• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.121-142
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• 2001

The goal of the National Assessment of Educational Achievement(NAEA) 2001 was to affirm the accountability of school education, to scientifically manage and elevate the quality of education at the national level, and to articulate the final design of the NAEA. It was implemented on June 28th of the year 2001. The assessment frame for NAEA includes the achievement standards, the assessment standards, the instruction for the item development, and the grading policy for mathematics subject. Most of items are multiple-choice types, but the performance-based items should be at least thirty percent of the total items, also 30% in case of mathematics. Approximately 1% of students among entire population of the Grades 6 were randomly selected. Therefore, the finally sampled examines were 8023 at Grade 6. The result of the analysis of the NAEA revealed that Grade 6 students was labelled as ‘average’ level in general (Number and Operation: average, Geometric figures: average, Patterns and Functions: excellent, Measurements: average, Letters and Expressions: average, Probability and Statistics: average). The most characteristic finding was that except for Grade 6(its average is 69.92), most secondary students obtained low test scores and its average of each grade is below 50 out of 100. Especially, the scores on the performance-based items were by and large very low. This finding implies that Korean students are not familiar with the kind of test items which requires expression of ideas and feelings and they are rather familiar with the multiple-choice items. Another interesting finding was that the students in small towns and remote areas showed significantly low scores in all four skills compared with Seoul, metropolitan cities and medium and small cities. This may be attributed from the fact that the remote areas do not have equal learning environment with regard to social and cultural experience, supply of various teaching materials, extracurricular lessons which are directly related to teaching and learning. These findings may be utilized as a reliable resource fur improving curriculum and teaching and learning in Mathematics.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2004

Recently, park usage for environmental education has gained popularity in Seoul. Therefore this study was performed by analyzing the status and problems of nature classrooms in neighborhood parks and citizen's parks that are located in residential areas in Seoul, and then by suggesting improved methods and user programs. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1) 18 out of 281 neighborhood parks and citizen's parks have nature classrooms in Seoul. Facilities of nature classroom are comprised of direction signs, plant name card, pond, pavilion, pergola, bench, green house, waste baskets, lighting, drinking fountain and others. However, they have many problems in terms of quality. Nature classrooms were classified into three types according to their location in each park. Among the three types, the most popular type was the one that is a part of a park A Total of 479 species of plant (155 species in tree, 324 species in herb) were planted in nature classrooms. There are many kinds of environmental education user programs, but these are not connected with the nature classrooms. Most nature education programs in nature classrooms were self-guided. 2) The Problems that appeared were the featureless place composition, a lack of programs related to nature classrooms, access restriction to certain natured areas, and so on. 3) Finally, this study suggests some solutions to the problems of nature classrooms in urban parks. The solutions include full access to the parks, the creation of diverse theme, and setting up interesting panel and leaflets in order to encourage more active self-guided education.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.57-71
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• 2004

Objective : Physiological evidence regarding acupuncture's effect in human patients is not yet well established, despite considerable evidence for its therapeutic efficacy. Besides target or disease specificity of acupuncture, acupuncture analgesia (AA) appears to be another large subclass that poses many questions, such as whether there is point specificity with respect to which acupoint is most effective for a particular condition. Methods : We observed brain activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a set of stimuli that consist of pain, pain following Meridian acupuncture, and pain following Sham acupuncture. Results : Among the new observations, the most interesting fact is that data sets of both Meridian acupuncture and Sham acupuncture show decreased activation of the same brain areas related to the pain processing signals. Present functional MRI study demonstrate two important biological observations that could elucidate AA mechanism in human participants: the effects of acupuncture occur through mediation of the higher brain areas. Sham acupuncture stimulation appears to be almost as effective as traditional Meridian acupoint stimulation, suggesting that acupuncture is not entirely point specific. Decreased activation in the limbic paleo cortical areas appears to be the probable neurological manifestation of AA and strongly implies that acupuncture stimulation inhibits the transmission of ascending pain signals to the higher cortical areas by the previously known descending pain inhibitory circuit. Conclusion : We, therefore, a hypothesized that this pain inhibitory circuit is initiated and mediated via the broad sense Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal (BS HPA) axis in conjunction to the "sensory stimulation."

