• 지식경영연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.39-55
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• 2013

As the importance of intellectual property rights for the 21st century challenge became prominent, many companies have been trying to secure many rights competitively. In particular, application numbers of patent that represents technology has been increased continuously. Korean companies were not exception; mainly in large companies, there have been continued the efforts to grow the number of patent applications in quantitative volume. But the issues that how viable patents the companies have, how effectively the companies manage, and how economically usable the patents are, are totally different from quantitative management level. As such, the issue is connected to how to assess the patent management level of companies. On the other side of quantitative growth of patent that companies hold, there are some problems such as the difficulties to determine if the patents hold substantial values, and the difficulties to determine whether the patent are managed effectively. In addition, as the numbers of patent application and registration of companies are increased, the cost for patent holding and managing increase. It is required to pay continuous attention to the cost of patent management because patent registration fee has a property that increases rapidly with time and burden for patentee become heavier. As a result of analysis and interpretation, we confirmed that quantitative management, particularly the number of patent applicant does not make positive impact on how to use patent after application. Rather, it is observed that the economical usage is influenced positively by the efforts of patent applicants such as considering for the time of patent examination, paying attention to receive patent registration decision. Therefore, this study shows that efforts patent applicants provide in management level after application time are important to maintain the value of patents.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2005년도 공동학술대회 논문집
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• pp.55-58
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• 2005

CFRD (콘크리트 표면 차수벽형 석괴댐)에서 수행한 전기비저항 탐사 결과, 하부에서 매우 낮은 비저항대가 관측되었다. 일반적으로 CFRD 형식의 댐은 내부 포화가 발생하지 않는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 금번 조사에서 하부 20m 깊이에서 일정하게 저비저항대가 발견되어 이에 대한 검토를 위해 3차원 해석을 수행하였다. 탐사 당시의 수위는 댐 정상부에서 10m 정도 내려가 있는 상태였다. 첫 탐사 이후 6개월이 지난 후에 이루어진 탐사에서도 비슷한 양상을 보이고 있었다. 이에 대한 해석을 위해서 조사 댐의 모양을 대상으로 3차원 순산 모델링을 수행하고, 이에 대한 2차원 역산 해석을 적용하여 기존 해석 방법의 오류 가능성을 검토하였다. 또한 비저항 조사가 많이 적용된 중심코아 형 댐의 경우의 사례와 비교하였다. 해석 결과, 3차원 댐체 구조에 대한 2차원 역산 해석은 저수부의 수위와 밀접한 관련을 갖는 것으로 보이며, 3차원의 사다리꼴 기하구조로 인하여 댐 내부에 비저항의 이상대가 존재할 경우에도 그 민감도가 떨어지는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.61-69
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• 1983

This study was undertaken as a useful material not only to understand the clothing behaviors and the personal variables (age, education, occupation, yearly clothing expenses, weight, and persons who influence on one's choice of clothes) of the middle-aged women in Seoul, Korea but to lend itself to other uses concerning attitudes toward clothing. For the measurement of the attitudes toward specified activities related to clothing use, attitude method by Mary F. Pasnak (1968) was reworded and modified for use with the sample for this study. Analysis of the data revealed that the clothing behaviors of 450 women 30 to 59 years of age made a significant difference according to the personal variables. First, women in thirties showed the most positive clothing attitude of the three age groups. The younger age groups were positively related to relief from boredom through clothing, intensity, sureness, and involvement of attitude among eight attitudes related to clothing. Second, the positiveness of relief from boredom through clothing, intensity, sureness, and involvement of attitude increased in proportion to the education level. On the other hand, dressing for self was negatively related to the level of education. Third, a significant relationship was found between the amount of the clothing expenses and dressing for others, tactual pleasure through clothing, intensity, sureness, and involvement of attitude. Among the personal variables of the middle-aged women, age, the educational level, and the clothing expenses have a relationship with the clothing behaviors, while job, weight, and the persons who influence on one's choice of clothes have no relationship. The extensive interpretation on the result of this study will have to be taken with deliberation. For the more practical material researches on the clothing behaviors of the middle-aged women should be continued steadily in every possible way.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.206-211
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• 2012

