• 한국정보처리학회논문지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.193-202
• /
• 1999

음성뿐만 아니라 데이터, 화상 및 영상 등의 고품질 서비스를 제공하는 제 3세대 이동통신(IMT-2000 : International Mobile Telecommunications-2000)은 2000년대 초에 전체 통신 서비스의 50% 정도를 점유할 것으로 예견된다. 한편 개인의 이동성을 보장할 수 있는 UPT(Universal Personal Telecommunications) 서비스는 다양한 종류의 유무선망을 단일 번호로써 을 수 있는 중요한 서비스로 인식되고 있다. 본 논문은 차세대 지능망 서비스를 지원하는 IMT-2000 교환기의 시스템 구조 및 소프트웨어 블록 형상을 제안하고 지능망 기능 지원에 필요한 교환기 내부의 서비스 교환 기능을 설계한다. 또한 제안된 구조와 서비스 교환 기능을 적용하여 차세대 지능망 서비스의 대표적인 서비스인 UPT 서비스의 호 시나리오를 설계한다. 특히 IMT-2000 교환기 내부 소프트웨어 블록간 호 흐름에 바탕을 둔 UPT 서비스기능 구현에 초점을 두어 UPT 서비스 호 시나리오를 설계한다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제19권12호
• /
• pp.203-214
• /
• 2019

건축물 차원의 지속가능성을 확보하고 환경부하를 줄여 에너지 사용과 탄소배출을 저감하기 위한 목적으로 세계 각국에서 녹색건축인증이 시행되고 있다. 우리나라는 2002년부터 건축물만을 대상으로 녹색건축인증인 G-SEED를 시행하고 있으나 외국의 경우 평가대상을 건축물에서 근린단위, 도시, 기반시설로 확대하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 건축물 외부 공간인 근린규모로 평가대상을 확대한 녹색건축인증제도의 구축방향 수립을 목적으로 설정하였다. 평가체계 수립을 위해 본 연구에서는 정의 및 목표, 평가체계 구분, 적용범위, 평가항목, 평가방식 및 등급, 관련제도와의 관계 등의 비교항목을 설정하고 대표적인 근린단위 녹색건축인증기준인 LEED-ND(미국), BREEAM Communities(영국), CASBEE-UD(일본)를 분석하였다. 그리고 그 결과를 바탕으로 국내 근린단위 녹색건축인증을 위한 평가범위, 대상, 평가항목 수립의 방향을 제시하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제54권2호
• /
• pp.479-485
• /
• 2022

At the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, physical human phantoms were developed to evaluate various radiation protection quantities, based on the mesh-type reference computational phantoms of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The physical human phantoms were fabricated such that a radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter (RPLGD) with a Tin filter, namely GD-352M, could be inserted into them. A Tin filter is used to eliminate the overestimated signals in low-energy photons below 100 keV. The measurement uncertainty of the RPLGD reader system based on GD-352M should be analyzed for obtaining reliable protection quantities before using it for practical applications. Generally, the measurement uncertainty of RPLGD systems without Tin filters is analyzed for quality assurance of radiotherapy units using a high-energy photon beam. However, in this study, the measurement uncertainty of GD-352M was analyzed for evaluating the protection quantities. The measurement uncertainty factors in the RPLGD include the reference irradiation, regression curve, reproducibility, uniformity, energy dependence, and angular dependence, as described by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). These factors were calculated using the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement method, applying ISO/ASTM standards 51261(2013), 51707(2015), and SS-ISO 22127(2019). The measurement uncertainties of the RPLGD reader system with a coverage factor of k = 2 were calculated to be 9.26% from 0.005 to 1 Gy and 8.16% from 1 to 10 Gy. A blind test was conducted to validate the RPLGD reader system, which demonstrated that the readout doses included blind doses of 0.1, 1, 2, and 5 Gy. Overall, the E_n values were considered satisfactory.

• 한국항만경제학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.143-164
• /
• 2010

