• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.213-233
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• 2005

A letter of credit is the best settlement among various means of payments until now. A letter of credit plays very important roles in rational and smooth international trade. Letter of credit is usually used in international trade. But many people have to prepare a lot of transport documents in order to transact with L/C. Therefore, the transactions will be happened to delay in international trade very often. Owing to the EDI, international trade will be materialized with electronic business of E-commerce. If we transact with the electronic documents, it will be reduced the time very much in international trade. Generally speaking, all relating parties transact with L/C complying with UCP, but there are no ruling articles about electronic documents in UCP. If all parties want to transact with electronic documents in global business, UCP has to contain the electronic provisions. So, ICC published eUCP on 2002. The purpose of the study was to analyze original electronic papers and provisions through foreign precedents in UCP and eUCP. If we want to exchange the electronic document, the UCP provisions about electronic documents would be revised as follows: UCP provision 20(b) would be revised, “Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, banks have to accept as an original documents, a documents produced or appearing to have been produced: (i)by reprographic, automated or computerized systems (ii)as carbon copies,; provided that it is marked as original and, where necessary, appears to be signed. A document may be signed by handwriting, by facsimile signature, by perforated signature by symbol, or by any other mechanical or electronic method of authentication."

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.233-257
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• 2009

The 21st century is witnessing the explosive increase in the usage of internet and international electronic transactions. Due to the unique characteristics of the electronic information, substantial part of such transaction can and do take the form of cross-border transactions. However, there have not been settled appropriate set of rules applicable to the international electronic transactions. Currently, in respect to e-L/C transactions in international trade, there are laws such as Electronic Transaction Basic Act in our country, E-Trade Promotion Act, E-Signature Law, Act on Promotion of Information and Communication Network Utilization and Information Protection and Marine Charter 5 in the Commercial Law. Nevertheless, a complete legislation, that is a uniform rule for e L/C which could support e L/C transactions fully hasn't been established yet. Accordingly, those laws concerned need to improve to regulate e-L/C transactions. The purpose of this paper is to look into the national status for law readjustment to prepare for a new electronic environment and to use appropriately the e-L/C issued by electronic means, and to conduct a comparative analysis on the related regulations to introduce a pertinent laws and propose related regulations to contribute to the making of effective laws to regulate e-L/C.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.30
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• pp.27-58
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to identify key obstacles to the adoption of electronic bill of lading and to suggest an effective way to promote the utilization of electronic bill of lading in international trade field. This study finds that all the respondants have not used 'true' electronic bill of lading that is issued and distributed electronically, and most of them agreed the needs of e-B/L adoption, but their intentions to adopt e-B/L remain very low in the present situation. Five obstacles to the adoption of e-B/L were derived from an explanatory factor analysis: 'integration' factor, 'law institution' factor, 'usability' factor, 'economic efficiency' factor, and 'security' factor. Solutions to promote the utilization of e-B/L in international trade field are as follows; Firstly, to endow e-B/L with the legal force through amending relevant laws including the commercial law. Secondly, to conclude the relevant international agreement, and to carry out joint projects between nations are needed. Thirdly, to conduct publicity campaigns is required to increase the understanding of the concepts and benefits of e-B/L to all concerned parties. Fourthly, stable and reliable system must be constructed with high level security. Fifthly, to readjust the service fee of e-B/L system to a realistic level is to be needed in order for user companies to use e-B/L service.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.933-977
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• 2000

BOLERO project and TradeCard System are attracted public attention as new settlement method that is able to substitute for documentary letter of credit. BOLERO is the business processes and methods, together with the digital information system, which are provided by Bolero International for communicating Messages and Documents and facilitating business transactions. TradeCard aim to make international business-to-business e-Commerce easy, fast, inexpensive and secure while innovating current documentary compliance and financial settlement mechanisms. The main purpose of this paper is to search the possibility of paperless trade. Since, this paper examine the international legal feasibility of these systems and compare the strength and weakness.

