• 대한인간공학회지
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.279-291
• /
• 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare old standard EN 954-1 and new standard EN ISO 13849-1 through case study and provide necessity of adaptation of EN ISO 13849-1 in Korea. Background: International and EU harmonized standard EN ISO 13849 "safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control system" is classified into Part 1: General principles for design and Part 2: Validation. EN ISO 13849-1 standard was introduced in Official Journal of the European Union on September 8, 2009 as harmonized standard, and old standard EN 954-1 was withdrawn on December 31, 2011. So, EU decided to use of EN ISO 13849-1 standard forcibly from January 1, 2012 for safety of machinery. New machines need to be CE marked if they are to be placed on the market in the European Economic Area(EEA), Switzerland or Turkey, and Korean machine builder should apply EN ISO 3849-1 standard for safety of machinery accordingly. However, current Korean Safety Certification system(KCs mark) for dangerous machinery is not referred to EN ISO 13849-1 standard as safety standard. There is a need of research for adaptation of EN ISO 13849-1 standard in Korea as safety standards for new design of safety-related control system which use mostly electronic components. Method: Five case studies of representative designs for safety-related control system in accordance with EN 954-1were selected according to safety category from B to 4. And these five representative designs were tried to change new design in accordance with EN ISO 13849-1 standard. The results of comparison were analyzed in aspect of economy and technical complexity. Results: The results showed that EN ISO 13849-1 provided quantitative method of application and it enabled designers to create safety-related control systems that require fewer components and less wiring, with many of the components being to a lower specification and, therefore, less costly. Conclusion: EN ISO 13849-1 standard is good for electronic safety-related control systems compare to EN 954-1. By considering the importance of application of EN ISO 13849-1 and benefits, the application of EN ISO 13849-1 as safety standard for safety of machinery is urgent in Korea. Application: The results of comparing EN 954-1 and EN ISO 13849-1 standard might help to determine the adaptation of EN ISO 13849-1 standard for safety of industrial machinery in Korea.

• 문화기술의 융합
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.327-334
• /
• 2020

조선 후기 3대 명필로 지칭될 만큼 독자적 서풍을 창안한 창암(蒼巖) 이삼만(李三晩)(1770~1845)은 '법고(法古)'를 중시하였는데, 한위대(漢魏代) 서예를 근본으로 하고, 동국진체(東國眞體)를 완성한 원교(圓嶠) 이광사(李匡師)를 마음의 스승으로 삼아 수련하였다. 만년에는 올바른 필법 전수를 위해 『창암서결(蒼巖書訣)』을 저술하여 보편적 서예의 기본원리와 자신의 서예관을 피력하였다. 창암(蒼巖)이 지향하는 서체는 해서(楷書) 근골(筋骨)의 확립을 통한 초서(草書)로 완결된다. 이를 위해 한위(漢魏)의 서체를 전범(典範)으로 제안하였는데, 온후간원(穩厚簡遠)한 한위근골(漢魏筋骨)은 무위자연적(無爲自然的) 무법(無法)의 경지를 보여준다. 이로 보아 창암(蒼巖) 서예론의 핵심이자 궁극적 지향점은 '자연(自然)'임을 알 수 있다. 이는 법의 극치에 이르러 다시 무법(無法)으로 돌아가는 것으로, 여기에서 음양(陰陽)이 생성되고 형(形)·세(勢)·기(氣)가 부드러움을 도모하면 기괴(奇怪)함이 생겨난다고 보았던 것이다. 한편, 고법(古法)에 얽매이지 않고 우졸(愚拙)한 자연천성(自然天成)을 발현하면 장법과 포치가 일운무적(逸韻無跡)한 득필천연(得筆天然)을 이룬다고 강조하였다. 우리는 이 연구에서 그의 서체가 자연을 예술로 승화하면서, 조선 고유의 서예미를 끊임없이 접목·시도하였음을 살펴볼 수 있다. 그리하여 근골이 풍부하고 생명력과 역동감이 넘치는 형세를 이룬 일운무적(逸韻無跡)을 체화(體化)하였고, 득필천연(得筆天然)한 극공(極工)의 심미경지를 이루어 독창적인 '행운유수체(行雲流水體)'로 구현하였고 마침내 호남지방에 동국진체(東國眞體)의 서풍과 서예정신을 더욱 창달시켰다.

