• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.159-171
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships between hope, health locus of control and general health of nursing students. The subjects of this study were 161 female students of National Nursing School in Seoul. Data was collected through a questionnaire from May 11 to May 23, 1998. The tools used for this study were Hope scale developed by Miller and Power, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale developed by Wallston and Wallston and General Health Scale(Modified Conel Medical Index) developed by Nam Ho Chang. Data were analysed in an the $SPSS/pc^+$ program using frequency for the demographic characteristics, 1-test and ANOVA for relationship between the variables and demographic characteristics and for it's differences of hope and general health control. Peason correlation coefficient for relationship between the 3 variables, hope, health locus of control, and general health. The results of this study were as follows ; The 1st hypothesis : that 'Between hope, health locus of control (HLC) and general health of nursing students will have positive relationship', was supported(=.2883, p=.000). The 2nd hypothesis; that 'The hope score of nursing students in HLC-internal group will be higher than others' was supported(F=5.22, p=.0063). The 3rd hypothesis ; that 'The general health of nursing students in HLC -internal group will be higher than others' was accepted(F=2.94, p=.0554). The 4th hypothesis ; that 'Hope, HLC and general health of nursing students according to demographic characteristics will be different ' was accepted in part. o In hope the more age, the higher score. o In HLC the group of non religious have higher score(t=-2.02, p=.045). o No experienced addmission was revealed HLC-internal group(t=-1.91, p=.058). o Non religious group has a tendency to dependent upon on powerful other person(t=-1.99, p=.049). o The hope score of nursing students was very high(4.49/6point). o The general health status of nursing students was vert good(92.88/114point). o Most of nursing students was in HLC-internal group(81.4%). o The most frequent complaints of nursing students was dizziness suddenly developed(68.4/114point), very nervous in small thing(67.83/114) and very nervous to others critics(68.4/114) in turn. In conclusion, the students who have high score of hope, in HLC-internal group have good general health. Hope inspiring not only makes one's good health but also makes others good health and powering hope. For good health person who are in HLC-internal group have powerful hope, keeping good health would be a good stretegy to change the student's HLC and make them good health and hope powering then it would be a good method to change the HLC to HLC-internal group.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.159-187
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to shed light on a role of hope in understanding the relationship between the search for meaning in life and academic satisfaction and to suggest ways to increase hope among Korean students. We hypothesized that the relationship between search for meaning in life and academic satisfaction would be mediated by hope and the positive relationship between search for meaning and hope would be strengthened by family support and friend support. We conducted two surveys to examine the hypotheses. Based on Study 1 using a sample of 190 undergraduate students, we found that the relationship between search for meaning in life and academic satisfaction was fully mediated by hope. In Study 2, we examined the four types of hope that include internal hope and three types of external hope (i.e., family, friends, and supernatural being) to extend knowledge on what features of hope mediate the relationships between search for meaning and academic satisfaction. Study 2 based on a sample of 313 high school students showed that the link from the search for meaning in life and academic satisfaction was fully mediated by internal hope and external-peers hope. The mediating effects of external-family hope and external-spiritual hope were not significant in Study 2. Also, we found that family support strengthened the positive links from the search for meaning in life to hope (Study 1) and to internal hope (Study 2) while the interactive effects of friend support and the search for meaning on hope were not significant in both studies. Based on the results, we discussed several implications, limitations, and recommendations for future research.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.441-456
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid instrument to measure hope for cancer patients in Korea. This Hope Scale(Kim & Lee Hope Scale ; KLHS ) was developed based on not only critical universal attributes explaining both basic hope (generalized hope) and specific hope but also particular characteristics varing from culture and situation, which were revealed in a comprehensive review of the literature. Initially 60 items were generated from three sources : 36 items from the Q-sample used in the Kim's study, 1992, 21 representative items(statements) from the rest Q-population of the above study, 3 items related to the newly discovered category in the new qualitative study using 10 open ended question(death and dying) from the new qualitative study on the 20 cancer patients. At first 3 items were eliminated by the critique of the content validity experts, who were high experienced nurse, nursing professors. And then 4 items were eliminated in consideration of corrected item total correlation coefficiency, theoretical framework of this study. After that, 14 items were eliminated in comparing two or three items identified with the same meaning in each factor by this research team with factor loading and communality. This Hope Scale was finally constructed with 39 items. Psychometric evaluation was done on 492 adults(104 cancer patients, 388 adults who imagined who were cancer patients ranging from 18 to 76 years old. The results revealed high internal consistency Alpha coefficiency of .9351. Princial Component Factor Analysis with Varimax Rotation resulted in 8 factors with more than 1.0 of Eigenvalue. Referring to Eigenvalues, percent of variances(>60%), reproduced correlation matrix, and our theoretical framework, we decided the eight factors were the best1 solution to represent hope dimensions sufficiently. The eight factors were "confidence in possibility of cure", "sense of internal satisfaction", "being in communion", "meaning of life", "Korean hope perspectives", "belief in god", "self confidence", "self-worth". Among these factors, "confidence in possibility of cure", "sense of internal satisfaction", "Korean hope perspectives" were identified as different hope dimensions from those of Nowotny Hope Scale and Herth Hope Scale. There was significant negative correlation of r=-.4736 between this hope scale and Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and significant positive correlation of r=.3685 between this hope scale and Life Orientation Test (LOT) which indicate convergent and discriminant validity. The range of hope scores was from 71 to 244, with a mean of 171.97(SD=28.16).

