• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.761-767
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary supplementation with a functional fatty acid blend (FA) that contains 31.4% butyric acid and 4.99% medium-chain FA improve growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity status, and anti-inflammatory ability in weaned piglets. Methods: One hundred and forty-four healthy piglets (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an average body weight (BW) of 7.98±3.43 kg were randomly divided into three groups with six replicate pens and eight piglets per pen: Normal control (NC): a corn-soybean basal diet; FA1: a basal diet supplemented with 1,000 mg/kg of a functional FA; FA2: a basal diet supplemented with 2,000 mg/kg of a functional FA. The experiment lasted for 28 d. On d 14 and 28, one piglet in each pen from NC and FA2 groups was randomly selected for antioxidative index and immunoglobulins. On d 28, one piglet in each pen from NC and FA2 groups was randomly selected for intestinal morphology and inflammatory factor. Results: We observed that FA supplementation linearly increased (p<0.05) average daily gain and the final BW. There was higher (p<0.05) catalase on d 14, and immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgM on d 28 in piglets supplemented with FA2 than in the NC group. Moreover, dietary FA2 reduced (p<0.05) crypt depth of ileum in piglets. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 in jejunum were lower (p<0.05) in the FA2 group compared with the NC group. Conclusion: Therefore, the overall results suggests that the FA may help to improve gut health, antioxidant status, and immune parameters resulting in the improvement of growth performance.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.402-417
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• 2023

Objective: Liver fibrosis is a highly conserved wound-healing response and the final common pathway of chronic inflammatory injury. This study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-fibrotic effect of the combination of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma water extract (RW) and silymarin in a thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis model. Methods: The liver fibrosis mouse model was established through the intraperitoneal injection of TAA (1 week 100 mg/kg, 2-3 weeks 200 mg/kg, 4-8 weeks 400 mg/kg) three times per week for eight weeks. Animal experiments were conducted in five groups; Normal, Control (TAA-induced liver fibrosis mice), Sily (silymarin 50 mg/kg), RSL (RW 50 mg/kg+silymarin 50 mg/kg), and RSH (RW 100 mg/kg+silymarin 50 mg/kg). Biochemical analyses were measured in serum, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and ammonia levels. Liver inflammatory cytokines and fibrous biomarkers were measured by Western blot analysis, and liver histopathology was evaluated through tissue staining. Results: A significant decrease in the liver function markers AST and ALT and a reduction in ammonia and total bilirubin were observed in the group treated with RSL and RSH. Measurement of reactive oxygen species and MDA revealed a significant decrease in the RSL and RSH administration group compared to the TAA induction group. The expression of extracellular matrix-related proteins, such as transforming growth factor β1, α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen type I alpha 1, was likewise significantly decreased. All drug-administered groups had increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 but a decreasing tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1. RSL and RSH exerted a significant upregulation of NADPH oxidase 2, p22^phox, and p47^phox, which are oxidative stress-related factors. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory proteins such as cyclooxygenase 2 and interleukin-1β were markedly suppressed through the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B activation. Conclusions: The administration of RW and silymarin suppressed the NADPH oxidase factor protein level and showed a tendency to reduce inflammation-related enzymes. These results suggest that the combined administration of RW and silymarin improves acute liver injury induced by TAA.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.1213-1227
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• 2023

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a prevalent obstetric condition. This study aimed to investigate the role of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in regulating the inflammatory response and gut microbiota structure in FGR. An FGR animal model was established in rats, and ODN1668 and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) were administered. Changes in gut microbiota structure were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was conducted. HTR-8/Svneo cells were treated with ODN1668 and HCQ to evaluate cell growth. Histopathological analysis was performed, and relative factor levels were measured. The results showed that FGR rats exhibited elevated levels of TLR9 and myeloid differentiating primary response gene 88 (MyD88). In vitro experiments demonstrated that TLR9 inhibited trophoblast cell proliferation and invasion. TLR9 upregulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS-binding protein (LBP), interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α while downregulating IL-10. TLR9 activated the TARF3-TBK1-IRF3 signaling pathway. In vivo experiments showed HCQ reduced inflammation in FGR rats, and the relative cytokine expression followed a similar trend to that observed in vitro. TLR9 stimulated neutrophil activation. HCQ in FGR rats resulted in changes in the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group at the family level and the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Bacteroides at the genus level. TLR9 and associated inflammatory factors were correlated with Bacteroides, Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Prevotellaceae_Ga6A1_group. FMT from FGR rats interfered with the therapeutic effects of HCQ. In conclusion, our findings suggest that TLR9 regulates the inflammatory response and gut microbiota structure in FGR, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of FGR and suggesting potential therapeutic interventions.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제63권3호
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• pp.27.1-27.9
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• 2023