• 한국디지털정책학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.287-308
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to review the trend and roadmap of standardization for e-Trade. As a survival strategy in this rapidly changing global competition environment, domestic and global e-Trade network should be harmonized and interconnected, which requires multilateral or regional cooperation to set relevant inter-operable infrastructure. For this, standardization for e-Trade message and communication is critical success factor. Korea has been an early adopter of international e-Trade standards like UN/EDIFACT and ebXML. Based on the overall knowledge and experiences of e-Trade projects, Korea can take initiatives in the creation of global e-Trade through the harmonization and interconnection of other countries.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.19-39
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• 2015

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship among present conditions, obstructive factors, and export performance in using e-Trade Service System for Korean small and medium enterprises(SMEs). According to the empirical survey result, the obstructive factors affect significantly on the relation between application level and performance of e-Trade systems. It means that continuous and varied efforts are needed by government and related organizations to reduce the influence of obstructive factors.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.227-241
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• 2004

With the expansion of internet usage and the advanced technology for information and communication, the international e-Trade environment gradually migrates from the VAN/EDI to the global Internet-based e-Traed on an ebXML framework. In an effort to provide a Internet-based e-Trade environment with a security and trust, this paper analyzes security components and proposed the SSL and ebXML security technologies in order to assure of the trust and security over Internet-based e-Trade. In addition, this paper presents 3-phase methodology to realize the secure and trustworthy Internet-based e-Trade. In summary, as the first phase, the e-Trade business processes are re-engineered and the digital signature council for mutual recognition is orgainzed. And as the second phase, the Internet-based e-Trade system and the concerned digital signature technology are implemented. Finally as third phase, the PKI mutual recognition agreement is signed by parties concerned and then the Internet-based e-trade business is started. Furthermore, this paper presents the promising Internet-based e-Trade models where the digital signature can be applied.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.31-53
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to find out the factors affecting the usage and performance of e-Trade in Chinese Small and Medium-sized Enterprises(SMEs). To achieve the purpose of the study, the research model and hypotheses, depicting the relationship among external factors, internal factors, relationship characteristics, e-Trade usage level, and performance were developed based on the existing literature on e-Trade. To test the significance of the research model and hypotheses, an empirical survey were conducted to the Chinese SMEs in Yangtze River Delta area, which are actively using the e-Trade in their trade processes. According to the result of the statistical analyses on the 85 effective questionnaires from the sample firms, support of the government related institutions(one of the external factors) and CEO's support(one of the internal factors) had significant relationship with e-Trade usage level, but no significant relationship was found between the relationship characteristics and e-Trade usage level. Like the results of the most of the existing literature, e-Trade usage level were formed to significantly affected the e-Trade performance. Finally, based on results of the empirical survey, several implications on the Chinese SME's e-Trade strategies and policy alternatives were proposed as a concluding remark.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.203-224
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to review and analyze the protection measures for the importer's interests through the utilization of electronic delivery order(e-D/O) with the implementation of trade facilitation measures such as the simplification of customs procedures by the Korea Customs Service. The Korea Customs Service has been introducing several custom facilitation measures through the use of EDI system in the export and import processes. Korea has also already achieved a comparable level of sophistication in trade automation and custom simplification field. However, the full benefits of the trade automation and custom simplification measures have not yet achieved through the frequent illegal delivery of the imported goods in the bonded areas. Therefore, it is argued in this study that the introduction and the full utilization of e-D/O would help to reap the trade automation and custom simplification measures in Korea. In conclusion, it is emphasized that it would be very crucial for the Korean government to introduce the trusted repository for distribution of the electronic trade-related documents and the construction of the one stop single window platform for the trade and customs facilitation.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.411-428
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• 2013

This study presented practical directions for logistics network unification services, storage and shipment automation in order to prepare advanced strategies for warehouse management systems(WMS) of e-trade using network technology. The WMS technology using UPnP network will be a new paradigm in logistics and distribution. To meet desires of our society and develop successful unified logistics services, what is proposed in this study should be properly performed and it is important to have proper attitude to deal with new changes. Therefore, this study aims to present a base for interpretation of WMS using UPnP network rather than its technological directions.