• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.47-63
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• 2008

Objectives : Eucommiae cortex is reported that it helps bone and skeletal muscle stronger. In case of bone, many report is presented, but reports related to skeletal muscle are rarely existed. So in order to investigate effects of Eucommiae cortex on the skeletal muscle atrophy following stroke, cerebral infarct was induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the rats. Methods : In order to induce MCAO rats, nylon suture was advanced and then blocked middle cerebral artery(MCA). Water extract of Eucommiae cortex was treated for 15 days, once a day orally, after the MCAO. Effects were evaluated with muscle weights, muscle fiber type composition, cross-sectioned area of muscle fibers in soleus and gastrocnemius of the unaffected and affected hind limbs. And MyoD protein expression in gastrocnemius was demonstrated with immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Results : In the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, muscle weight loss of gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles were attenuated by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In soleus muscle of the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, increase of type-I fibers and decrease of type-II fibers were induced by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In soleus muscle of the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, decrease of cross-sectioned areas of type-I fibers was attenuated by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In gastrocnemius muscle of the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, increase of type-I fibers and decrease of type-II fibers were induced by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In gastrocnemius muscle of the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, decreases of cross-sectioned areas of type-I and type-II fibers were attenuated by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In gastrocnemius muscle of the affected and unaffected hind limb of the MCAO rats, MyoD expressions were increased by Eucommiae cortex treatment. Conclusions : These results suggest that Eucommiae cortex has a protective effect against muscle atrophy, through the inhibition of the muscle cell apoptosis, following the central nervous system demage.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.387-396
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• 2020

Objectives: The lack of advance planning in a public health emergency can lead to wasted resources and inadvertent loss of lives. This study is aimed at forecasting the needs for healthcare resources following the expansion of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in the Republic of Kazakhstan, focusing on hospital beds, equipment, and the professional workforce in light of the developing epidemiological situation and the data on resources currently available. Methods: We constructed a forecast model of the epidemiological scenario via the classic susceptible-exposed-infected-removed (SEIR) approach. The World Health Organization's COVID-19 Essential Supplies Forecasting Tool was used to evaluate the healthcare resources needed for the next 12 weeks. Results: Over the forecast period, there will be 104 713.7 hospital admissions due to severe disease and 34 904.5 hospital admissions due to critical disease. This will require 47 247.7 beds for severe disease and 1929.9 beds for critical disease at the peak of the COVID-19 outbreak. There will also be high needs for all categories of healthcare workers and for both diagnostic and treatment equipment. Thus, Republic of Kazakhstan faces the need for a rapid increase in available healthcare resources and/or for finding ways to redistribute resources effectively. Conclusions: Republic of Kazakhstan will be able to reduce the rates of infections and deaths among its population by developing and following a consistent strategy targeting COVID-19 in a number of inter-related directions.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.131-141
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• 1990

Recently, the rate of cesarean section in Korea has been increasing. The results of several previous studies in foreign countries on the emotional responses of cesarean section mothers showed that they might experience difficulties in the mother- infant interaction due to fatigue, lack of early mother - infant interaction, disappointments, anger, feelings of loss of control, and other factors. Human behavior is said to be determined by one's self concept, and self concept is influenced by both internal and external environmental factors. A scale to measure the self concept of cesarean section mothers was needed in order to identify those who might have difficulties in the mother- infant interactions in future. The purposes of this study were to develop a measuring scale, and to test its reliability and validity. The process of this study was as follows. A structured interview was done with 50 cesarean section and vaginal delivery mothers to find their state of emotional reaction after giving birth to their babies. Based on the results of the interviews, a 50 items Likert scale was developed. The self concept of 268 cesarean section and vaginal delivery mothers who were hospitalized at six hospital in seoul were measured, during the period between Feb. 1 and April 30. Reviewing the discriminating power of each item by means of crosstabulation, ten items were selected for the final scale. The reliability and validity of this ten item scale were tested by Cronbach's alpha and t-test, using spss pc＋package. The results of this study and recommendation are as follows. 1. The ten selected items were as follows. I feel pains in my breast. (－) I have a good appetite now. (＋) I feel pains in my flank. (－) I feel fine now. (＋) My body seems to have returned to its prepregnant state. (＋) Thinking of the delivery process, I feel sorry. (－) I want to hold my baby in my arms. (＋) I want to keep my own life, even if I became a mother. (－) I want to delegate the care of the baby to my mother / mother in law. (－) I think baby is my alter ego. (＋) 2. The reliability of this scale was tested by Cronbach's alpha, and the coefficient of this scale was .8066. 3. The construct validity of this scale was tested by means of known group methods. The value of self concept for cesarean section mother was significantly lower than for vaginal delivery mothers(t＝-5.51, df＝266, p＝0.007). 4. The criterion validity of this scale was tested indirectly. Though this scale could discriminate the differences in the self concept between cesarean section and vaginal delivery mothers, the five items on the personal self concept scale didn's show any differences between cesarean section and vaginal delivery mothers. Therefore, the study indicates that those who shows lower values in the personal self concept measurement, that is, lower than 12.03 points, could be regaled as “risk mothers” 5. Further studies using this scale to clarify the influencing factors on negative self concept are strongly recommended.