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.69-78
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• 1976

There have been increasing reports of mycobacterioses in man and animals caused by "atypical" or "opportunist" mycobacteria. At the presnt, "opportunist mycobacterioses" are not generally responsive to antituberculosis drugs, and therefore, create considerable problems with regard to chemotherapy and control measures. In recent years studies have been made to isolate opportunist mycobacteria from soil, house-dusts and tap-water. It seemed quite interesting to define the extent of circumstantial presence of "opportunist" mycobacteria and nocardia in the soils of school-ground of primary schools and middle-high schools. This communication is the results of pilot study to isolate and identify "opportunist" mycobacteria and nocardia from 504 soil specimens of 72 schools in Seoul City. 1. Of a total of 59 isolates from 504 soil specimens tested, 32 strains were identified as opportunist mycobacteria and 27 strains as nocardia. 2. Isolation rates of opportunist mycobacteria by the areas(of specimen collection) were as follows: 36.4% in the southern area of Han-River, 33.3% in the central area, 22.7% in the outskirt area and 16.6% in the intermediate area. There observed no apparent difference in the isolation rates both-between the areas and between primary schools and middle-high schools. However, a significant difference was noted in the isolation rates between the places of soil sampling in a given school(P<0.05), i.e., the highest was the soil of refuge heaps(15.2%), and tap-water pole area(11.1%), the school-lavatory entrance(9.7%), the school gate entrance(5.5%), and iron-bar play ground(2.7%). The soil specimens from the center of school ground and from school building entrance yielded none of mycobacterial isolates. 3. Isolation rates of nocardia by the areas were as follows: 33.3% in the central area, 31.8% in the outskirt area, 27.3% in the southern ares of Han-River and 11.1% in the intermediate area. As in the case of mycobacteral isolates, there observed no apparent differences in the isolation rates both between the areas and between primary schools and middle-high schools, but a significant difference was noted between the places of soil sampling(P<0.05), i.e., the highest was the soil of school building entrance(15.2%), and of school gate entrance(6.9%), refuge heaps(5.5,%), iron-bar play ground(4.1%), the school-lavatory entrance(2.7%) and tap-water pole area(2.7%), respectively. The soil specimens from the center of, school ground yielded none of nocardia isolates. 4. Of the 32 strains of isolated mycobacteria. 15 strains were slow-growing mycobacteria and the remaining 17 strains belonged to the rapid growers. Of the 15 slow-growers. 4 strains were M. scrofulaceum-szulgai complex, 3 M. gordonae, 4 M. terrae-triviale complex, 2 M. avium-intracellulare-xenopi complex, and 2 unclassified schotochromogens. Of the 17 strains of rapid growers, 12 were M. diernhoferi, 2 M. fortuitum-peregrinum complex, 2 M. vaccae and one M. flavescens. 5. Of the 27 strains of nocardia isolated, 11 strains were N. transvalensis, 5 N. convoluta, 5 N. erythropolis, one N. vaccinii, one N. polychromogens-paraffinae complex and 4 untypable strains of orange-pigmented nocardia spp.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2001

한국에는 하계 동결현상이라는 특수기상이 나타나는 곳이 수 군데 존재한다. 특히 경남 밀양의 천황산 얼음골과 경북 의성 법계계곡의 빙혈 그리고 경북 청송의 얼음골은 이러한 기상적 특성 때문에 관광지로 유명한 곳이다. 본 연구에서는 한국 하계 동결현상 3대 분포지로 볼 수 있는 상기의 지역들을 대상으로 기존의 미기상학적 수문학적 연구를 참고하여 지형학적 지질학적 측면에서 접근하여 다음의 연구결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 하계 동결현상 분포지에서 볼 수 있는 지형 및 지질적특성은 두터운 거력 퇴적물로 구성된 애추사면의 존재, 일사량이 적은 북향사면이거나 또는 비교적 깊은 곡벽으로 둘러 쌓여 상대적으로 일사량이 적은 지역, 안산암 또는 유문암 등의 화산암 질로 구성되는 거력 퇴적물의 특성 등이다. 둘째, 하계 동결현상을 야기시키는 시스템으로서 얼음굴은 공기의 유통이 자유로움 공간이 많이 존재하며, 일부 공간은 매우 넓어 동굴을 형성하며 부분적으로 지하수계와 연결되어 있는 경우를 가정할 수 있다. 넷째, 하계 동결현상이 나타나기 위해서는 얼음굴 내에 있는 지하수제의 부분적 동결이 필요하며, 이를 위해서는 두 가지의 가정이 요구된다. 하나는 외부로부터 얼음굴로 유입된 공기의 기화열에 의한 지하수제의 급랭이며, 또 다른 하나는 지난 겨울 동안 동결된 지하수제가 특수한 지형적 영향으로 동결상태가 장기간 지속되어야 한다. 그러나 명확한 원인은 얼음굴에 대한 시추작업을 통해서 만이 가능할 것이다.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.145-158
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• 2015