• 대한수학교육학회지:학교수학
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.709-726
• /
• 2014

본 연구는 수학교육의 국외연구에서 지난 삼십 년간 활발히 인용되고 있는 P. Cobb의 연구를 주목하여 살펴봄으로써 그가 이루어낸 연구의 성과와 영향을 알아보는 것이다. 특히, 본 논문에서는 이론과 실제의 간격을 줄이고자 시도되었던 그의 이론적 관점과 연구 방법을 심도 있게 고찰하였고, 그가 끼친 국내 수학교육연구의 영향을 자세히 살펴보았다. Cobb은 급진적 구성주의와 사회적 구성주의의 확장과 통합을 시도하였는데, 발현이론과 상징적 상호작용을 연구의 이론적 배경에 포함하였다. 또한 사회적 규범, 사회수학적 규범, 교실 수학적 실행의 해석적 틀을 바탕으로 개인과 사회적 관점에서의 수학교실을 분석하면서 학습 기회와 정체성을 언급하였다. Cobb은 설계실험을 활용하여 실용적인 이론 개발에 크게 기여하였으며, 그의 연구 방법을 기반으로 하여 설계실험의 정의와 특징, 원리, 과정, 실제를 제시하였다. 하지만 국내 수학교육연구에는 Cobb의 이론과 연구방법이 끼친 영향이 그리 크지 않음을 인지하면서 앞으로 현장에 실제와 이론이 잘 통합될 수 있는 방안으로 활발히 활용되길 기대한다.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
• /
• 통권25호
• /
• pp.41-63
• /
• 2011

1995년 경 부터 국가의 애니메이션 산업 부흥 책에 의한 수많은 제작업체와 교육기관과 들이 생겨났다. 적극적인 국가적 재정지원에 힘입어 제작산업은 급속히 활성화되었고, 제작기술은 비약적 발전되었으며, 교육기관을 통해 수많은 인력들이 사회로 배출되고 있다. 많은 개발도상국들도 우리와 비슷한 애니메이션 산업화에 역점을 두는 양상을 보이고 있는 현실상황은, 산업적으로 우리에게 큰 압박이 되고 있다. 단시간 내 특정분야를 세계적으로 경쟁력 있는 산업으로 발전시킨다는 것은 결코 쉽지않다. 이러한 국제적 상황에 따른 우리의 대응책은, 기존 제작방식에서 벗어난, 혁신성과 창의성, 그리고 수준 높은 애니메이션 전문 인력 양산에 있다고 판단된다. 본 논문은 국가 경쟁력 강화를 위한 새로운 교육방식의 제안서이다. 애니메이션 제작의 핵심인 애니메이팅 작업은, 철저히 애니메이터의 예술적, 기술적 기량에 좌우된다. 기존의 이론위주, 현장성이 결여된 학습내용의 맹점을 보완하고, 좀 더 실제적 애니메이팅 학습법을 구현하기 위해, 선호도 높은 작품의 빈도수 많은 캐릭터 동작을 바탕으로, 동작을 서서히 행하는 가운데, 역학적 원리를 감각적으로 스스로 체득하게 하는 슬로우 모션(Slow Motion) 효과를 병합하여, 애니메이터 지망 학생들의 감각적인 연기동작과 연출력 향상에 도움을 주기 위한 동작 학습법을 제시하고자 한다.

• 대한간호
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.49-69
• /
• 1997

The urgent needs to establish hospice care systems in Korea arise from the following reasons: 0) a drastic increase in chronically ill patients with the increase of aged population: (2) rapid changes in living environment from the traditional habitation (e. g., Many Koreans living in apartment complexes, which is the most popular form of modern residence in recent years, prefer to die in the hospital.): the overall increase in patients with advanced cancer: (4) recent trends in early discharge of terminally ill patients from the limited hospital facilities to accomodate other medical insurance beneficiaries; (5) easy acceptance of euthanasia owing to the recent social atmosphere that belittles the dignity of human life; (6) medical and nursing care of AIDS patient in terminal stage; (7) and the problem associated with inhumane medical care system, overtreatment, and groundless fears against narcotics. Terminally ill patients were used to be treated in the hospital in the past. In these days, however, they are forced to have home cares with little assistance from the qualified medical personnel because of insufficient hospital facilities, which are even short for the need of emergency patients and provide priority cares to medical insurance beneficiaries with other acute problems. And yet, neither are there any administrative organizations nor systematic medical studies that deal with the level of terminally ill patient's need, their family's problems and resources of hospice care systems in Korea. Thus, most patients are not able to get appropriate medical care at the terminal stage of their lives. The objective of this study is to make comprehensive database for various hospice care organization currently in operation, link them through medical information system, and develop an easily accessible hospice care model that meets the need of most Korean people. Our survey results may be summarized as follows: Nationally there are 40 organizations that provide partial or full hospice care. However, these organizations are not linked to any formal medical service network. Furthermore, the objective of hospice care, care principles, personnel with appropriate training, educational programs, standard for care, costs, consulting service to patients' family members, the extent of medical care from professional staff members, status of hospice facility, and management of those institutions are neither clearly defined nor organized compared to the international hospice care standards. The surveys on patients of terminal stage. grouped in hospice and non-hospice care patients. reveal what they want visiting nursing care to help their pain control. psychological. social and spiritual demands. While the more than 90% of hospice care patients want to reduce their pains. the non-hospice care patients. in addition to their desire for pain control. demanded more psychological. social and spiritual helps as well. The results of this research could be utilized to 0) define the standard of hospice care. (2) provide the guidance for hospice medical care costs. (3) establish the database of hospice care systems. (4) develop softwares. (5) build communication network through Medinet. and (6) provide an organized visiting home nursing care system. These information should be a valuable resource to many medical staffs who are involved in cancer therapy. nursing care. and social welfare programs.