• 대한관절경학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2006

목적: 관절경을 이용한 경골 고평부 골절 치료를 시행하고 이에 대한 결과를 평가해 보았다. 대상 및 방법: 1999년 5월부터 2003년 2월까지 본 교실에서 경골 고평부 골절로 관절경과 영상증폭기를 이용한 수술적 치료를 하고, 2년 이상 추시가 가능했던 환자 27례를 대상으로 하였으며 평균 추시 기간은 41개월 이었다. 골절의 분류는 Schatzker 분류방법을 이용 하였으며, 당순 방사선 사진에서 관절면 함몰 및 전위가 2 mm이상인 경우를 골절 정복의 적응증으로 삼았다. 먼저 동반된 손상에 대한 수술을 먼저 하고, 관절경하에서 2.4 mm Steinmann 핀을 이용하여 관절면을 정복하고 영상증폭기하에서 6.5 mm cancellous screw로 고정하였다. 이후 필요에 따라 추가적인 내고정 혹은 외고정을 시행하였다. 결과판정은 임상적 결과와 방사선적 결과로 나누어 Rasmussen의 방법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과: 최종 추시 결과 전례 27례에서 골유합을 얻었고, Rasmussen 기준에 따라 23례(85%)에서 우수 또는 양호의 만족스러운 결과를 얻었다. 평균 관절운동 범위는 2.5도에서 130도 이었다. 합병증으로 1례에서 술후 감염이 있었고 1례에서 정복의 소실이 있었다. 결론: 경골 고평부 골절의 치료에 있어 관절경과 영상 증폭기를 이용한 수술은 정확한 관절면의 정복과 동반 손상을 치료하고 합병증이 적은 유용한 술식으로 사료된다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.106-116
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• 2016

MTO (Make to Order) is a manufacturing process in which manufacturing starts only after a customer's order is received. Manufacturing after receiving customer's orders means to start a pull-type supply chain operation because manufacturing is performed when demand is confirmed, i.e. being pulled by demand (The opposite business model is to manufacture products for stock MTS (Make to Stock), which is push-type production). There are also BTO (Build to Order) and ATO (Assemble To Order) in which assembly starts according to demand. Lean manufacturing by MTO is very efficient system. Nevertheless, the process industry, generally, which has a high fixed cost burden due to large-scale investment is suitable for mass production of small pieces or 'mass customization' defined recently. The process industry produces large quantities at one time because of the lack of manufacturing flexibility due to long time for model change or job change, and high loss during line-down (shutdown). As a result, it has a lot of inventory and costs are increased. In order to reduce the cost due to the characteristics of the process industry, which has a high fixed cost per hour, it operates a stock production system in which it is made and sold regardless of the order of the customer. Therefore, in a business environment where the external environment changes greatly, the inventory is not sold and it becomes obsolete. As a result, the company's costs increase, profits fall, and it make more difficult to survive in the competition. Based on the customer's order, we have built a new method for order system to meet the characteristics of the process industry by producing it as a high-profitable model. The design elements are designed by deriving the functions to satisfy the Y by collecting the internal and external VOC (voice of customer), and the design elements are verified through the conversion function. And the Y is satisfied through the pilot test verified and supplemented. By operating this make to order system, we have reduced bad inventories, lowered costs, and improved lead time in terms of delivery competitiveness. Make to order system in the process industry is effective for the display glass industry, for example, B and C groups which are non-flagship models, have confirmed that the line is down when there is no order, and A group which is flagship model, have confirmed stock production when there is no order.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2016