Lespedeza cuneata (LC) is a perennial plant used in herbal medicine to treat numerous diseases, including prostatic hyperplasia, diabetes, early atherosclerosis, and hematuria. Reference collections of bioactive compounds of LC are crucial for the determination of their pharmacological properties. However, little is known regarding its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in alveolar macrophage (MH-S) cells. This study examined whether LC can inhibit reactive oxygen species and Coal fly ash (CFA) induced inflammation in MH-S cells. The anti-oxidative effects of LC were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, anti-inflammatory effects were examined using nitric oxide (NO) assay, and cytotoxicity was analyzed using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. The expression of inflammatory cytokine genes was assessed through a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Our results revealed that LC exhibited high radical scavenging activity and a dose-dependent (7.8-1,000 ㎍/mL) inhibition of oxidation as compared to ascorbic acid and Trolox. It also inhibited CFA-induced NO production in MH-S cells. Moreover, it suppressed the CFA exposure-mediated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. These results suggest that LC is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that can be useful as a nutraceutical product.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.15-28
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• 2024

Objectives We used the D-galactose (D-gal) induced C2C12 myoblast senescence model to investigate whether ethanol extract of Perilla. fructescens leaves (EEPF) could delay cellular senescence and regulate related mechanisms. Methods C2C12 myogenic cells were cultured in an incubator under 37 ℃ and 5% CO₂ conditions. EEPF, dried perilla leaves were pulverized and extracted at 1:10 (v/v) at 50 ℃ for 4 hours. Cell counting kit-8 and western blot analysis was performed. Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit and DAPI staining was applied. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde analysis kits were used. To measure the level of reactive oxygen species generation, staining and flow cytometry was used. To analyze the mitochondrial activity, membrane potential changes were measured using JC-1. 𝛽-gal activity was analyzed using SA-𝛽-gal staining solution, and DNA damage was analyzed by using 𝛾-H2AX. Quantikine ELISA kit was used to analyze inflammatory cytokine production. Results According to the results of this study, EEPF significantly alleviated the decrease in cell viability in C2C12 cells treated with D-gal and suppressed the decrease in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. EEPF also markedly blocked D-gal-induced C2C12 cell apoptosis and restored reduced activity of CAT, GSH-Px, T-AOC, SOD. In addition, EEPF suppressed the decrease in 𝛽-galactosidase activity, the induction of DNA damage and the increase in expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype proteins such as p16, p53 and p21 in D-gal-treated C2C12 cells. Furthermore, EEPF significantly attenuated D-gal-induced production and expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-18. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that EEPF can be used as a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of muscle aging.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.746-755
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• 2020

Objective: To identify predictors of pulmonary fibrosis development by combining follow-up thin-section CT findings and clinical features in patients discharged after treatment for COVID-19. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study involved 32 confirmed COVID-19 patients who were divided into two groups according to the evidence of fibrosis on their latest follow-up CT imaging. Clinical data and CT imaging features of all the patients in different stages were collected and analyzed for comparison. Results: The latest follow-up CT imaging showed fibrosis in 14 patients (male, 12; female, 2) and no fibrosis in 18 patients (male, 10; female, 8). Compared with the non-fibrosis group, the fibrosis group was older (median age: 54.0 years vs. 37.0 years, p = 0.008), and the median levels of C-reactive protein (53.4 mg/L vs. 10.0 mg/L, p = 0.002) and interleukin-6 (79.7 pg/L vs. 11.2 pg/L, p = 0.04) were also higher. The fibrosis group had a longer-term of hospitalization (19.5 days vs. 10.0 days, p = 0.001), pulsed steroid therapy (11.0 days vs. 5.0 days, p < 0.001), and antiviral therapy (12.0 days vs. 6.5 days, p = 0.012). More patients on the worst-state CT scan had an irregular interface (59.4% vs. 34.4%, p = 0.045) and a parenchymal band (71.9% vs. 28.1%, p < 0.001). On initial CT imaging, the irregular interface (57.1%) and parenchymal band (50.0%) were more common in the fibrosis group. On the worst-state CT imaging, interstitial thickening (78.6%), air bronchogram (57.1%), irregular interface (85.7%), coarse reticular pattern (28.6%), parenchymal band (92.9%), and pleural effusion (42.9%) were more common in the fibrosis group. Conclusion: Fibrosis was more likely to develop in patients with severe clinical conditions, especially in patients with high inflammatory indicators. Interstitial thickening, irregular interface, coarse reticular pattern, and parenchymal band manifested in the process of the disease may be predictors of pulmonary fibrosis. Irregular interface and parenchymal band could predict the formation of pulmonary fibrosis early.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.25-40
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• 2024