동아시아 경제의 빠른 성장에도 불구하고 일본의 대형 국제항만에서는 화물증가가 둔화되었고, 국제경쟁력 약화로 인하여 기간항로에서 제외되며 일본 국내 화주의 물류불안을 야기해왔다. 이 문제를 극복하기 위해 2004년 이후 '슈퍼중추항만정책'이 실시되었다. 이 정책은 국제항만의 고규격 터미널을 민간기업에 의탁하여 효율적으로 관리, 운영되도록 다양한 정책적 지원을 제공하며, 국제항만의 코스트 절감과 서비스 향상을 달성하겠다는 취지를 가지고 있다. 다양한 법적, 제도적 지원 시책에도 불구하고 슈퍼중추항만정책은 기대했던 정책성과를 달성했다고 보기는 어려운 상황이다. 코스트 경쟁력을 달성하지 못하였뿐 아니라, 화물량 증가 및 환적화물 유치, 기간항로 서비스 유지 측면에서 정책기간 중 소기의 성과를 달성하지 못하였다. 그것은 고규격 터미널의 지정 민간기업의 운영능력, 슈퍼중추항만내의 복수항만의 연계적 효율성, 항만의 집하능력 구축에서 한계점을 가지고 있었기 때문이다. 이에 따라 2010년에는 슈퍼중추항만정책의 후속 정책인 '국제컨테이너 전략항만정책'이 등장하였고, 일본은 국제 거점항만 육성을 위한 마지막 기회를 준비하고 있다. 특히 새로운 정책에서는 부산항 경유 환적화물의 탈환을 명시적으로 내세우고 있어 향후 부산항과 일본의 국제컨테이너 전략항만 간의 화물유치 경쟁이 예상된다.

• 국제학술발표논문집
• /
• The 5th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
• /
• pp.539-545
• /
• 2013

Although individual-level factors (e.g., attitudes, personality) have long been associated with day-to-day attendance decisions, increasingly researchers have recognized "the social nature of attendance dynamics and their susceptibility to social control (Johns, 2008)." Implications of this social approach for research would be to focus attention on the causes and effects of absence culture (i.e., absence-related perceptions, beliefs, values), and the effects of absence culture on individual and group attendance within social units. Construction projects typically require workers to work in teams or crews on highly interdependent projects, and, thus, are particularly relevant contexts to study absence culture. In this paper we apply a system dynamics (SD) model to study absence culture by utilizing the advantages of SD in capturing a feedback process and state changes. We were particularly interested in: (a) the awareness of social norms within construction crews that pertained to attendance, (b) the interplay between formal attendance rules (policy) and these social norms, and (c) how these sources of influence affected the decision-making process of construction crew members. We expect that the results of this work will help construction organizations evaluate (or re-consider) the effects of their attendance control policies (e.g., timing, strength, and frequency) within a social context. Moreover, our findings suggest that the key to reducing excessive absences might be to invest time in influencing absence culture directly rather than imposing frequent and strict regulations - which, in turn, may inadvertently fortify a culture that works against the organization's interests.

• 국제학술발표논문집
• /
• The 7th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management Summit Forum on Sustainable Construction and Management
• /
• pp.8-13
• /
• 2017

Nuclear power plant (NPP) constructions are large scale projects that are executed for several years, and schedule control utilizing various schedules is a critically important factor. Recently Korea independently developed the Advanced Power Reactor (APR) 1400 and is building nuclear facilities applying this new reactor type. The construction of Shin-Kori NPP (SKN) Unit 3, which adopted the APR1400, was completed and commercial operation has begun, while, SKN 4, Shin-Hanul NPP (SHN) Units 1&2, and SKN 5&6 are currently under construction. Prior to the development of the APR1400, Korea built 24 reactors and accumulated the schedule data of various reactor types which provided the foundation for schedule reduction to be possible. However, as there is no schedule development and review system established based on the standard schedule data (standard activities, durations, etc.) by reactor type, the process for developing the schedule for new builds is low in efficiency consuming much time and manpower. Also all construction data has been accumulated based on schedule activities. But because the connectivity of activities between projects is low, it is difficult to utilize such accumulated data (causes for schedule delay, causes for design changes, etc.) in new build projects. Due to such reasons, issues continue to arise in the process of developing standard schedule activities and a standard schedule for nuclear power plant construction. In order to develop a standard schedule for NPP construction, i) the development of an NPP standard schedule activity list, ii) development of the connection logic of NPP standard schedule activities, iii) development of NPP standard schedule activity resources and duration, and iv) integration of schedule data need to be performed. In this paper, an analysis was made on the coherence of schedule activity descriptions of existing NPPs by applying the probabilistic methodology on activities with low connectivity due to the utilization of the numbering system of four APR1400 reactors (SHN 1&2 and SKN 3&4).This study also describes the method for developing a standard schedule activity list and connectivity measures by extracting same and/or similar schedule activities.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• 제41권4호
• /
• pp.243-251
• /
• 2016

This study was undertaken to achieve a high bleaching efficacy with plasma, through longer application and reparative bleaching processes, by different shade evaluation methods. Extracted human teeth were divided into 6 groups (n=10). All teeth were treated in pairs. Low concentration of 15% carbamide peroxide (CP) was applied, with and without plasma, for 10, 20, and 30-min tooth bleaching, respectively. The bleaching procedure was repeated once daily for four days. The teeth were maintained in a moist environment provided by artificial saliva. The Vitapan Classical shade guide and Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIELAB) color system were collectively used to measure the bleaching efficacy. Color evaluation was statistically analyzed using Student t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) complemented by Tukey's test. Combining the plasma with 15% CP showed significantly greater color changes compared to bleaching without plasma (p<0.05). A high bleaching efficacy with plasma is proportional to the repetitive application and the treatment time. A 30-min application with plasma provided the best bleaching. Repetitive bleaching showed lower probability of color relapse of the bleached tooth. The color change by shade guide correlated with the changes in CIELAB color system. A value of 1 color change units (CCU) conversion factor for overall color change (${\Delta}E$) values comparisons was 3.724 values. The two measuring methods provide a more accurate correspondence of color change. The repetitive and longer application for tooth bleaching, combined with plasma, has a strong bleaching effect and produces whiter teeth.