DNA barcoding has been widely used in species identification and biodiversity research. A short fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence serves as a DNA bio-barcode. We collected DNA barcodes, based on COI sequences from 156 species (529 sequences) of fish, insects, and shellfish. We present results on phylogenetic relationships to assess biodiversity the in the Korean peninsula. Average GC% contents of the 68 fish species (46.9%), the 59 shellfish species (38.0%), and the 29 insect species (33.2%) are reported. Using the Kimura 2 parameter in all possible pairwise comparisons, the average interspecific distances were compared with the average intraspecific distances in fish (3.22 vs. 0.41), insects (2.06 vs. 0.25), and shellfish (3.58 vs. 0.14). Our results confirm that distance-based DNA barcoding provides sufficient information to identify and delineate fish, insect, and shellfish species by means of all possible pairwise comparisons. These results also confirm that the development of an effective molecular barcode identification system is possible. All DNA barcode sequences collected from our study will be useful for the interpretation of species-level identification and community-level patterns in fish, insects, and shellfish in Korea, although at the species level, the rate of correct identification in a diversified environment might be low.

• 지구물리
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.211-214
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• 2005

CFRD (콘크리트 표면 차수벽형 석괴댐)에서 수행한 전기비저항 탐사 결과, 하부에서 매우 낮은 비저항대가 관측되었다. 일반적으로 CFRD 형식의 댐은 내부 포화가 발생하지 않는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 금번 조사에서 하부 20m 깊이에서 일정하게 저비저항대가 발견되어 이에 대한 검토를 위해 3차원 해석을 수행하였다. 탐사 당시의 수위는 댐 정상부에서 10 m 정도 내려가 있는 상태였다. 첫 탐사 이후 6개월이 지난 후에 이루어진 탐사에서도 비슷한 양상을 보이고 있었다. 이에 대한 해석을 위해서 조사 댐의 모양을 대상으로 3차원 순산 모델링을 수행하고, 이에 대한 2차원 역산 해석을 적용하여 기존 해석 방법의 오류 가능성을 검토하였다. 또한 비저항 조사가 많이 적용된 중심코아형 댐의 경우의 사례와 비교하였다. 해석 결과, 3차원 댐체 구조에 대한 2차원 역산 해석은 저수부의 수위와 밀접한 관련을 갖는 것으로 보이며, 3차원의 사다리꼴 기하구조로 인하여 댐 내부에 비저항의 이상대가 존재할 경우에도 그 민감도가 떨어지는 것으로 분석되었다.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• 제33권52호
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• pp.337.1-337.14
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• 2018

Background: Mitochondrial heteroplasmy, the co-existence of different mitochondrial polymorphisms within an individual, has various forensic and clinical implications. But there is still no guideline on the application of massively parallel sequencing (MPS) in heteroplasmy detection. We present here some critical issues that should be considered in heteroplasmy studies using MPS. Methods: Among five samples with known innate heteroplasmies, two pairs of mixture were generated for artificial heteroplasmies with target minor allele frequencies (MAFs) ranging from 50% to 1%. Each sample was amplified by two-amplicon method and sequenced by Ion Torrent system. The outcomes of two different analysis tools, Torrent Suite Variant Caller (TVC) and mtDNA-Server (mDS), were compared. Results: All the innate heteroplasmies were detected correctly by both analysis tools. Average MAFs of artificial heteroplasmies correlated well to the target values. The detection rates were almost 90% for high-level heteroplasmies, but decreased for low-level heteroplasmies. TVC generally showed lower detection rates than mDS, which seems to be due to their own computation algorithms which drop out some reference-dominant heteroplasmies. Meanwhile, mDS reported several unintended low-level heteroplasmies which were suggested as nuclear mitochondrial DNA sequences. The average coverage depth of each sample placed on the same chip showed considerable variation. The increase of coverage depth had no effect on the detection rates. Conclusion: In addition to the general accuracy of the MPS application on detecting heteroplasmy, our study indicates that the understanding of the nature of mitochondrial DNA and analysis algorithm would be crucial for appropriate interpretation of MPS results.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.882-890
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• 2000