Objectives: In the present study, we investigated the effects of clean-diabetes mellitus 3 (C-DM3), a herbal formula with Trichosanthis Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, Crataegi Fructus, and Cinnamomi Cortex, on the pathological and serological symptoms of diabetes and its related molecular mechanisms in diet-induced obese mice. Methods: We prepared an obese mouse model using a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and then administered the C-DM3 extract for 4 weeks. The changes of pathological and serological biomarkers for diabetes assessment were measured in the mice and histological changes were observed in the liver and pancreas tissues. We also identified the main compounds in the C-DM3 extract using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed the molecular mechanism of the disease condition by network pharmacological analysis. Results: In the in vivo, the administration of C-DM extract to obese mice significantly reduced body weight gain, fatty liver symptoms, and muscle loss, and decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose, insulin, aspertate aminotransferase, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. In addition, C-DM extract significantly increased the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1, protein kinase b (AKT), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and glucose transporter 4 in all pancreatic and liver tissues, with inhibition of histopathological changes in obese mice. HPLC analysis identified hyperoside, berberine, epiberberine, columbamin, coptisine, coumarin, jatrorrhizine, and citric acid as the main compounds. In the network pharmacological analysis, the molecular targets of C-DM3 extract on obesity and diabetes were shown as the insulin, AKT, PI3K, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways with the regulation of inflammatory molecules interleukin 6 (IL-6), jun proto-oncogene, and IL-1β, which matched our in vivo targets. Conclusions: Based on these results, C-DM3 extract is expected to be effective in improving obesity and preventing diabetic progression.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.184-190
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• 2016

본 연구는 옥수수수염 조추출물과 메이신 함량이 높은 고분획물(NICS-1, NICS-2)의 항산화 활성과 피부 각질형성세포의 세포손상 억제활성을 구명하여 옥수수의 부산물인 수염을 이용하여 기능성식품 및 화장품으로 개발할 수 있는 기초자료를 얻고자 수행하였한 결과는 옥수수수염 유래 주정 추출물과 메이신이 고함유된 추출물(NICS-1, NICS-2)의 DPPH와 ABTS활성산소 제거활성을 비교한 결과 주정 추출물에 비해 NICS-1은 약 6.5, 3.8배 높았고, NICS-2 분획물은 약 6.2, 5.6배 높은 활성을 나타내었으며 NICS-2 분획물이 가장 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 피부손상을 일으키는 자외선의 흡수도는 NICS-1과 NICS-2 각각 343, 271 nm와 352, 271 nm에서강한 흡수능을 나타내었고 자외선 처리에 의한 각질형성세포(HaCaT)의 세포손상억제도 5, 10, 50 ppm 처리시 각각 NICS-1은 56.8%, 61.2%, 71.8%와 NICS-2는 각각 59.5%, 76.0%, 80.6%의 세포생존율을 농도 의존적으로 보여 UV-A,B,C에 의해 발생하는 피부의 손상을 옥수수수염 추출물이 개선할 수 있을 것으로 생각되었으며, 자외선에 의한 피부손상 억제의 작용기작은 옥수수수염 추출물뿐만 아니라 고분획물(NICS-1, NICS-2)의 항산화 활성뿐만 아니라 각질형성세포의 염증을 일으키는 싸이토카인인 $IL-1{\alpha}$ 생성량을 농도 의존적으로 억제하는 것으로 나타내었고 특히 옥수수수염의 메이신 화합물이 더 큰 피부손상억제 활성을 나타내었다. 옥수수수염 추출물(NICS-1)은 각각 114.2, 96.1, 73.7, 42.6%의 $IL-1{\alpha}$ 생성억제 활성을 보였고, 메이신은 각각 96.5, 86.7, 52.3, 32.3%의 $IL-1{\alpha}$ 생성 억제 활성을 보여 옥수수수염추출물(NICS-1) 및 메이신이 농도 의존적으로 자외선 조사에 의한 염증성 사이토카인의 발현이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 옥수수수염 추출물(NICS-1)에 비해 메이신 단일 화합물의 자외선 조사에 의한 염증성 사이토카인의 발현을 감소시키는 효과가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.198-204
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• 2014