• 정보처리학회논문지:소프트웨어 및 데이터공학
• /
• 제2권3호
• /
• pp.187-194
• /
• 2013

최근 여러 분야에서 키워드네트워크의 구조 분석을 통해 연구동향의 특징을 분석하는 시도가 있어 왔다. 하지만 대부분의 기존 연구는 주로 정적인 네트워크의 구조 분석에 집중하였으며 시간에 따라 네트워크 구조가 어떻게 변화하는지에 대한 연구는 부족하였다. 본 논문에서는 2002년부터 2011년까지 컴퓨터 공학 분야의 해외 학술지에 게재된 논문들의 데이터베이스를 활용하여 연도별 키워드네트워크를 구축하고, 구조적 변화를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 키워드네트워크에서 대부분의 키워드는 다음 연도에서도 잔존하며 제거되는 키워드에 비해 연결(부속된 간선)의 차수는 크지만 평균 강도는 약한 특징을 보였다. 또한, 다음 연도의 키워드네트워크로 변화할 때, 키워드들 사이의 연결은 잔존되기보다 제거되는 비율이 높았으며 제거되는 연결들의 강도가 더 큰 특징을 보였다. 이러한 결과들은 연구 분야를 대변하는 키워드 자체의 변화는 작지만 그들 사이의 관계는 크게 변화하며 잔존 또는 제거되는 키워드 및 간선 그룹 사이에는 연결의 차수나 강도 측면에서 큰 차이가 존재함을 뜻한다. 본 논문의 분석결과들은 10년 동안의 데이터에 대해서 일관되게 관찰되었으며 이는 컴퓨터공학 분야 키워드네트워크 변화를 이해하는 데 중요한 원리임을 암시한다.

• 한국전통조경학회지
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.39-49
• /
• 2021

본 연구는 문화유산 관람환경 및 해석·전달 체계에 대한 실천목표를 정립하고 문화유산 유형 분류에 따른 관람환경 조성을 위한 기초적인 탐색을 위해 진행되었으며, 도출된 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 문화유산 관람환경 및 해석·전달 체계의 국제적인 기본원리를 살펴보고 그를 바탕으로 다섯 가지의 추진목표를 설정하였다. 둘째, 설정된 추진목표를 기반으로 문화유산을 제1유형 '사라져 숨겨진 유산', 제2유형 '박제된 유산', 제3유형 '살아있는 유산'으로 분류하였다. 셋째, 각 유형별 문화유산의 관람환경 조성 방향을 제시하였다. 제1유형은 발굴과 디지털 기술 등을 통하여 문화유산을 관람객에게 제대로 전달할 수 있어야 한다. 제2유형은 실제 존재하는 문화유산에 다양한 디지털 기술을 결합하여 유형과 무형의 가치를 복합적으로 전달하는 방안이 필요하다. 제3유형은 이미 존재하는 유형과 무형의 가치를 관람객이 효과적으로 향유하는데 있어 지역주민의 역할이 강조되어야 한다. 넷째, 문화유산 관람환경 및 해석·전달체계 조성에 있어 종합적으로 고려해야할 사항을 제안하였다. 역동적이고 지속 가능한 유산관리를 바탕으로, 문화유산 관람은 가치있고 만족스럽고 즐거워야 한다. 또한 지역 커뮤니티가 적극적으로 참여하고, 관광 및 보존 활동은 지역 사회에 도움이 될 수 있어야 한다. 관람환경 조성은 문화유산의 진정성을 보호하고 강화해야 한다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• 제24권8호
• /
• pp.101-120
• /
• 2020