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.629-638
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• 2013

The Purpose of this study was to discover type of hope among korean middle-aged adult and to identify the major threads that structure various patterns of hope experienced by them. It is necessary to understand that experiencing hope of middle-aged adult experiencing numerous problems and loss at the transition of life. Q-methodology involves five steps in its approach. Collected Q-statements are 112 from 200 adults through 4 open-ended questions. Among them, 34 statements were decided as a Q-sample, The Q-sorting was carried out in 21 middle-aged adults. Three types of subjective experiences of hope emerged as : (1) Passive Wish Type, (2) Positive Pragmatic Hope Type, (3) Active Internal Value-Oriented Hope Type.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2001

Purpose : This study was 1) to determine the relationship between endogenous opioid-peptides and hope 2) to evaluate the availability of the opioid- peptides, known as biochemicals of emotion in psychoneuroimmunology, as a variable to explain hope. Method : blood sampling for 20 cancer patients' (age range 18-73, 13 men and 7 women, having mild pain or no pain, can do ADL) were made under approval from the doctors in a university hospital at 8 A.M. and quantitative analysis of opioid peptides were done by the internal standard method. In 10min after blood sampling, hope was measured using Kim and Lee's hope scale which had acceptable reliabilities and validity after making consent about interviewing. Blood was sampled from the seven normal adults for comparing the degrees of the opioids. None-parametric statistical analysis was used. Results : There was a significant difference in leucine enkephalin between normal adults and cancer patients. And significant positive relationship existed between chemotherapy and leucine enkephalin. So, the relationships between hope and the endogenous opioids in the patients before chemotherapy were re-tested, excluding the effect of chemotherapy on opioids. As a result, a significant negative relationship between hope and beta- endorphin(r=-.841<.05) showed. And there were highly negative relationships between leucine enkephalin and methionine enkephalin and hope, but not significant statistically. Conclusions : This results implies endogenous opioids can be used as a biological variable to explain hope. More researches in sophisticated design would be needed ,especially in human model.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.168-185
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• 1991