다양한 베리류인 복분자, 블루베리(재배종), 블루베리(야생종), 블랙초크베리 및 오디의 inflammatory cytokines 발현 억제효과, MMP-1 발현 억제활성 그리고 ROS 생성 저해효과를 비교해보았다. Inflammatory cytokines 발현 억제효과 비교에서 복분자와 블루베리(재배종)의 TNF-${\alpha}$ 억제활성이 가장 뛰어났고, IL-6의 경우 블랙초크베리, 블루베리, 복분자 순으로 inflammatory cytokines의 발현 억제 효과를 보여주었다. 또한 블랙초크베리, 블루베리(야생종), 복분자가 IL-8의 발현을 눈에 띄게 억제 하였다. 더불어 복분자와 오디의 inflammatory cytokines 발현 억제에 대해 시너지 효과가 있는지 여부를 확인하기 위해 복분자와 오디를 각각 $250{\mu}g/mL$씩 함께 처리한 결과 복분자 $250{\mu}g/mL$과 오디 $250{\mu}g/mL$의 농도로 동시에 처리할 경우, 복분자와 오디를 각각 500 ${\mu}g/mL$로 처리한 그룹에 비해 시너지 효과를 보이지 않았지만 오디만을 처리했을 때보다는 염증성 사이토카인의 발현이 감소됨을 확인하였다. 또한 베리류 착즙액을 처리한 모든 그룹에서 MMP-1 mRNA의 발현이 현저하게 감소되었고, 그중에서도 특히 블루베리(야생종)의 효과가 가장 탁월하였다. 복분자($250{\mu}g/mL$)와 오디($250{\mu}g/mL$)를 동시에 처리한 그룹과 복분자 또는 오디를 각각 500 ${\mu}g/mL$로 처리한 그룹을 비교해본 결과, 복분자와 오디를 동시에 처리한 그룹이 복분자와 오디만을 각각 처리한 그룹보다 MMP-1 mRNA의 발현이 좀 더 감소하는 효과를 보여주었다. ROS 생성저해 효과를 비교한 결과, 블랙초크베리가 가장 뛰어났고 그 다음으로 복분자, 블루베리(재배종)의 순으로 두 착즙액의 ROS 생성 저해 효과가 비슷한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 복분자 $250{\mu}g/mL$과 오디 $250{\mu}g/mL$의 농도로 동시에 처리그룹의 경우 ROS 생성에 대한 시너지 억제효과를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과들로부터 다섯 가지 베리류 즉, 복분자, 블루베리(재배종), 블루베리(야생종), 블랙초크베리 및 오디의 inflammatory cytokines 과 MMP-1 mRNA 발현 및 ROS 생성에 대한 저해 효과는 각각의 베리류에서 차이를 보였으나, 다섯가지 베리류 모두 항염증, 항산화 작용을 통해 피부노화 개선에 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2015

라이코펜은 항산화제로서 많이 알려져 있지만, 최근에는 포유동물에서 염증 관련 면역과 지방대사 조절자로서 관심의 대상이 되기 시작하였다. 본 연구는 산란계에서 라이코펜의 가공 및 급이형태가 지방대사, 지방산 및 포도당 운반, 면역관련 유전자들의 발현에 미치는 영향을 관찰하고자 실시하였다. 백색레그혼(25주령) 48수를 lycopene의 첨가원에 따라 대조군(CON, basal diet(BD)), 토마토 건조분말 급여군(T1, BD+tomato powder-containing 10 mg lycopene/kg 사료), 토마토 건조분말 유화처리군(T2, BD+micellar of tomato powder-containing 10 mg lycopene/kg 사료) 및 정제 lycopene 급여군 (T3, BD+purified 10 mg lycopene/kg 사료) 등 모두 4처리구로 설정하여 5주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험 종료 후 각 개체의 간으로부터 total RNA를 추출하고 real-time PCR을 이용하여 유전자들의 발현을 분석하였다. 라이코펜을 급여받은 닭은 급여형태와 관계없이 모두 PPAR${\gamma}$의 발현을 억제하였다(P<0.05). 지방합성효소 유전자 FASN의 발현은 T2에서 효과적으로 감소하였으나(P<0.05), T1, T3에서는 영향이 없었다. SREBP2와 C/EBP${\alpha}$ 또한 T2에서 효과적으로 유전자 발현이 억제됨을 보였다. 세포 내 포도당 흡수기능을 하는 GLUT8은 T2와 T3에서 유전자 발현이 증가하였다(P<0.05). 지방산 산화를 위한 지방산 운반체인 CPT-1 유전자는 라이코펜에 의한 영향을 받지 않았다. 면역 관련 염증인자인 TNF${\alpha}$와 IL6는 라이코펜에 의하여 효과적으로 그 발현이 억제되었다(P<0.05). 본 연구결과는 라이코펜의 급여 형태가 지방대사 관련 유전자 발현에 영향을 미치며, 그 중 유화처리된 라이코펜이 지방대사, 포도당 및 면역반응에 더 효과적 급이 수단이 될 수 있음을 보여주었다.