최근 IT시대인 만큼 IT기술의 눈부신 발전으로 인해 사물 대 사물, 사물 대 사람, 사람 대 사람 간의 정보 전달 기술이 활발해지고 있다. 정보 전달 기술이 활발해 지고 있는 만큼 IoT는 우리 일상생활에 밀접하게 다가와 언제 어디에서나 흔하게 볼 수 있을 만큼 우리 일상생활의 한 부분을 차지하고 있다. IoT 환경에서는 주로 웹기반 프로토콜인 CoAP 프로토콜을 사용한다. CoAP 프로토콜은 전송 속도가 낮고 손실이 큰 네트워크에서 주로 사용되기 때문에 IoT 환경에서 주로 사용된다. 그러나 IoT는 보안적으로 취약하다는 단점이 있다. 만약, IoT 환경에서 보안에 노출 될 경우 개인정보 또는 기업의 기밀 정보 등이 유출 될 가능성이 있다. 공격자가 IoT 환경에서 대상 디바이스를 감염 시킨 후 감염된 디바이스가 공공장소에서 흔히 사용되는 무선인터넷에 접속 했을 시 장악된 디바이스는 내부망에 있는 디바이스들에게 arp spoofing을 보낸다. 그 후 내부망 패킷의 흐름을 장악한 후에 내부망에 있는 디바이스들이 보내는 패킷을 감염된 디바이스가 받아 지정된 해커의 서버에 보낸다. 본 논문에서는 이에 관한 공격 방법과 대응방안을 제안한다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1974

이유(離乳)한 40마리의 Albino쥐에게 고단백(高蛋白)과 저단백(低蛋白) 사료(館料)를 간격(間隔)을 달리하여 교대(交代)로 급여(給與)하였을때 성장률(成長率), 사료효율(飼料效率), 단백질(驚白質) 효율(效率), 간장(肝臟)과 내장(內臟)의 무게, 단백질(蛋白質) 소화율(消化率), 질소균형(塞素均衡) 등(等)을 조사(調査)하였는데 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 1일(1日) 간격(間隔)으로 고단백질(高蛋白質)과 저단백질사료(低蛋白質飼料)를 교대(交代)로 급여(給與)한 B구(區)는 중단백질사료(中蛋白質飼料)를 매일(每日) 투여(給與)한 A구(區)와 성장률(成長率), 사료요구율(飼料要求率)에 아무런 효과(差異)가 없었다. 그러나 2일(日) 또는 3일간(日間) 저단백질(低蛋白質) 사료(飼料)를 급여(給與)한 다음 하루동안 고단백질(高蛋白質) 사료(飼料)를 급여(給與)하여도 중단백질(中蛋白質) 사료(飼料)를 매일(每日) 투여(給與)한 구(區)와 동일(同一)한 성장률(成長率)을 가져오지 못하였다. 2. 각구간(各區間) 단백질(蛋白質) 효율(效率)에는 아무런 유의차(有意差)가 없었다. 3. 간중(肝重)은 체중(體重)에 비례(比例)하였으나 장중(腸重) 및 장장(腸長)은 각구(各區)간 차이(差異)가 없었다. 4. 각구간(各區間) 단백질(蛋白質)의 소화율(消化率)에는 유의차(有意差)가 없었으나 요중(尿中) 실소(室素) 배설(排懲)은 B, C, D 구(區)가 모두 A구(區)에 비(比)해 유의적(有意的)으로 컸으며 질소(窒素) 섭취량(攝取量)에 대(對)한 체내(體內) 섭취량(攝取量)도 질소(窒素) 섭취량(攝取量)이 많은 구(區)가 떨어졌다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.17-36
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• 1984