• 임상간호연구
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.136-148
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid pain assessment tool suitable for critically ill patients with communication problem in Korean intensive care unit. Methods: This pain assessment tool, Critical Care Non-verbal Pain Scale (CNPS), was developed based on review of national and international researches. Data were collected from ten intensive care units at five major general hospitals in Seoul. Reliability and validity were tested during performance of position change and endotracheal suctioning. Pain was measured before, during, and 20 minutes after the two procedures. Results: Interrater reliability of the CNPS was analyzed by ICC (Intraclass correlation coefficients). ICC values were significant from .833 to .883. Significant correlation between the FPS (Face Pain Scale) scores and the CNPS scores verified concurrent validity of the CNPS. For position change, CNPS scores increased significantly between before and during (t=-23.399, p<.001) and decreased significantly between during and 20 minutes after (t=22.760, p<.001). For endotracheal suctioning, CNPS scores increased significantly between before and during (t=-29.064, p<.001) and significantly decreased between during and 20 minutes after (t=28.194, p<.001), verifying construct validity of the CNPS. Conclusion: Results indicate that the CNPS can be used to assess pain of critically ill patients who have communication problem.

• International Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2022

The NEA release mechanism is used to provide restraint and release functions with low shock for critical deployment operations on solar arrays after launch. The GK3 solar array consists of 2 wings and 6 hold down points per panel. The NEA SSD9103S1 is a part of the GK3 solar array hold-down and release mechanism. Each NEA unit is equipped with two Z-diodes which provide power to a NEA unit connected in series after actuation of the fuse wire. This paper presents the hot firing test results of a quadrature NEA SSD9103S1 configuration. One output powers a maximum of 4 NEA SSD9103S1 units simultaneously. The necessary actuation pulse duration has been determined to meet margin requirement for thermal energy of minimum 4. Actuation thermal energy difference is about 6.6% between each half of two fired serial NEAs. Thermal energy margin at worst case is minimum 5.9 in case of an actuation pulse duration of 500 ms. Two series Zener impedance depend on current applied has been characterized by an additional actuation after all fuse wires are open circuit. Total number of actuation commands to the GK3 NEA unit reduce drastically from 24 in case of single NEA configuration down to 8 in case of parallel and quadrature NEA configurations. It can be accommodated by the existing HP2U Pyro design without any impact.

• 대한교통학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한교통학회 1995년도 한-중 국제학술회의 발표논문
• /
• pp.239-250
• /
• 1995

With speeding up the process of being international municipality, the gravity of lacking parking lots in Shanghai urban area, which directly blocks the traffic in the city, has been revealed. This thesis analyses present automobiles parking capability and forecasts the future's needs for the city. To solve the problem, the concept could be to expand parking areas in city center recently to relax the tention and to do thoughtful planning in the near future on the foundation of fully consideration the trend. The municipal government has to set up policy properly, amplify regulations, strenthern the administration and open up a path to raise founds. Berween road system administration which is dynamic and parking lot system administration which is static, there are a knot on macroscopic meaning and an interference as well. The coordination of these two systems would be reflested on the effects of whole municipal traffic adminisration. Basically, public parking lots are city's foundal facilities, just like roads, bridges, etc. The main problems now in Shanghai are large parking space demands, insufficient facilities, cheap parking expenses comparing with the cost of parking lots construcion and poor administration. According to the forecast on social economy development, there will be 580 thousand automobiles in Shanghai by the year 2000, and the amount of private cars will increase greatly. The frequency of automobiles going out will be 1.45 million per day. Public parking lots being able to afford 105 thousand units are needed. To satisfy the demands, the recent aim of planning should be speed up the parking lots construction, the planning objective in next period should be developing reasonably and exceed the demands properly. In order to realize the planning objective, the government has to formulate correct policy and amplify administration regulations. The government has to adopt both administration and economy means, including charging parking people reasonably, collect necessary taxes, bringing the parking lots planning into general municipality planning, opening up an effective path to raise founds, such as set up founds for parking lots construction, issue bonds and stocks, get loans at home and abroad, etc.