Currently, Social Commerces have increasingly gained popularity with the growth of Social Network Services (SNS). As the applications of smartphones are being applied in widespread areas, social commerces in the smartphone environment have entered a new chapter. The applications of social commerces on smartphones are widely used, which has increased the market share of social commerces exponentially. Thus, we tried to find out factors which may affect the user acceptance of social commerces in the smartphone environment. We develop a research model to examine how social commerces in the smartphone environment are accepted by users based on the academic factors-switch costs, trend-seeking tendency, richness in media. The theoretical model is validated through an survey of social commerce users in the smartphone environment from the undergraduates and the graduates in Seoul, Korea. The structural equation analysis is conducted based on the partial least square (PLS) approach. The results reveal that the switch cost will have positive mediating influences to the intention to use social commerce in the smartphone environment. We also find that the perceived usefulness of the smartphone is affected by the media richness. The results also suggest that the trend-seeking tendency has no influences to the users of social commerces in the smartphone environment. Also, theoretical and practical implications are discussed. The findings are believed to increase our understanding an interesting mobile phenomenon, as well as making contributions.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.1069-1105
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• 2001

Regular maps and hypermaps are cellular decompositions of closed surfaces exhibiting the highest possible number of symmetries. The five Platonic solids present the most familar examples of regular maps. The gret dodecahedron, a 5-valent pentagonal regular map on the surface of genus 5 discovered by Kepler, is probably the first known non-spherical regular map. Modern history of regular maps goes back at least to Klein (1878) who described in [59] a regular map of type (3, 7) on the orientable surface of genus 3. In its early times, the study of regular maps was closely connected with group theory as one can see in Burnside’s famous monograph [19], and more recently in Coxeter’s and Moser’s book [25] (Chapter 8). The present-time interest in regular maps extends to their connection to Dyck\`s triangle groups, Riemann surfaces, algebraic curves, Galois groups and other areas, Many of these links are nicely surveyed in the recent papers of Jones [55] and Jones and Singerman [54]. The presented survey paper is based on the talk given by the author at the conference “Mathematics in the New Millenium”held in Seoul, October 2000. The idea was, on one hand side, to show the relationship of (regular) maps and hypermaps to the above mentioned fields of mathematics. On the other hand, we wanted to stress some ideas and results that are important for understanding of the nature of these interesting mathematical objects.

• 농촌계획
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to find out the color preference on rural rooftop color. Today, public profit value of a rural community has been heavily recognized in the areas of preservation of pro-environmental and traditional life styles and foundation of collective community. Comparatively with urban, rural town conserves the scenic of those days when the historic landscape existed. Therefore, elements of historic and tradition in rural town are interesting resources to people who want traditional experience. Color is one of the most influenced elements for the image of Landscape. On the other hand, radical modernization has brought conflicting color element that does not blend with existing environmental color. Among others, roof represents one of the important traits of rapidly developing rural community due to vast amount of space it covers. In order to come up with more appropriate coloring scheme, it is necessary determine color that forms a balance with present conditions of rural life and historic landscape. This study provides more objective rooftop coloring selection process by employing additional surveys regarding color image adjective. I justified necessity of the balance between environmental color and roof color through analyzing correlation between environmental color of the rural town and Color Image Scale of the preliminary selection of roofs.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.372-381
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• 2015

Mathematics and science are very closely related. Among the science areas, physic is strongly linked with mathematics. As the related mathematics skills were alloted later than the science contents in the national curriculum, students often suffer from science classes. Accordingly, an opinion have been claimed to teach the related mathematics skills prior to the science classes. However, it would be hard to arrange all science and mathematics contents in order. Instead of that, in this research, we taught students mathematics contents that are crucial for learning speed through science classes. We called that teaching strategy an integrated science and mathematics class. Then, we examined students' achievement in science as well as skills of mathematics to know the effectiveness of the strategy. We found that the average mathematics score of the whole class went up meaningfully. We also found that their science achievement was above than basic level. Moreover, the homeroom teacher of the students observed 3 aspects which showed the students were better than previous students. Finally, we divided the students into 4 groups by their science and mathematics achievement score and interviewed each group. As a result, we knew that interesting and confidence in science and mathematics quite exerted influence on their achievement.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2001

디지털 오디오 워터마킹 기술은 최근 들어 많은 응용 분야에서 관심을 가지고 있는 새로운 연구분야이다. 디지털 방송의 경우도 컨텐츠에 대한 저작권 보호 필요성이 요구됨에 따라 오디오 워터마킹에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있다. 디지털 워터마킹이란 영상, 오디오 등과 같은 디지털 데이터에 보이거나 들리지 않는 정보를 은닉시키는 기술을 말한다. 대표적인 오디오 워터마킹 방법에는 대역확산 기반의 워터마킹, 반향 워터마킹, 위상 부호화 워터마킹 패치워크 워터마킹 등이 있으며, 계속해서 새로운 워터마킹 기법들이 개발되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 디지털 방송 컨텐츠의 보호를 위한 오디오 워터마킹의 적용 방법에 따른 기술적 요구사항을 알아보고, 현재 개발된 대표적인 오디오 워터마킹 방법들의 특징을 살펴본 뒤 몇 가지 항목에 대해 장단점을 비교 평가한다.