilis in mice. Here, these findings are meaningful in that they provide the first experimental evidence that 6-shogaol might attenuate PD via regulating gut-brain axis.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.210-213
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• 2016

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a rare progressive liver disease characterized by cholestasis and bile duct fibrosis, has no accepted, effective therapy known to delay or arrest its progression. We report a 15 year old female patient diagnosed with PSC and moderate chronic active ulcerative colitis (UC) who achieved normalization of her liver enzymes and bile ducts, and resolution of her UC symptoms with colonic mucosal healing, after treatment with a single drug therapy of the antibiotic oral vancomycin. We postulate that the oral vancomycin may be acting both as an antibiotic by altering the intestinal microbiome and as an immunomodulator. Oral vancomycin may be a promising treatment for PSC that needs to be further studied in randomized trials.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2012

Allergic disorders such as atopic dermatitis and asthma are common hyper-immune disorders in industrialized countries. Along with genetic association, environmental factors and gut microbiota have been suggested as major triggering factors for the development of atopic dermatitis. Numerous studies support the association of hygiene hypothesis in allergic immune disorders that a lack of early childhood exposure to diverse microorganism increases susceptibility to allergic diseases. Among the symbiotic microorganisms (e.g. gut flora or probiotics), probiotics confer health benefits through multiple action mechanisms including modification of immune response in gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Although many human clinical trials and mouse studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of probiotics in diverse immune disorders, this effect is strain specific and needs to apply specific probiotics for specific allergic diseases. Herein, we briefly review the diverse functions and regulation mechanisms of probiotics in diverse disorders.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.15-26
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• 2019

A common belief is that human milk is sterile. However, the development of culture-independent molecular methods, especially Next Generation Sequencing, has revealed that human milk harbors diverse and rich bacterial communities. Although studies aimed at characterizing the microbiota of human milk have produced different findings, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are presumed to be normal members of the microbiota. Factors that influence variation in the microbiota are unclear; however, the postpartum time, route of delivery, maternal obesity, and health status may be influential. The origin of the microbiota is a hotly debated topic. Human milk bacteria are thought to be introduced through bacterial exposure of the mammary duct during breast feeding and/or the entero-mammary pathway from the maternal gastrointestinal tract. Although the exact mechanism related to the entero-mammary pathway is unknown, it is presumed that bacteria penetrate the intestinal epithelium and then migrate to the mammary gland, dendritic cells, and macrophages. In this review, various relevant studies are introduced.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.6-14
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• 2024

Gastric cancer is the 4th leading cause of death worldwide. The primary cause of gastric cancer is known to be Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). The advancement of molecular biology has enabled the identification of microbiomes that could not be confirmed through cultivation, and it has been revealed that the microbial communities vary among normal mucosa, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric cancer. It has also been confirmed that the composition of the microbial community differs depending on the presence or absence of H. pylori. Whether changes in the microbiome are causative factors in the carcinogenesis process is not yet clear. Experiments using animal models and in vitro studies on the role of microbes other than H. pylori in the carcinogenic process are underway, but the data is still insufficient.