Ab initio calculations are carried out on protonation equilibria of 5-memberedheteroaromatic aldehydes (5MHAs;heteroatom Y = NH, O, PH,and S and substituentZ = NH2, OCH3, SCH3, CH3, H, Cl, CHO, CN,NO2) at the $MP2}6-31G*$ level. Naturalbond orbital (NBO) analyses show that the optimal localized natural Lewis structures of the protonated aldehydes,(P), are ortho (C3) protonated (for Y = O, PH and S) and N-pro-tonated (for Y = NH) forms in contrast to the standard structural Lewis formula for aldehydes, (R). The delo-calizability of ${\pilone}-pairon$ the heteroatom $(n{\pi}(Y))$ is in the order Y = NH > O > S > PH. The transmission efficiency of (Z) substituent effects to the carbonyl moiety run parallel to the delocalizability of $n{\pi}(Y)$ for R,but is dominantly influenced by the cationic charge on $C{\alpha}(C{\alpha}+)$ for P, which is in the reverse order of thede-localizability of $n{\pi}(Y).$ The Hammett ${\rho}values$ for variation of Z in the protonation are determined by the dif-ference in the transmission efficiencies between Pand R stateat simple interpretation of their magnitude is not warranted. However,the magnitude of the gas-phase ${\rho}z+$ values decreases as the level ofcomputation is raised from RHF/3-21G* to RHF/6-31G* and to $MP2}6-31G*$ but increases again at the MP4SDQ/6-31G* level. Further decrease occurs when solvent effect (water) is accounted for by the SCRF method. Comparison of the SCRF ${\rho}z+values$ with those determined in the aqueous acid solution for Y = S and CHCH shows inadequacy of accounting for the solvent effects on the ${\rho}values$ by a continuum model. It is noteworthy that semiempirical calculations, especially theAM1 method, give even lower magnitude of the gas-phase ${\rho}values.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.160-167
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• 2019

저수지 제체는 3차원 전기비저항 구조로 구성되어 있기 때문에, 전기비저항 격자구조에 담수호의 수위변화에 따른 제체 내부의 침윤선 변동과 함께 담수호의 전기전도도가 고려되지 않는 경우 전기비저항 역산 결과가 왜곡될 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 3차원 전기비저항 탐사 모델링을 통하여, 저수지의 3차원 비저항 구조와 저수지 수위의 변화에 따른 제체 내부의 비저항 변화를 해석하였다. 이 분석 결과에 근거하여 국내 283개소 저수지를 대상으로 3차원 모델링에 의한 2차원 이론자료와 현장 2차원 탐사자료에 대한 역산 결과를 비교하였다. 마지막으로 두 역산의 비가 50% 이상이 되는 저수지를 추가 정밀조사 대상 저수지로 선정하였다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.147-159
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• 2023

기후변화로 인하여 해수면 상승이 발생하고 있고, 그로 인한 악영향에 대해 연안국을 비롯한 국제사회의 우려가 커지고 있다. 해수면 상승으로 해안선이 후퇴하고 섬등 해양지형물이 수몰되는 경우 그러한 해안선을 기점으로 설정된 연안국 관할해역 외측한계의 변경 가능성, 기존 해양경계획정조약의 개정 필요성, 섬 또는 암석이 암석 또는 수중암초로 변경됨에 따른 법적 지위의 변화 등 많은 국제해양법적 쟁점을 발생시키고 있다. 이 논문에서는 해수면 상승이 국제해양법에 미치는 효과에 한정하여, 쟁점별로 소도서개발도상국, 세계국제법학회, 유엔 국제법위원회의 주장을 검토하고 유엔해양법협약의 해석론적 측면에서 해결방안을 제시하였다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.891-899
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• 2020

Objective: To assess the diagnostic performance of a deep learning-based algorithm for automated detection of acute and chronic rib fractures on whole-body trauma CT. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively identified all whole-body trauma CT scans referred from the emergency department of our hospital from January to December 2018 (n = 511). Scans were categorized as positive (n = 159) or negative (n = 352) for rib fractures according to the clinically approved written CT reports, which served as the index test. The bone kernel series (1.5-mm slice thickness) served as an input for a detection prototype algorithm trained to detect both acute and chronic rib fractures based on a deep convolutional neural network. It had previously been trained on an independent sample from eight other institutions (n = 11455). Results: All CTs except one were successfully processed (510/511). The algorithm achieved a sensitivity of 87.4% and specificity of 91.5% on a per-examination level [per CT scan: rib fracture(s): yes/no]. There were 0.16 false-positives per examination (= 81/510). On a per-finding level, there were 587 true-positive findings (sensitivity: 65.7%) and 307 false-negatives. Furthermore, 97 true rib fractures were detected that were not mentioned in the written CT reports. A major factor associated with correct detection was displacement. Conclusion: We found good performance of a deep learning-based prototype algorithm detecting rib fractures on trauma CT on a per-examination level at a low rate of false-positives per case. A potential area for clinical application is its use as a screening tool to avoid false-negative radiology reports.