Purpose - The buyer's right to withhold performance is a useful and important self-help remedy to protect himself from the seller's breach of contract, and it is also the coercive means to induce the seller to perform his part of contract. However, the buyer's exercise of such a right often exposes himself to the risk of breaching the contract. This is generally due to his ignorance when he is entitled to the right and also uncertainties inherent in the law. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine what the requirements should be fulfilled before the buyer exercises the right for the seller's actual breach of contract. Design/methodology - In order to achieve the purposes of the study, it executes a comparative study of the rules as to the requirements for the buyer's right to withhold performance for the seller's actual non-performance under the CISG and the CESL. It mainly focuses on performance due, the seller's non-performance, the buyer's readiness to perform and the requirement of notice. Findings - The main findings of this comparative study can be summarized as follows: Although the CISG has no expressive provision for the buyer's general right to withhold performance for the seller's actual non-performance, it may be inferred from the general principles the CISG underlies, synallagmatic nature of the contract. In addition, it can be drawn by analogy from relevant provisions of the CISG. On the other hand, the CESL expressively provides that the buyer has a general right to withhold performance where the seller fails to tender performance or perform the contract. Therefore, it seems that the position of CESL is rather easier and more apparent to allow the buyer to withhold performance for the seller's non-performance. Originality/value - Most of the existing studies on the right to withhold performance under the CISG have centered on the right to withhold performance for an anticipatory breach of contract. On the other hand, there have been few prior studies on the right to withhold performance for the actual nonperformance during a contractual period of performance. Therefore, this paper examined the requirements for the buyer's right to withhold performance under the CISG and the CESL in a comparative way for the seller's actual breach of obligation. In this conclusion, it may provide practical and legal considerations and implications for business people who are not certain about the right to withhold performance.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.68-83
• /
• 2019

Purpose - The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (Model Law) is based on the principles of non-discrimination against the use of electronic means, functional equivalence, and technology neutrality underpinning all UNCITRAL texts on electronic commerce. Investigating the disagreements between the Model Law and the Koran Commercial Act (KC Act), including the B/L Regulation, and suggesting the revision of the KC Act including the B/L Regulation, could be a valuable study. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the harmonization of Korean legislation regarding electronic bill of lading in compliance with the Model Law. Design/methodology - The Model Law is flexible to accommodate the use of all technologies and models, such as registries, tokens, and distributed ledgers: that is, blockchain. In 2007, the KC Act was revised to regulate electronic bills of lading to promote the widespread legal use of electronic bills of lading. In addition, The Regulation on Implementation of the Provisions of the Commercial Act Regarding Electronic Bills of Lading (the B/L Regulation) was enacted to regulate the detailed procedures in using electronic bills of lading in 2008. This paper employs a legal analysis by which this paper does find differences between two rules in light of technology neutrality and global standard of electronic bills of lading model. Findings - The main findings are as follows: i) the Korean registry agency has characteristics of a closed system. ii) The KC Act has no provision regarding control. iii) The KC Act discriminates other electronic bills of lading on the ground that it was issued or used abroad. Moreover, this study does comprehensive analysis of Korean Acts in comparison with the Model Law and, in particular, this study analyzes the differences between the KC Act and the Model Law by comparing article by article in view of the harmonization of the two rules. Originality/value - The subject of previous several studies was draft provisions on Electronic Transferable Records before completion of the Model Law; thus, these studies did not take into consideration the character of the Model Law as the Model Law was chosen at the final stage of legislation. This study is aimed at the final version of the Model Law. So, this study is meaningful by finding the suggestion and directions for the Korean government to revise the KC Act and the B/L Regulation in line with the Model Law.

• 공학교육연구
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.53-62
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate the current conditions of the domestic and foreign curricula in the field of chemical engineering and to draw implications. The results of the study are as follows. Most of the domestic research universities (including non-certified universities) have curricula organized within the scope of the ABEEK certification, which is the minimum standard guide for chemical engineering curricula. However, we are concerned that chemical engineering education in some domestic universities may lack in education quality and program relevance. Graduates from these universities may not have equivalent qualifications as international graduates. It is considered that most of the 12 domestic universities organize their subjects according to the certificate of accreditation standard and to the traditional subjects of chemistry in the 'Department of Chemical Engineering' or 'Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Chemical and Biological Engineering'. However, due to the increase in the number of overlapping subjects with other majors because of the movement towards academic diversity, the integrity of the chemical engineering curricula is at risk. In addition, after surveying the major and research areas of the department professors, it has been found that there is a shortage of professors who have majored in chemical engineering. Therefore, there is a concern that students may lack understanding of the core principles of chemical engineering. The results of the analysis of the curricula of overseas research universities (including non-certified universities) are as follows. Although the chemical engineering industry in developed countries like the United States and Europe is advancing and changing very quickly, the chemical engineering education in these countries is highly focused on traditional subjects and other related subjects in order to cultivate traditionally trained chemical engineers. The Department of Chemical Engineering at overseas universities still maintains the academic integrity of the chemical engineering field. This is a significant suggestion for our country. On the other hand, domestic universities are changing the name of their chemical engineering major, or even if the name is maintained, they are fusing their curriculum with other majors such as material engineering. Therefore, it is very necessary at this point to start a discussion regarding the integrity of the department of chemical engineering in Korea. We hope that the departments of chemical engineering in domestic universities maintain the integrity of traditional chemical engineering while operating the curriculum within the scope of the standards of the engineering education certification system.