Since 1973, the competition on the development of fuel saving type internal combustion engines has become severe by the two times oil shock, and new type engines are reported every several months. Whenever these new type engines are developed, new designs are required and they will be offered in the market after performing the endurance test for a long time. But the engine market is faced with a heavy burden of finance, as the developing of a new engine requires tremendous expenses. For this reason, the computer simulation method has been lately developed to cope with it. The computer simulation method can be available to perform the reasonable research works by the theoretical analysis before carrying out practical experiments. With these processes, the developing expenses are cut down and the period of development is curtailed. The object of this study is the development of simulation computer program for the small naturally aspirated four-stroke diesel engine which is intended to product by the original design of our country. The process of simulation is firstly investigated for the ideal engine cycle, and secondly for the real engine cycle. In the ideal engine cycle, each step of the cycle is simulated by the energy balance according to the first law of thermodynamics, and then the engine performance is calculated. In the real cycle imulation program, the injection rate, the preparation rate and the combustion rate of fuel and the heat transfer through the wall of combustion chamber are considered. In this case, the injection rate is supposed as constant through the crank angle interval of injection and the combustion rate is calculated by the Whitehouse-Way equation and the heat transfer is calculated by the Annand's equation. The simulated values are compared with measured values of the YANMAR NS90(C) engine and Mitsubishi 4D30 engine, and the following conclusions are drawn. 1. The heat loss by the exhaust gas is well agree with each other in the lower load, but the measured value is greater than the calculated value in the higher load. The maximum error rate is about 15% in the full load. 2. The calculated quantity of heat transfer to the cooling water is greater than the measured value. The maximum error rate is about 11.8%. 3. The mean effective pressure, the fuel consumption, the power and the torque are well agree with each other. The maximum error is occurred in the fuel consumption, and its error rate is about 7%. From the above remarks, it may be concluded that the prediction of the engine performance is possibly by using the developed program, although the program needs to reform by adding the simulation of intake and exhaust process and assumping more reliable mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, preparation rate and combustion rate.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 1999

마늘의 저장조건을 저온(3$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 80$\pm$5% RH, LT), 움(9$\pm$6$^{\circ}C$, 80$\pm$5% RH, PT) 및 상온(14$\pm$11$^{\circ}C$, 67$\pm$5% RH, AT)으로 구분하여 9개월간 물리화학적 품질 변화를 조사하였다. 저장 중 마늘의 발아율은 저온조건에서는 상대적으로 낮게 나타났으나 움식 및 상온저장에서는 높게 나타나 이상의 조건에서는 발아억제 방안이 요구되었다. 마늘의 부패율은 저장 7개월 째인 이듬해 3월까지는 낮았으나 그 이후에는 저장조건에 상관없이 급격히 부패되었다. 마늘의 중량은 저장기간이 경과됨에 따라 저장 온ㆍ습도의 변화에 따라 감소하였으며, 특히 외부발아와 더불어 줄어드는 경향이 심하였다. 저온저장에서 수분함량은 이듬해 5월까지 큰 변화가 없었으나 움식 및 상온저장에서는 이듬해 1월부터 상당히 감소되었다. 전당의 함량은 완만하게 감소되는 편이었으나 환원당 함량은 이듬해 3월부터 외부발아 현상과 비례하여 급격히 증가되었다. 마늘의 vitamin C 함량은 저장 중 큰 변화가 없었으나 이듬해 봄부터 발아현상과 더불어 증가되었다. 이상의 결과에서 볼 때 마늘의 저장은 이듬 3월경이 물리화학적 변화가 가장 왕성한 한계 시점이라고 생각되며, 이 한계점을 극복하기 위한 저장조건의 적용이 요구되고 있다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.583-590
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• 2005

소나무 잔나비버섯 균사체 배양액(CM)을 이용한 빵 제조를 위하여 첨가량($30\~50\%$)에 따른 반죽의 발효 및 빵의 품질특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. CM의 첨가량과 반죽의 품질지표(pH, 산도, 반죽부피, 되기, 강도 및 점도) 상호간의 상관분석을 행한 결과 CM은 반죽의 pH를 높임으로서 반죽의 되기 및 강도를 높이는 반면 점도를 감소시켰다. 첨가에 따라 굽기 손실률은 첨가에 따라 감소하였으나, loaf volume index는 첨가량에 따른 대조구와의 유의성은 없었다. 빵 껍질의 L*값은 $30\~40\%$에서는 대조구와 유의차가 없었다. CM을 $30\~40\%$ 첨가한 빵은 대조구보다 낮은 경도(hardness)를 보였다. 그러나 $50\%$ 첨가구에서는 탄력성(springiness), 씹힘성(chewiness) 및 깨짐성(brittleness)이 대조구보다 낮았다. 빵의 외관, 색상 및 조직감은 $30\~40\%$ 범위까지 첨가한 경우는 대조구와 대등한 값을 보였으나 $50\%$ 첨가구에서는 낮은 기호도를 나타내었다. CM을 첨가한 빵은 첨가농도에 비례하여 낮은 노화도를 나타내었으며, 곰팡이 발생도가 낮았다. 이상에서와 전보의 결과를 종합할 때 CM을 $40\%$수준으로 첨가할 경우 빵의 전반적인 품질에 큰 영향을 미치지 않으면서 항당뇨 기능성의 빵 제조가 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.