A written association test has been conducted to establish the concept, the meaning and the process of hope. The test consists of the major question : List of three words related to “hope”. The question was given to 55 nurses(rehabilitation /cancer /internal medicine care wards units) and 61 patients. A total of 289 words have been collected, and the collection was analyzed with categorization by the value or meaning of listed words. The analysis yields three major categories, namely, componants of hope, metaphores /symbols, and synonyms. The three major categories may be further partitioned into subcategories. The results are significant to define the nature of the hope and process of the hope. These understanding will facilitate the development of effective methods of nursing or chronic or cancer patients disabled.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.211-223
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was designed to develop and test the Hope Scale for Korean cancer patients. Methods: The process for the development of the Hope Test was a selection of initial items drawn from a literature review and in-depth interviews. The selected items were assessed for content validity by experts. The Hope Scale was comprised of five factors and 30 preliminary items. The preliminary Hope Scale for Korean Cancer Patients (HS_KCP) was administered to 259 cancer patients from one university hospital and one cancer hospital in Busan. Data were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. Results: Eighteen items were selected for the final scale. Five factors (inner sense of control, trust and expectation for recovery of disease, interconnection, spirituality, emotional despair) evolved from the factor analysis, which explained 63.3% of the total variance. The convergent & discriminent validity was r=.83 (p<.001), r=-73 (p<.001). The internal consistency, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ was .88 and reliability of the subscales ranged from .54 to .85. Conclusion: The Hope Scale for Korean cancer patients demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. It can be used to assess the hope of cancer patients and is feasible within a clinical setting.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.95-102
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to develop a program of group psychotherapy named "the promotion of hope program (PHP)" that will provide effective emotional support for cancer patients. Methods: In order to develop a group counseling program for cancer patients, this study utilized reality therapy based on Oriental medicine theory which is the mind affect the body. We established four steps for making positive changes to individual behavior: creating soil for hope, watering hope, sprouting hope, and the blossoming flower of hope. To verify the effectiveness of the program, we conducted a comparative clinical trial. Patients were divided into two groups by unrestricted randomization: the intervention group (n=20) and the control group (n=17). The members of each group did not exceed seven patients. We divided the trial period into three sections. The intervention group received group psychotherapy twice a week for 4 weeks. The control group watched hope-related videos and talked about members for two hours each week for four weeks. We evaluated the scale of anxiety and depression, self-esteem, and hope, both before and after the examination. Results: PHP decreased the level of anxiety and depression in the intervention group (1.21 vs. 0.75, p<0.01). PHP also improved the level of both self esteem (2.80 vs. 3.34, p<0.01) and hope (2.69 vs. 3.23, p<0.01). In contrast, the control group showed no interval change at any point in time. Conclusion: Following the above results, PHP can be seen as an effective program for helping cancer patients to increase positive emotions and behaviors while reducing negative thoughts.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.222-227
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• 2002

Although there are a few reports concerning the side effects and toxicity of herbal medicines, there has not yet been any report concerning their causes, mechanisms or prevention. We investigated the internal reports concerning the side effects and toxicity of herbal medicines. In the findings, liver disorder (hepatic injury) was found in 7 cases, kidney disorders (nephropathy) were found in 12 cases, heart disorders were found in 4 cases and mineral-caused diseases were found in 2 cases. Besides, we found the major cause of the side effects and toxicity was drug abuse, such as over-dosage and long term medication. So, we hope this report brings more attention to the safety and toxicity of herbal medicines.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.632-652
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• 1996

It has been noted that a genetic alteration of cells influenced by unhealthy lifestyle in addition to a series of other carcinogens increases the incidence of various neoplasmic diseases. Therefore the importance of a lifestyle that minimizes such an impact on health should be emphasized. Since stomach cancer, the most common neoplasmic disease in Korea, is related to personal lifestyle and as there is a possibility of its recurrence, patients with stomach cancer need to lead a healthy lifestyle. Also the quality of life which patients experience is negatively affected by the side effects of treatments and the possibility of recurrence. Therefore an effective nursing intervention to enhance quality of life and encourage healthy lifestyle is needed. The purpose of this study is to provide a basis for nursing intervention strategies to promote health and thus enhance quality of life. A hypothetical model for this purpose was constructed based on Pender's Health Promotion Model and Becker's Health Belief Model, with the inclusion of some influential factors such as hope for quality of life and health promoting behavior. The aims of study were to : 1) evaluate the effectiveness of patient's cognitive-perceptual factors on health promoting behaviors and quality of life ; 2) examine the causal relationships among perceived benefit, perceived barrier, perceived susceptibility and severity, internal locus of control, perceived health status, hope, health concept, self efficacy, self esteem health promoting behaviors & quality of life ; 3) build and test a global hypothetical model. The subjects for this study were 164 patients who were being treated for stomach cancer were approached in the outpatient clinic on a University Hospital. The data from the completed questionnaires were analyzed using Linear Structural Relationships (LISREL). The results of research are as follows : 1) Hypothetical model and the modified model showed a good fit to the empirical data, revealing considerable explanational power for health promoting behaviors(54.9%) and quality of life(87.6%) 2) Self efficacy and hope had significant effects on health promoting behaviors. Of these, hope was affected indirectly through self efficacy and self esteem. 3) Perceived health status, hope and self esteem had significant direct effect on the quality of life. Of these variables, perceived health status was the most essential factor affecting general satisfaction in life. 4) Self-efficacy, as a mediating variable, was positively affected by perceived benefit and hope. 5) Self-esteem, as a mediating variable, was positively affected by perceived health status and hope. 6) Hope was the main variable affecting self efficacy, self esteem, health promoting behaviors and quality of life. The derived model in this study could effectively be used as a reference model for further study and could suggests a direction for nursing practices